Microcontroller part 2

https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/
Embedded System
PART 2ENG.KEROLES SHENOUDA
1

https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/https://www.facebook.com/groups/embedded.system.KS/
Index (1)
 GPIO/DIO/IO Module
 Atmel-8155-8-bit-Microcontroller-AVR-
ATmega32A_Datasheet
 DIO_LAB1
 DIO_LAB2
 DIO_Project1:
LED Matrix 8*8
 quiz1: 7- segment “assembly Code”
 DIO_LAB3:Two- digital Display Module
DIO_Project2
Seven Segment Digital Clock
 GPIO Driver
 References
2

What will get on Embedded System
AVR
Microcontroller
AVR Interfacing
ARM SOC
ARM Tiva C
3

Get Started With Eclipse and AVR
 Install AVR-GCC and AVR Dude
 https://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr/files/
4

install the avr-eclipse plugin.
5

install the avr-eclipse plugin.
This opens the screen to specify the plug-in to install.
Here you just enter the update URL of AVR-Eclipse
(http://avr-eclipse.sourceforge.net/updatesite/), press
enter and select the AVR Eclipse Plugin:
After you click Next you will be asked a lot of question, if you
accept licenses or if you trust unsigned software – to install
answer them all with yes. When the installation is finished Eclipse
wants to restart, you should do it.
6

Create the first Project
7

Create the first Project
8

install GNU Win32 project
 http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/make.htm
9

A quick change of PATH demonstrated this would allow a
successful compile from the command line and so I made the
equivalent change in Eclipse:
1) Go to Window->Preferences and then to the AVR->Paths section.
Here select the entry for GNU make
10

Click Edit… and then Browse… and navigate to the path to the newly
installed make.exe
11

Build Done
12

Open Proteus
13

Open Design then point to AMIT KIT
14

We will work on ATmega Evaluation KIT REV5
Modeled on Proteus
15

16

Enable the Led0,1,2 17

Simulate
18

Debug
19

GPIO/DIO/IO
20

GPIO / DIO / IO
 GPIO is a digital Module, responsible on control all the PINS on the SOC
 It is called
 GPIO : General Purpose Input/Output
 DIO : Directive input/Output
 IO : input/Output
I will describe the GPIO on a General Concept and general Capabilities And Features.
Then will read the Atmega32 GPIO.
And on the future you will read the TivaC GPIO by yourself
21

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
IRQ = specific Number
According to the SOC Specs
Irq number
PORT
PIN
22

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN
Each PIN
Can be configured as
Alternative Signal GPIO Signal
Like in this example
UART_TX
CAN_TX
Anlog_ip
23

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN = UART_TX
Each PIN
UART_TX
CAN_TX
Anlog_ip
You Can Configure PIN to
be alternative Signal
Then Write on the MUX
register to choose the
UART_TX
24

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN = CAN_TX
Each PIN
UART_TX
CAN_TX
Anlog_ip
CAN_TX
25

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN = Anlog_ip
Each PIN
UART_TX
CAN_TX
Anlog_ip
Anlog_ip
26

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN
Each PIN
InputOutput
Normal
Input
External
Interrupt
GPIO
Signal
External
interrupt
27

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN = External
interrupt
Each PIN
InputOutput
Normal
Input
External
Interrupt
GPIO
Signal
External
interrupt
be GPIO Signal, Input and
External interrupt
28

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN = INPUT
Each PIN
InputOutput
Normal
Input
External
Interrupt
GPIO
Signal
External
interrupt
You Can Configure PIN to be
GPIO Signal, Normal Input
The CPU will read the GPIO
Data Register
29

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
PIN = OUTPUT
Each PIN
InputOutput
Normal
Input
External
Interrupt
GPIO
Signal
External
interrupt
You Can Configure PIN to be
GPIO Signal, Output
The CPU will write the GPIO
Data Register
30

GPIO/DIO/IO
FOR ATMEGA32
31

ATMega32 Pin out & Descriptions
These pins are
used to connect
external crystal or
RC oscillator
Provides supply
voltage to the
chip. It should be
connected to +5
Supply voltage for
ADC and portA.
Connect it to VCC
Clears all the
registers and
restart the
execution of
program
Reference voltage
for ADC
Port APort B
Port D
Port C
32

