Space, Time and Space-Time. Where, When and How should we use them? Considerations for archaeological research questions involving spatio-temporal phenomena and the conceptual relationships between them.
This document discusses considerations for incorporating space, time, and their relationships in archaeological research questions. It presents conceptual models for representing the spatiotemporal relationships between archaeological records, contexts, and events. While tools like Harris matrices and section drawings help visualize some relationships, new ways of explicitly modeling and visualizing the full complexity of spatiotemporal data are still needed. Semantic technologies offer potential for improved conceptualization and representation of archaeological spatiotemporal information.
Semelhante a Space, Time and Space-Time. Where, When and How should we use them? Considerations for archaeological research questions involving spatio-temporal phenomena and the conceptual relationships between them.
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Space, Time and Space-Time. Where, When and How should we use them? Considerations for archaeological research questions involving spatio-temporal phenomena and the conceptual relationships between them.
1. Space, Time and Space-Time. Where, When and How
should we use them? Considerations for archaeological
research questions involving spatio-temporal phenomena
and the conceptual relationships between them.
by
Keith May
@Keith_May
Incorporating work by
Paul Cripps, Prof Doug Tudhope, Ceri Binding
Faculty of Advanced Technology
University of South Wales
2. Archaeology Data in 4 Dimensions
X, Y, Z, Time
Segontium Section Is a 2D representation of
4D Events
With
thanks
to
Mortimer
Wheeler
3. Archaeological Biographies of 'sites'
• Megalithic sites with continuity to
NE, BA, IA, RM, Med, and Current
periods
• Difference between spatio-
temporal continuity of
archaeological features and the
distinct 'biography' of events that
took place at certain periods in the
past within certain spatial
boundaries represented by the
remains of those features that we
find in the present
La Hougue Bie - Jersey
CC0 Wikipedia
4. Simplified Conceptual Model
for Interoperability between archaeological records
Finds
Contexts
are deposited in
Stratigraphic
Units
Groups Samples
are taken from
Phases
Dates/
TimespansPeriods
are within
Took Place
at
Spatial
Coordinates
are within
Identifies
Identifies
Identifies
date
date
Investigations
date
Spatio-Temporal
Relations
Research
Objectives
Inform
Places
5. Harris Matrix example
• Model common ‘core’ of Archaeological processes
• Principle archaeological concepts modelled as
CRM entities & relationships
• Limited degree of minute detail
• Matrix holds stratigraphic relationships
• N.B. Distinguishing positive Deposits from
negative Cuts
6. Stratigraphic relationships are
spatio-temporal
• Musvario stratigraphy -
based on interpreting the
spatio- temporal
sequencing of the order
that the mosaic tiles 'must'
have been placed in the
design
• Stratigraphic relations
seen in alterations to
a brick wall or floor -
n.b. it is not strictly
following 'Law of
superimposition'
7. Physical and Stratigraphic Relationships
crmeh:EHE0007.Context
crmeh:EHE1001ContextEvent
Below,
Above,
Same As
crm:P7 Took Place at
crm:E53.Place crm:E5.Event
rdfs:subClassOf
BondedWith,
ButtedBy,
Butts,
Jointed
ConsistsOf,
CutBy,
DividedInto,
DivisionOf,
FillOf,
PartOf,
Within
Physical relationships Stratigraphic relationships
crm:E63.BeginningofExistence
rdfs:subClassOf
crm:P7 Took Place at
CRMarchaeo:A4.Stratigraphic Genesis Event
Contains,
Cut By,
Cuts,
Filled By
Negative Contexts
E.g. Cut
Positive Contexts
E.g. Deposits, Walls, etc
rdfs:subClassOf
8. Spatial data items identified from STELLAR Linked
Data preparations
• Context – Context_location
• Sample -Sample Location
• Finds – some precise geo data present in many
recording systems, & finds are directly related to the
context they derive from which does have spatial
attributes.
• Group – Group_location – this will be more challenging
as it gets its spatial information from several contexts
• Investigation – investigation_location
• Phase – None directly present but spatial extents can
be shown by relationships to Group info
• Research Objectives – Broad Place names e.g.
Explore the extent of the Mesolithic remains at Starr
Carr, Yorkshire
10. Other Historic Environment geo-spatial data.
• Geophysics Raster plots – georeference
• CAD drawings – e.g. Building elevations
• Lidar and 3d point cloud ?time values
• Marine remote sensing data? Sonar? 3D point
clouds
• Photography - raster georeference e.g. Aerial
photos
11. Region Connection Calculus - Spatial
Relationship Axioms
• disconnected (DC)
• externally connected (EC)
• equal (EQ)
• partially overlapping (PO)
• tangential proper part (TPP)
• tangential proper part
inverse (TPPi)
• non-tangential proper part
(NTPP)
• non-tangential proper part
inverse (NTPPi)
12. What about the Temporal?
• Can use combinations
of Dates & Periods
• Issue - Periods are
Spatio-temporal e.g.
"Roman"
• Allen operators -
temporal relationships
• CIDOC CRM Allen
operators
• How to visualize
Continuity better?
13. Allen Temporal Operators & Stratigraphic relations
• P120: occurs before (occurs after)
• P114: is equal in time to
• P115: finishes (is finished by)
• P116: starts (is started by)
• P117: occurs during (includes)
• P118: overlaps in time with (is overlapped in
time by)
• P119: meets in time with (is met in time by)
Stratigraphically means "Directly"
Below/Before Above/After
But not necessarily Meets in time
14. Continuity of Existence of Archaeological Features
G. Lucas
• Absolute or Relative
Chronologies
• Excavation data deals
in Relative Chronology
e.g. Stratigraphy
• Then tries to hang the
Relative chronology on
an Absolute
Chronological 'hook'
17. Conceptual Reference Model
is also a
Conceptual Reference Matrix
But do we need a new way to
visualise all the complexity of those
relationships ?
Over and above Harris Matrix which
are working tools which are not easily
published and archived?
A section drawing is one way
Plans and a plan matrix is another
But need to incorporate the semantic
complexity of all the spatio-temporal
information within those records
18. STAR project cross-searching & Browse Interface
Internet Archaeology Vol 30 http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue30/tudhope_index.html
19. Conclusions & Challenges
• Need to consider more explicit ways of expressing
spatio-temporal relations within archaeological records
• Need new ways to visualise the complexity of the spatio-
temporal relations
• Semantic technologies offer some possibilities, but
currently it is simpler for Temporal relations than
Spatial....
• but can also help in conceptualising the Spatio-Temporal
20. Gavin Lucas. "The Archaeology of Time"
CIDOC CRM. http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/
Tudhope, May, Binding, Vlachidis. "Connecting
Archaeological Data and Grey Literature via Semantic
Cross Search" - Internet Archaeology Vol 30
Contact:
Keith.May@english-heritage.org.uk
@Keith_May
References