Electric vehicles

1. ELECTRIC VEHICLES: An Alternate Urban Commuting Krishnakumar R V M.E Power Engineering And Management Anna University Chennai CEG Campus

2. Why EV? 1.Pollution: According to DOE (USA) • Transportation accounts for one third of all energy usage. • Use of 10% of ZEV cuts 1 million tons/year of air pollutants • With 100% EV - CO2 emission would be cut by half 2.Capital Cost and Maintenance Cost: • EV has a more capital cost • But life cycle cost of EV is lesser than ICEV 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 2

3. Why EV? 3.Availability of Fuel Fast depletion of fossil fuel and dependence on middle east countries for fuel. 4.Well to Wheel Efficiency The EV is found to have a better WTW efficiency than ICEV 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 3

4. What is an EV? It is a vehicle which has following features • Portable energy source • Traction effort provided by electric motor 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 4

5. Classification of Alternative Vehicle • Electric Vehicle • Hybrid Electric Vehicle • Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 5

6. Components of an EV • Battery It powers the electric motor. Its capacity is defined in Ah. The design of battery includes complex calculations which determines various battery parameters • Power convertor The electrical energy stored in battery is fixed DC which should be converted to either variable DC or Variable AC which depends on the type of electric motor used for power the wheels • Electric Motor DC series, Induction motors were used at the earlier stage. Now the scope has shifted towards special electrical machines 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 6

7. Components of an EV Contd., • Clutch The engine must be decoupled from the wheels to shift from low speed to high speed gears or vice versa, this is done by the clutch. • Transmission The gearbox is also called as transmission which allows transfer of power from engine to wheels. • Drivetrain The combination of Electric motor, Clutch, Gearbox is referred to as drivetrain 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 7

8. Architecture of an EV 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 8

9. Hybrid Electric Vehicle • An Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) uses both a conventional internal combustion engine and an electric source. • This mainly facilitates regenerative braking. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 9

10. Regenerative Braking • A significant amount of energy is consumed by braking. • Braking a 1500 kg vehicle from 100 km/h to zero speed consumes about 0.16 kWh of energy. • This energy lost in brake shoes can be utilized to charge the battery. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 10

11. Classification of HEV 1.Based On Architecture • Series • Parallel • Series – Parallel 2.Degree Of Hybridization • Mild • Power • Energy 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 11

12. Degree of Hybridization It is the progression from mild to energy hybrids is related to degree of downsizing the engine and upsizing the electric motor. That is the traction power provided by the IC engine is reduced and that of the electric motor is increased by varying the capacity of the prime movers respectively. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 12

13. Classification of HEV contd., Charge Depleting: The HEV which doesn’t have the onboard electricity generation unit is called as charge depleting HEV. Charge Sustaining: The HEV which has onboard electricity generation facility is called as charge sustaining HEV. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 13

14. HEV Architecture Series Hybrid Drivetrain 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 14

15. Series Hybrid Drivetrain Contd., • IC engine and Battery operate in series i. The IC engine is fueled by diesel or petrol which acts as a prime mover to an on board electric generator which generates electricity and charges the battery through a power converter. ii. The electric energy stored in the battery is used to drive the electric motor which provides the full propulsion power. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 15

16. Series Hybrid Drivetrain Contd., • Advantage Simplicity of control algorithms used to control the power converters and hence achieving speed control of electric motors • Disadvantage Power train components has to be rated for the full rating. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 16

17. HEV Architecture Contd., Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 17

18. Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain contd., • IC engine and battery operate in parallel i. Based on the rating of the IC engine and battery, electric motor the propulsion power is shared between the sources ii. The battery can be charged through wheels by increasing the power output of the IC engine by using the control algorithm for regenerative braking 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 18

19. Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain Contd., • Advantage Reduction in size of drive train components • Disadvantage Power blending from two sources becomes difficult and it requires additional mechanical equipment like planetary gear arrangement. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 19

20. HEV Architecture Contd., Series- Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 20

21. Series- Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain • It combines both the architecture to extract respective benefits • A power splitter is used to feed a part of IC engine power to drive the on board electric generator which is used to charge the battery through a power converter when the SoC of the battery is below the threshold value. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 21

22. • PHEVs are charge depleting HEV • They operate in fully electric mode up to certain distance and then as a regular hybrid vehicle for longer distances. • It has a large rated storage system compared to HEVs • It has to be plugged in for recharging the battery 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 22

23. Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Contd., • They are designed for daily commute to work and for longer distances the it is supplemented by the IC engine. • This type of PHEV is also called as range extender. • Hence this has high potential to replace ICEV for urban commuting. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 23