Mega32/Mega16
(XCK/T0) PB0
(T1) PB1
(INT2/AIN0) PB2
(OC0/AIN1) PB3
(SS) PB4
(MOSI) PB5
(MISO) PB6
(SCK) PB7
RESET
VCC
XTAL2
GND
XTAL1
(RXD) PD0
(TXD) PD1
(INT0) PD2
(INT1) PD3
(OC1B) PD4
(OC1A) PD5
(ICP) PD6
PA0 (ADC0)
PA1 (ADC1)
PA2 (ADC2)
PA3 (ADC3)
PA4 (ADC4)
PA5 (ADC5)
PA6 (ADC6)
PA7 (ADC7)
AREF
AGND
PC7 (TOSC2)
AVCC
PC6 (TOSC1)
PC5 (TDI)
PC4 (TDO)
PC3 (TMS)
PC2 (TCK)
PC1 (SDA)
PC0 (SCL)
PD7 (OC2)
DDRA
PORTA
PINA
DDRB
PINB
PORTB
DDRC
PORTC
PINC
33

34

Atmel-8155-8-bit-Microcontroller-
AVR-ATmega32A_Datasheet
35

36

37

38

39

40

41

HAND
WRITING
42

HAND
WRITING
43

ATMega32 Elementary I/O: LEDs
• LEDs must be connected the correct way round,
the diagram may be labeled a or + for anode and
k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for
cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and
there may be a slight flat on the body of round
LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is
the larger electrode (but this is not an official
identification method).
• LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering,
but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No
special precautions are needed for soldering
most LEDs.
• LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow,
green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are
much more expensive than the other colors. The
color of an LED is determined by the
semiconductor material, not by the coloring of
the 'package' (the plastic body).
An LED is a semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into a
discrete color of light
44

• Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! It will be
destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and
burn it out.
• LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick
testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is
12V or less.
• The resistor value, R is given by:
• Estimate 1.5 - 2 V voltage drop (VL)
• Typically draws 10-20 mA (I)
Unless you know
what are you
doing!
45

+5V
R
output pin
1
+3.2V
No current
Current
light
Estimate R =
voltage
current
=
5 – 1.8 – 0.4
13 x 10 -3 = 215 Ω ~ 220 Ω
easier to get
LED
no light
+5V
+5V
R
output pin
0
LED
+0.4V
Turning on an LED
Setting the pin to high will
not turn ON the LED
Setting the pin to low will
turn ON the LED
46

DIO_LAB1
Write A embedded C
Code
To toggle 3 Led on
sequential way
Then start a tick(pulse)
by Buzzer then
Rerun again
Port D pin 5,6,7 as output (LED)
Port D pin 4 (Buzzer)
step1
step2
step3
step4avr/io.h and util/delay.h
47

DIO_LAB1 Solution: Create
ATMEGA32_registers.h to be independent on
avr/io.h
48

DIO_LAB1 Solution:
write the Code 49

DIO_LAB1 Solution:
write the Code 50

It will be helpful if you learned to
Create the ATMEGA32_Registers.h
for All Atmega32 Registers
51

DIO_Project1:
LED Matrix 8*8
52

DIO_Project1
Seven Segment Digital Clock Write a program for a 2-D Led array
(1*2 LCD) using all GPIO pins in
Atmeg32, that acts like a real
screen. The Screen is divided into
two (8*8) frames (characters), and
write a two functions that takes a
character and print it for each
frame. And simulate the project
using proteus. the following figure
shows one frame
53

DIO_Project1
Seven Segment Digital Clock Say if we want to turn on LED D10 in
the matrix, we need to power the
PIN14 of module and ground the
PIN3 on module. With this the D10
will turn ON. This is shown in the
figure below. This should be first
check for MATRIX to know
everything in order.
54

DIO_Project1
Seven Segment Digital Clock Say if we want to turn on D1, we
need to power PIN9 of matrix and
ground the PIN13. With that LED D1
will glow. The current direction for
this case is shown in below figure.
55

DIO_Project1
Seven Segment Digital Clock Now for the tricky part, consider we
want to turn on both D1 and D10 at
a time. So we power both PIN9,
PIN14 and ground both PIN13,
PIN3. With that we will have D2 and
D9 ON along with D1 and D10. It’s
because they share common
terminals. So if we want to turn
LEDs along the diagonal, we will be
forced to turn ON all the LEDs along
the way. This is shown in below
figure.
56

DIO_Project1
Seven Segment Digital Clock So to eliminate this problem we will turn only one led on at a
time. Say at t=0m SEC, LED D1 is tuned ON. At t = 1m SEC, LED
D1 is tuned OFF and LED D2 is turned ON. Again at t=2 m SEC,
LED D2 is turned OFF and LED D1 is turned ON. This goes on.
 Now the trick is, the human eye cannot capture a frequency
more than 30 HZ. That is if a LED goes ON and OFF
continuously at a rate of 30HZ or more. The eye sees the LED
as continuously ON. However this is not the case. The LED will
be constantly turning ON and OFF. This technique is called
multiplexing.

