3. Applied Learning Outcomes
Use the terminology associated with the
skeletal system
Learn about the following:
โข Skeleton structure
โข Bone structure and types
โข Bone function
โข Bone tissue
โข Bone development and growth
โข Bone physiology
โข Bone articulations
Understand the aging and pathology of the
skeletal system
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
4. Overview
Humans have an
endoskeleton
The skeletal system is
composed of bones,
cartilage, ligaments, and
tendons
The skeletal system provides
movement, protection, and
shape
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
5. The Human
Skeletal System
The axial
skeleton is
composed of
the spine, rib
cage, and
skull
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
6. The Human Skeletal System
The
appendicular Upper appendages:
skeleton is the shoulders, arms,
composed of wrists, and hands
the upper and Lower appendages:
lower the hips, legs, knees,
ankles, and feet
appendages,
and the bones
that girdle
them to the
axial skeleton
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
7. Bone
Bone Types:
Bones can be Flat,
categorized Irregular,
by their shape Short, or Long
and by their
origin in the
embryo
Endochronal,
Dermal, Alveolar,
Sesamoid, or
Wormian
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
8. Bone
Human bone is
primarily
comprised of
compact bone
and spongy
bone.
Some bones
have at their
center a
medullary
cavity containing
bone marrow.
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
9. Joints
Joints attach bones,
provide support and
protection, and allow
for body movement.
Joints are
categorized by their
structural
classification and
their functional
classification.
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
10. Joints
Pivot Joints: elbow
Gliding Joints: intervertebral
Ball-and-Socket: shoulder, hip
Saddle: thumb
Condyloid: wrist
Hinge: knee, ankle, humeroulnar
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
11. Human Bone
Charts
Review the
human skeleton,
anterior view
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
12. Human Bone
Charts
Review the
human skeleton,
posterior view
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
13. Bone Development and Healing
The process of bone
development is called
ossification. There are two
types of ossification:
endochronal and
intramembranous.
Bone healing occurs in
stages: fracture,
granulation, callus,
lamellar bone, and normal
contour.
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
14. Wellness and Illness over
the Life Span
โข Most common bone and joint pathologies are related
to atypical stress and strain.
โข Other organ-system diseases cause inflammation of
bones and joints.
โข Other pathologies include degenerative disorders
and diseases.
โข During a personโs lifetime, bone is constantly
degraded and replaced.
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
15. Summary
The skeletal system works together with
the muscular system to provide the body
with support and movement.
Bones are classified by their shape and
origin.
A certain amount of activity is needed to
maintain the integrity of the skeletal
system; however, too much activity can
prematurely wear out its components.
Chapter 5 โ The Skeletal System
Editor's Notes
Endoskeleton: An internal skeleton (as opposed to an exoskeleton, or external skeleton, as in an arthropod) Bone: Hard connective tissue Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue Ligament: Connective tissue that joins bone to bone Tendon: Connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
Categorized by development: Endochronal โ from embryonic cartilage Dermal โ from embryonic connective tissue Alveolar โ from special cells found only in jaw bones Sesamoid โ within tendons Wormian โ within the flat bones of the skull Categorized by shape: Flat โ thin, flattened, often slightly curved Irregular โ unique, often complicated shape that is not geometrically describable Short โ square-like shape Long โ elongated shape
Compact Bone โ also called Cortical Bone, the rigid outer shell of the bone Spongy Bone โ also called Cancellous or Trabecular Bone, forms the ends of the long bones and the center of other bones; composed of a honeycomb-like network Medullary (or Marrow) Cavity โ The hollow center of long bones, lined with endosteum which can generate new bone cells, and filled with bone marrow to be used as a food reserve
Structural Classification: Based on tissue composition and structural complexity * cartilaginous โ formed by cartilage * fibrous โ formed of fibrous connective tissue * synovial โ formed by a synovial capsule Functional Classification: Based on the way joints move * see next slide
Review skeletal system.
Review skeletal system.
Endochronal Ossification: Bone formation that begins within cartilage Intramembranous Ossification: The formation of bone from connective-tissue membranes Alternately, bone healing is sometimes grouped into reactive (fracture and granuation), reparative (callus and lamellar bone), and restorative (normal contour) phases.
Stress/strain: shin splint, stress fracture, arthritis Inflammation: gout, lupus, fibromyalgia Degenerative: Osteoporosis, tooth decay, myeloma and other cancers