24. PHEV charging stations • Plug and charge • Battery swapping 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 24

25. Plug and charge in USA Level 1 (residential) • Uses a standard 120 VAC, 15 A • Charging equipment is typically installed on the vehicle 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 25

26. Contd., Level 2 • Preferred method for a battery electric vehicle charger for both private and public facilities. • Uses 240-VAC, single-phase, 10-40-A branch circuit. • The conversion from AC to DC takes place on board. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 26

27. Level 2 Charging station by TESLA motors 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 27

28. Contd., Level 3 (Fast Charging) • For commercial and public applications. • It uses an off board charge system serviced by a 480-VAC, three-phase circuit. • The conversion from AC to DC is done off board. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 28

29. DC Fast charging by TESLA motors 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 29

30. Present scenario in India 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 30

31. National Mission for Electric Mobility (NMEM) • Government of India approved the National Mission on Electric Mobility in 2011. • As part of the mission, Department of Heavy Industries has formulated a scheme namely FAME – India Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles in India. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 31

32. NMEM Contd., Phase-1 Proposed to be implemented in 2 year period of 2015-2017 Focus on four Major Areas • Technology Development • Demand Creation • Pilot Projects • Charging Infrastructure 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 32

33. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 (NEMMP) • Launched in January 2013 by the then Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh under the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. • Aims at ensuring vehicle population of 6-7 million electric/hybrid vehicles in India by the year 2020 . 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 33

34. Current Status of NMEM • To promote eco-friendly vehicles, the government has been offering incentives on electric and hybrid vehicles of up to Rs.29,000 for bikes and Rs.1.38 lakh for cars under the FAME India scheme. • In Budget 2017-18, Rs.175 crore has been earmarked for the FAME India scheme. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 34

35. Current Status of NMEM On 23rd February 2017 a meeting was scheduled by Govt., of India to discuss several factors including , i. Higher cost of vehicles ii. Power outages iii. Lack of charging infrastructure iv. Dearth of facilities for eco-friendly disposal of batteries to curb pollution 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 35

36. BHEL: Pivoting from Power Sector to Transportation • On 16th February 2017 BHEL signed an agreement with Ashok Leyland Ltd and Tata Motors Ltd for developing a propulsion system for buses. • It is also seeking technical collaboration to manufacture metro rail locomotives and has initiated separate talks with Hitachi Transportation Systems, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Škoda Transportation. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 36

37. Global leaders in terms of total units sold 1. Renault – Nissan 2. Mitsubishi 3. General Motors 4. Toyota 5. Tesla 6. Ford 7. BYD 8. BMW 9. The Geely Group 10. Volkswagen 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 37

38. Indian Scenario Company and model Range Cost Electric Vehicle: Mahindra e2o 120km/full charge Rs.4.79 lakh - Rs.5.34 lakh Mahindra e-Verito 110 km/full charge Rs.9.5 lakh – Rs.10 lakh Hybrid Vehicle: All electric range Toyota Prius 23 km/full charge Rs.38.1 lakh – Rs.41.87 lakh Toyota Camry Hybrid 18km/full charge Rs.31.01 lakh - Rs.34.67 lakh Mahindra Scorpio Micro Hybrid 15km/full charge Rs.9.97 lakh – Rs.14.24 lakh BMW i8 37km/full charge Rs.2.14 Cr 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 38

39. Contd., MOTORCYCLE Brand And Model Range Max Speed Charging time Cost LOHIA Oma star series 60km 25 km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.26000 – Rs.35000 Heroelectr ic Optima series 70km 25km/hr 6-8 hrs Rs.38000- Rs.55000 YO Bykes 55-60km 55km/hr 6hrs Rs.36000- Rs.50000 BSA motors 70km 25km/hr 6hrs Rs.25000- Rs.36000 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 39

40. Contd., ELECTRIC BUS Ashok Leyland • It has a seating capacity for 31 passengers • It can travel for 120km on a single charge • It costs Rs 1.50 crore to Rs 3.50 crore, which depends on the batteries and seats. 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 40

41. Ashok Leyland E-bus 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 41

42. References 1. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design Fundamentals 2nd edition by Iqbal Husain. 2. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles by Mehrdad Ehsani et al. 3. Energy World from Economic Times. 4. Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Govt., of India. 5. http://kseboa.org/news/bhel-looks-to-pivot-from- power-sector-to-transportation-electric-vehicles- 17024527.html 6/6/2017 DeptofPowerEngg&Mgmt.,AnnaUniversity Chennai 42

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