 By using multiplexing, we will turn only one row at a time,
and there will be cycling around the 8 rows continuously. This
visualized as a completely turned ON matrix for a naked eye.
Multiplexing
With very speed
To render
Each row
57

Solution For Led Matrix
Video
The Video also on
https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B7kUsgpvTWFLVnNYSnJ2
RWpHc0E
58

59

For Example if we want to display
character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x80 (c1=1 (0b1000 0000))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0xff (0b1111 1111)
PORTD
60

character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x40 (c2=1 (0b0100 0000))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0xff (0b1111 1111)
PORTD
61

character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x20 (c3=1 (0b0010 0000))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0x0 (0b0000 0000)
PORTD
62

character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x10 (c4=1 (0b0001 0000))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0x36 (0b00110110)
PORTD
63

character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x8 (c5=1 (0b0000 1000))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0x36 (0b00110110)
PORTD
64

character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x4 (c6=1 (0b0000 0100))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0x36 (0b00110110)
PORTD
65

character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x2 (c7=1 (0b0000 0010))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0xff(0b1111 1111)
PORTD
66

character E
First we will make
PORTC= 0x2 (c8=1 (0b0000 0010))
PORTC Select
PORTD = 0xff(0b1111 1111)
PORTD
67

PORTC Select
Multiplexing
With very speed
To render
Each Column
Make your eyes see
the character
Appear like this
68

Each character have 8 values
For eight columns
69

70

Led 2 1 0
write embedded C program
“up/down binary Counter”
By three leds and two push button
0
1
7
……
sw0sw1
DIO_Quiz1 71

I/O: 7-Segment Display
 There are applications where you need to display a decimal
digit using a seven segment LED display.
 The display could represent e.g. the number of times a
switch was pressed.
 Digits 0-9 and hex A-F can be displayed by giving the
proper 7-segment codes
q g f e d c b a q g f e d c b a
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 9 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
2 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 A 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 b 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
5 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 d 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
6 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 E 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 F 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
72

 Common-anode :
 requires VCC
 LED ON when Output is LOW.
 Common-cathode :
 NO VCC ,
 LED ON when Output is HIGH.
 TTL and CMOS devices are
normally not used to drive the
common-cathode display directly
because of current (mA)
requirement. A buffer circuit is
used between the decoder chips
and common-cathode display
73

I/O: 7-Segment Display 74

A 7-Segment LED could be attached as shown:
75

Or:
76

DIO_Lab2 :
A 7-segment is connected to PORTA.
Write an assembly/embedded C Code
to Display 1 on the 7-segment.
ATmega32
8
PORTC
0
1
2
3
5
6
4
77

DIO_Lab2 Solution: assembly
A 7-segment is connected to PORTA. Display 1 on
the 7-segment.
ATmega32
8
PORTC
0
1
2
3
5
6
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
DDRC
:
PORTC:
;
; DIO_lab2.asm
;
; Author : kkhalil
;
; Replace with your application code
LDI R20,0x06 ;R20 = 00000110 (binary)
OUT PORTC,R20 ;PORTC = R20
LDI R20,0xFF ;R20 = 11111111 (binary)
OUT DDRC,R20 ;DDRC = R20 ;Delay 1
;cycle latency
L1: RJMP L1
78

DIO_Lab3 :
Two- digital
Display Module
7 Segment Display
 DATA LINES:
- 7SEG_APORTC .4
- 7SEG_BPORTC .5
- 7SEG_CPORTC .6
- 7SEG_DPORTC .7
 DECIMAL POINT:
- 7SEG_DPPORTB .0
 ENABLE LINES
- 7SEG_EN1PORTC .2
- 7SEG_EN2PORTC .3
The trick is, the human eye cannot capture a frequency
more than 30 HZ. That is if a LED goes ON and OFF
continuously at a rate of 30HZ or more. The eye sees the
LED as continuously ON. However this is not the case.
The LED will be constantly turning ON and OFF. This
technique is called multiplexing.
79

DIO_Lab3 :Two- digital Display
Module
 Write an embedded C Code to “up Counter” from 0 to 99.
80

Module
81

Module
82

DIO_Lab3 Solution:
 Write an embedded C Code to
“up Counter” from 0 to 99.
83

How To Write Driver
For GPIO/DIO/IO
FOR ATMEGA32
84

Create Eclipse Project
Driver
Create your own files,
Don’t depend on anything
Be Professional ;)
Write your application here
85

