Phonetics and Phonology

1. 1

2. PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY
1
Aisha Koukab
Lecturer in English
Deptt. of Social Sciences & Humanities
University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.

3. OVERVIEW
 What is Phonetics and Phonology ?
 Branches of Phonetics
 Phonetics vs. Phonology
 IPA
 Speech Organs
 Place of articulation
 Manner of articulation

4. PHONETICS
 The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics”
means scientific or systematic study of
something. So we can say that Phonetics
means scientific or systematic study of
human speech sounds.
 Phonetics is general study of all human
speech sounds and how they are produced,
transmitted and received.

5. BRANCHES OF PHONETICS
 The study of phonetics can be divided into
three main branches.
1. Articulatory Phonetics(How sounds are
produced?)
2. Auditory Phonetics(How sounds are
received?)
3. Acoustic Phonetics(How sounds are
transmitted?)

6. ARTICULATORY PHONETICS
It is concerned with the positions and
movements of the lips, tongue, and other
speech organs in producing speech. It
analyses how the various speech sounds are
articulated by vocal organs.

7. AUDITORY PHONETICS
 Auditory Phonetics is the study of hearing
and the perception of speech sounds.

8. ACOUSTIC PHONETICS
 This branch of phonetics is concerned with
the properties of sound waves.
 It studies the physical properties of speech
sounds as transmitted between the mouth
and ear.

9. PHONOLOGY
 Phonology is a broader study of major
speech sounds and their organization in a
particular language.

10. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY IS
THAT OF GENERALITY AND PARTICULARITY.
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
 Phonetics deals with
production,
transmission and
reception of all human
speech sounds in
general with no
particular reference to
any one language.
 Phonology deals
with the ways those
sounds are
organized in a
particular language.
It is sub-category of
phonetics.

11. WHY THE STUDY OF PHONETICS IS IMPORTANT?
 A knowledge of Phonetics is a must for a learner
of the English language. This knowledge
enables him/her:
1. To give a true description of sounds of English
and how they are made.
2. To point out the mistakes in leaner’s
pronunciation and help them learn the correct
form.
3. To differentiate sounds of English from those of
the mother tongue.

12. IPA
 Definition: The most widely used system for
representing the sounds of any language.
 A reproduction of the latest version of the
International Phonetic Alphabet (2005) is
available at the website of the International
Phonetic Association.

13. SPEECH ORGANS
 Besides a brain (and the knowledge of the
language), what do you need to use the
spoken language?
 These are the speech organs.

14. SPEECH ORGANS THAT BELONG TO THE
ARTICULATORY SYSTEM
Lips
- they serve for creating different sounds -
mainly the labial, bilabial (e.g. /p/, /b/, /m/,
/hw/, and /w/) and labio-dental consonant
sounds (e. g. /f/ and /v/ - and thus create an
important part of the speech apparatus.

15. Upper Lip
Lower Lip

16. TEETH
- teeth
- Small whitish structures found in jaws
responsible for creating sounds mainly
the labio-dental (e.g. /f/ and /v/and lingua-
dental (e.g. /ð/and /θ/)

17. Teeth

18. tongue
- with its wide variety of possible movements,
it assists in forming the sounds of speech.

19. TONGUE
Back
Middle(Dorsum)
Front(Blade)
Tip(Apex)

20. Alveolar ridge
- hard ridge behind the upper front teeth. It is
between the roof of the mouth and the upper
teeth.

21.  For the sound /s/, air from the lungs passes
continuously through the mouth, but the
tongue is raised sufficiently close to the
alveolar ridge (the section of the upper jaw
containing the tooth sockets) to cause friction
as it partially blocks the air that passes.

22. Alveolar Ridge

23. Hard palate
 a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull,
located in the roof of the mouth.
 the interaction between the tongue and the
hard palate is essential in the formation of
certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, and
/j/.

24. Hard Palate

25. Velum(soft palate)
- it should have holes forming that function
during speech to separate the oral cavity
(mouth) from the nose, in order to produce
the oral speech sounds. If this separation is
incomplete, air escapes through the nose
during speech and the speech is perceived
as hyper nasal.

26. Velum or Soft
Palate

27. Uvula
- it functions in tandem with the back of the
throat, the palate, and air coming up from the
lungs to create a number of guttural and
other sounds.
- In many languages, it closes to prevent air
escaping through the nose when making
some sounds.

28. Uvula

29. Glottis
 combination of vocal folds and space in
between the folds
 as the vocal folds vibrate, the resulting
vibration produces a “buzzing” quality to the
speech called voice or voicing or
pronunciation.
 sound production involving only the glottis is
called glottal. Example is the sound /h/.

30. Glottis

31. Alveolar ridge
SPEECH ORGANS
Upper lip
Lower lip
Teeth
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Uvula
Back
Middle(Dorsum)
Front(Blade)
Tip (Apex)
Glottis

32. ARTICULATION
 Voiceless: When the vocal folds are spread
apart, the air from the lungs passes between
them without obstruction. Sounds produced
in this way are described as voiceless.
Sounds such as S-S-S-S or F-F-F-F are
voiceless.
 Voiced: When the vocal folds are drawn
together, the air from the lungs repeatedly
pushes them apart as it passes through,
creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced
in this way are described as voiced. Sounds
such as Z-Z-Z-Z or V-V-V-V.

33. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH SOUNDS
 The English Language sounds are classified
into two main streams:
1. Consonants
2. Vowels
Consonants:
A Consonant is a sound that is articulated with
complete or partial closure of the air stream by
constriction of speech organs.
 There are 24 consonants in English.

34. VOWELS
 Vowels are sounds in which there is no
obstruction in the flow of air as it passes from
the larynx to the lips.

35. PHONEMIC CHART

37. CONSONANTS SYMBOL CHART
Plosive
p b t
d k
ɡ
Fricative f v s z θ ð ʃ ʒ h
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricates tʃ dʒ
Lateral l
Approximant w r j

38. MANNER OF ARTICULATION
 Manner of articulation describes how the
tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs
are involved in making a sound. For
example, [t] and [s] are both voiceless
alveolar sounds. They differ in their manner
of articulation, that is, in the way they are
pronounced. The [t] sound is one of a set of
sounds called stops and the [s] sound is one
of a set called fricatives.

39. PLOSIVES
 There are six plosive consonants in English.
These are the sounds formed by means of a
complete closure of the air passage, which is
afterwards released suddenly.
These are given as followed:
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
pen bet tea dress kind good

40. ASPIRATION
 Aspiration is a period during which air
escapes through vocal cords, making a
sound like “h”.
 There are three plosives in English
Phonology which are aspirated when they
are pronounced as initial sounds in a word.
 They are symbolized as:
/ph/ /th/ /kh/
e.g. Pet /phet/ Tailor /theɪlə/ Cool /khu:l/

41. FRICATIVES
In production of Fricatives, articulators move towards
each other to make stricture or obstruction in flow of
air but air cannot be stopped completely and it
escapes through narrow passage with friction or
hissing sound.
Fricatives are 9 in number.
/f / /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/
Fine very song zeal through these sheet
treasure hay

42. NASAL
There are three nasal sounds in English.
These sounds are pronounced or uttered by
escaping the air (partially or completely)
through nasal cavity.
These are given as followed:
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Miss nine sing
Melancholy Naïve Finger

43. AFFRICATES
There are two affricate sounds in English.
These are the sounds formed by means of a
complete closure of the air passage which is
afterwards released slowly with friction.
/tʃ/
/dʒ/
Chair germ

44. LATERAL
There is only one sound in English. While
uttering this sound air escapes along the both
sides of the tongue.
/l/
Like, life, silly

45. APPROXIMANTS/SEMI-VOWELS
There are three semi-vowels. These sounds are
phonetically vowels and phonologically
consonants. Phonetically means their mechanism
of producing the sound is same as vowels
because there is no obstruction in flow of air.
But phonologically, they give sounds like
consonants.
/w/ /r/ /j/
Wine read young

46. PLACE OF ARTICULATION
The point where
a sound is
produced is
referred to as
its place of
articulation.
Symbols are
enclosed with
square brackets [
]

47. These are
sounds formed
using both upper
and lower lips.
The initial sounds
in the words pat,
bat, way and
mat are all
bilabials. They
are represented
by the symbols
[p] [b] [m] and
[w].
BILABIALS

48. LABIO-DENTAL
These are sounds
formed with the upper
teeth and the lower lip.
The initial sounds of the
words fat and vat and
the final sounds of safe
and save are
labiodentals. Symbols
are [f] [v]. The final
sound in the word
cough, and the initial
sound in photo, despite
the spelling differences,
are both pronounced as
[f].

49. DENTALS
These sounds are
formed with the
tongue tip behind
the upper front
teeth. The initial
sound of thin and
the final sound of
bath are both
dentals. The symbol
used for these
sounds are [θ], [ð],
e.g the, there, then
&thus

50. ALVEOLARS
These are sounds
formed with the front part
of the tongue on the
alveolar ridge, which is
the rough, bony ridge
immediately behind and
above the upper teeth.
The initial sounds in top,
dip, sit, zoo, nut, lap,
lit, and right are all
alveolars. The symbols
are– [t], [d], [s], [z], [n]
[l] [r]

51. PLATALS
Sounds produced
with the tongue and
the palate are called
palatals. The initial
sounds in the words
shout and child. [ʃ]
[ʧ]. So, the word
shoe-brush begins
and ends with the
palatal sound [ʃ] and
the word church
begins and ends
with the palatal
sound [ʧ].

52. VELARS
Sounds produced with
the back of the tongue
against the velum are
called velars.
Represented by the
symbol [k], [g] and [ŋ]
kid, kill go, gun, give,
sing and ringing also
the initial sound in car
and cold. Despite the
variety in spelling, this
[k] sound is both then
initial and final sound in
the words cook, kick
and coke.

53. GLOTTIS
There is one sound that
is produced without the
active use of the tongue
and other parts of the
mouth. It is the sound [h]
which occurs at the
beginning of have and
house. When the glottis
is open and there is no
manipulation of the air
passing out of the
mouth, the sound
produced is that
represented by [h].