4. Matter
• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space . All matter is made of atoms.
• Matter can be classified according to its
composition, e.g., as a mixture or a pure
substance
• Matter can be described by its physical and
chemical properties
• Matter can undergo a physical or chemical
change
5. Pure Substance
• A substance in which all particles making up the
substance are the same.
• An element is a pure substance that is made of atoms,
and thus cannot be broken down into simpler
substances.
• e.g., gold, carbon, hydrogen, etc. (see periodic table
of elements)
• A compound is a pure substance that is made of two or
more atoms combined in a fixed proportion.
• e.g. H2O (is always 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen)
e.g. CO2 (is always 1 carbon and 2 oxygens)
6. Mixture
• A substance in which there are two or more types of
particles
• A mixture can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.
• A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the
particles are uniformly scattered. Only one phase is
visible (e.g., solutions such as Kool-Aid)
• A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the
particles are not uniformly scattered and therefore
have more than one phase. (e.g., oil and water, or
trail mix)
7.
8. Physical
Property
• A characteristic of a substance, observed using either
one of the five senses, or a scientific instrument.
• May be either qualitative or quantitative.
• e.g., physical state; colour; odour; taste; freezing/boiling
point; electrical conductivity
9. Chemical Property
• A characteristic of a substance that describes its
ability to react with other substances
• e.g., reaction with water; combustibility; toxicity;
stability
10. Physical Change
• Involves a substance changing its physical properties.
• No new substances are formed, and the change may
be reversible.
• e.g., freezing water, dissolving salt in water
11. Chemical Change
• Involves a change in matter in which at least one new
substance, having new properties, is formed.
• Clues a chemical change has occurred:
1. Change in colour
• 2. Change in temperature
• 3. Change in smell
• 4. Formation of a precipitate
• 5. Formation of gas bubbles
13. Atoms
• Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
• They make up everything around us; your desk,
the board, your body, everything is made of
atoms!
• Atoms are too small to see without powerful
microscopes.
• They contain 3 subatomic particles: protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
14. Atomic Structure
There are two basic components in every atom:
Electron Cloud
• Large, lightweight part of the atom
Nucleus
• Small, heavy part of the atom
15. Subatomic Particles
Three subatomic particles make up every atom:
Orbital is a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.
The electron cloud is a visual model that represents all the orbitals in an atom.
17. Element Guide
Atomic Number - # of
protons
• Elements are different because they contain different
numbers of protons.
• Atomic number = # of protons.
• Atoms are neutral, so this is also the number of electrons.
Element Guide
20. Element Guide
8
Element Name
Element Symbol
16
Atomic Mass (Mass number)
# of protons PLUS the # of
neutrons
Atomic Number - # of
protons
• Mass Number is:
• The total number of protons and neutrons in an
atom.
• Number of neutrons = Atomic Mass – Atomic number
O
Oxygen
Element Guide
24. Bell Ringer #2
•Name some properties you would use to
tell the difference between a banana
and a ham sandwich. Try to think of
properties that could be used to tell any
banana from any ham sandwich.
25.
26.
27. Subatomic Particles
Three subatomic particles make up every atom:
Orbital is a region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.
The electron cloud is a visual model that represents all the orbitals in an atom.
29. What is the Periodic Table?
• Shows all known elements in the
universe.
• Organizes the elements by
chemical properties.
30. • Each horizontal row of elements is called a period.
• The elements in a period are not alike in properties.
• From left to right, elements are arranged by
increasing atomic number
Arrangement
31. • Columns of elements are called groups or families.
• Elements in each family have similar but not
identical properties.
Arrangement
32.
33. • Metals are good conductors of
heat and electricity.
• Metals are shiny.
• Metals are ductile (can be
stretched into thin wires).
• Metals are malleable (can be
pounded into thin sheets).
• A chemical property of metal is
its reaction with water which
results in corrosion
(deterioration).
Properties of Metals
34. • Non-metals are poor
conductors of heat and
electricity.
• Non-metals are not ductile
or malleable.
• Solid non-metals are
brittle and break easily.
• They are dull.
• Many non-metals are
gases.
Sulfur
Properties of Non-metals
35. • Metalloids (metal-like) have
properties of both metals and
non-metals.
• They are solids that can be
shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and
electricity better than non-
metals but not as well as
metals.
• They are ductile and
malleable.
Silicon
Properties of Metalloids