Mydelay.h
86

Data_Types.h 87

Atmega32_rgisters.h
get all the registers absolute address from SPECS
88

Atmega32_rgisters.h
get all the registers absolute address from SPECS
89

For the GPIO Driver
Create two Files
GPIO.h & GPIO.c
GPIO.c
GPIO.h #include “GPIO.h”
90

GPIO.h 91

GPIO.h
92

GPIO.c
93

GPIO.c
94

GPIO.c
95

GPIO.c
96

GPIO.c
97

GPIO.c
98

Now Write a simple application
To toggle led0 which connected to
D5 Main.c
GPIO.C
ATMEGA32
GPIOD5
99

CPU
RAM
ROM
Interrupt
Controller
UART
CAN
ADC
GPIO
Uart_TX
CAN_TX
Analog_ip
Registers
Controller MUX
External
interrupt
Irq number
D5
Toggle Led
.txt(main.c/GPIO.c)
Stack/Heap/Data_
Memory
100

main.c
101

Simulate on ISIS
102

Kindly you can find the Source code in
 https://github.com/keroles/Embedded_System/tree/master/Atmega32_Drivers
/ATMEGA32_Drivers
103

How To Debug the Code on ISIS ?
104

105

.elf image contains
debug information
.hex not contain
Any debug information
The compiler can generate different types of files, according to what
you need. On a PC, the compiler generates an executable file with the
extension ”.exe”. However, microcontrollers need a different, dedicated
format. For our microcontroller we will be using HEX (extension ”.hex”)
files. Other possible formats generated by the compiler are: .elf, .map,
.eeprom
106

AVR Tool-Chain provide
 AVR Libc represents the AVR library provided by Atmel. It defines all the
register names (together with their bits), as well as other useful functions.
 GCC represents the GNU Compiler Collection. Together with the GNU
binutils it generates the HEX files.
 AVR-GDB, AVaRICE, ISIS and SimulAVR can help simulate / debug the
behavior of your microcontroller application on a PC.
107

 Simulator versus emulator
 An emulator only mimics the observable behaviour of a target, whereas a simulator
also models the internal state of the target. In this respect, emulators are faster,
but they might also be prone to behaviours / errors that the original target would
not manifest.
 What is a debugger?
 The purpose of a debugger is to allow you to see what is going on “inside” another
program while it executes - or what another program was doing at the moment it
crashed
108

First Go to eclipse project
settings
And enable the debug information
As shown
109

First Go to eclipse project
settings
And enable the debug information
As shown
110

Second Build
the Project
111

Third Copy all the Build output files and all the source code which
inside the eclipse project to the ISIS Project folder beside your
Prject.DSN
112

Fourth open ISIS Project
and open the
Atmega32 IC and pass the elf
image to
Program file
113

FIFTH run the simulation and press
pause then
Open the AVR source code window as
shown
114

How To Debug the Code on ISIS ? 115

116

DIO_Project2:
117

DIO_Project2
Seven Segment Digital Clock Our digital clock operates as follows. When the circuit is powered up the clock
starts at "00:00:00" for "HH:MM:SS". There are two push-button switches
used to set the time. Switch SW1 is for setting the minutes, when this button is
pressed the minutes in increase until it reaches 59 then reset and start
counting from 0. Switch SW2 is for setting the hours.
 All seven segment displays are driven by the same port (PortB). The
microcontroller through controls from PortC indicate which seven segment
display each digit is displayed on. Note that these Seven Segment Displays
are common cathode display.
118

DIO_Project2
Seven Segment
Digital Clock
119

DIO_Project2
120

GPIO Project 3
Assignment
Microcontroller
session
Write code to make the following
functionality:
121

References
 https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZmtlLnV0bS5teXxyaWR
6dWFuLXMtd2Vic2l0ZXxneDo2ODU0NzlkM2JkOTg4MjRk
 http://www.avrprojects.net/index.php/avr-projects/sensors/38-humidity-and-
temperature-sensor-dht11?showall=&start=1
 http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~lu/cse467s/slides/dsp.pdf
 http://www.avr-tutorials.com/
 Microprocessor: ATmega32 (SEE3223-10)
http://ridzuan.fke.utm.my/microprocessor-atmega32-see3223-10
 http://circuitdigest.com/article/what-is-the-difference-between-
microprocessor-and-microcontroller
 http://cs4hs.cs.pub.ro/wiki/roboticsisfun/chapter2/ch2_7_programming_a_mi
crocontroller
122

123

Microcontroller part 2

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