1. 1
Contents
 Introduction
 History
 Tools of Nanorobots
 Structure &Working
A.)Powering the Nanorobot
B.)Nanorobot Locomotion
C.)Teeny, Tiny Tools
 Types of nanobots
 Uses
 Nanorobots: Today and Tomorrow
 Applications
 Case Study
 Nanorobot Control Design(NCD)
A.) WHAT DOES NCD SOFTWARE DO?

2. 2
 Advantages
 Drawbacks
 Challenges
 Future
 Conclusion
 References

3. 1
NANOBOTS
 INTRODUCTION
The health care industry has seen many revolutions, from the invention of the
first vaccine to much modern equipment like MRI ( Magnetic Resonance
Imaging). In the next decade, however, biologists and engineers hope to trigger
the most significant revolution in the history of medicine.
Having nanoscopic bots crawl (or swim) inside your bodywill no longer be science
fiction.
i. Nanobots are devices made from DNA that are so small they can be injected into
the blood stream and carry a payload of drugs to specific cells or organs
ii. Nanobots are tiny machines used to cure diseases in humans or in any organism.
iii. Performs tasks at Nano scale dimensions. The size of nanobots are 10‾9.Also
called as nanorobots,nanomachines,nanomites and nanoids.
iv. Nanobots canbe categorized into two groups called autonomous robots and insect
robots.

4. 2
v. A major asset of nanobots is that they require very little energy to operate
We are on the cusp of the revolution
which will lead to our evolution:
Evolution into what the author would
like to term as REOs (Robotically
Enhanced Organisms).Though a
REO would not technically be a
cyborg (cybernetic organism) ,
could think of nanobots as
'internal enhancement'. In
comparison cyborgs possess
external enhancements such as robotic prosthesis. could even use nanobots inside
our body to relay vitals to a wireless monitoring system, much like cyborgs in
sci-fi movies.
Minimally invasive medicine is the current buzz word. Scientists are looking
for effective ways of diagnosing ailments, detecting diseases and analyzing
changes in the body without having to physically cut open and observe the
subject as in yesterday years.
This revolution could be said to have been triggered long back, when Wilhelm
Röntgen discovered the Röntgen rays, what we know today as X- rays. Similar

5. 3
non-invasive techniques like the MRI (also called NMRI- i.e. Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Imaging) and sonography were developed later.
What these techniques provide is a view of the inside from the outside!
can gather previously inconceivable amount of data without opening up the
subject, effectively and reliably. But what if we could gather the data of the inside
from the inside itself!
The data will be more accurate and much more reliable. The treatment as a result
will also be highly specific, and as the diagnosis is more accurate, it would be
custom made for the particular subject.
So what does nanorobotics involve?
At the moment, it is a field of ongoing research, in which scientists and
researchers are trying to build nano-scale robotic models from nanoscopic
components. They are using molecular self-assembly to join the parts like a
miniature jigsaw puzzle, as will be discussed later.
 HISTORY
In remarkably prescient 1959 talk “There's Plenty of Roomat the Bottom,” the late
Nobel physicist Richard P. Feynman proposed employing machine tools to make
smaller machine tools, these to be used in turn to make still smaller machine tools
and so on all the way down to the atomic level.Feynman was clearly aware of the
potential medical applications of the new technology he was proposing.

6. 4
He said, “A friend of mine (Albert R. Hibbs) suggests a very interesting possibility
for relatively small machines. He says that, although it is a very wild idea, it would
be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon.
You put the mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes into the heart
and looks around (Of course the information has to be fed out). It finds out which
valve is the faulty one and takes a little knife and slices it out. Other small machines
might be permanently incorporated in the body to assist some inadequately
functioning organ.” Later in his historic lecture in 1959, Feynman considered the
possibility, in connection with biological cells, “that we can manufacture an object
that maneuvers at that level!”
The vision behind Feynman's remarks became a serious area of inquiry two decades
later, when Eric Drexler, published a technical paper suggesting that it might be
possible to construct, from biological parts, nanodevices that could inspect the cells
ofa living human being and carry on repairs within them. This was followed a decade
later by Drexler's seminal technical book laying the foundations for molecular
machine systems and molecular manufacturing and subsequently by Freita's
technical books on medical nanorobotics.
SCALING DOWN : NANOFYING THE MEMS
MEMS technology has revolutionized a lot of fields. We can now get more
raw power in much smaller dimensions. Just as an example SMART sensors

7. 5
, made using this technology , now contain the sensor, signal conditioning
circuit , signal processing and sometimes even the wireless transmitter, all in
a single module, often very small! They can fit in the palm of your hand!
Currently, sensors based on micro cantilevers are being developed. They
may soon be scaled down further, allowing for their use in the first
prototype nanobots.
These sensors, in general, use deflection of a cantilever beam to detect a
specific analyte. They are usually coated with a chemical with reacts with the
analyte to be detected. On reaction, the reacted substance is deposited on top of
the cantilever, causing it to bend. Stress caused in the cantilever is
proportional to the amount of deposited substance and consequently, to the
concentration of the analyte in the medium.
The challenge today in order to use this technology in nanobots is to scale
it down further, which is easier said than done. The basic reason for this is that
as we go down to the molecular level, a lot of things change.
Fundamentally, it seems improbable that this technology could be scaled down
further.
Even today, MEMS devices in use are either sensors or actuators, never
both. Obviously, a nanobot needs both to function. Also , as we go smaller, power
generation becomes a big problem. Physical limitations means MEMS motors
can only be scaled down so much.
Alternative power generation ways have been suggested; though most involve
scavenging more than generation. And even if we do manage to generate
power, storage of this energy becomes an even bigger problem as, getting

8. 6
smaller means increasing energy density to such a scale that shrinking down
of storage batteries becomes infeasible.
One method suggests using the Peltier effect (thermal energy from the body)
for energy generation. Another method could be to use glucose from the blood
itself as a fuel. We could also use the natural flows in the body such as blood
circulation for moving our nanobots, however it won't be of much use for guiding
them. Another problem arising at the nanoscale is that viscous drag becomes
predominant. Hence, to overcome this resistance, we need to generate a lot more
power.
A solution to these problems could be to use an external power source instead of
an internal one. This would take out the problem of energy generation, as well as
give us a better guidance system. The inspiration for this technique again comes
from mother nature. A certain kind of bacteria , called as magnetotactic
bacteria (discovered in1975 by Richard Blakemore) have been found to be
sensitive to magnetic fields. Most of them tend to naturally orient
themselves along the magnetic north. A similar guidance system could be used
in future nanobots . They could contain small magnets which could be used as
steering wheels under influence of an external magnetic field such as that of
an MRI machine. Another way of generating power could be by
electromagnetic induction. An external magnetic field could be used , in this case
to charge internal batteries of our nanobots byinduction. Of course , the primary
challenge remains- our current inability to scale down MEMS technology
to the nano level. New materials capable of storing energy at higher energy
density would be required to make use of this technique of navigation.
 TOOLS OF NANOROBOTS

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1. Medicine cavity
2. Knives, pincers, probes and chisels
3. Lasers and electrodes
 WORKING
Imagine going to the doctorto get treatment for a persistent fever. Instead of giving
you a pill or a shot, the doctorrefers you to a special medical team which implants a
tiny robotinto your bloodstream. The robotdetects the cause of your fever, travels to
the appropriate system and provides a doseofmedication directly to the infected area.

10. 8
Properly realized, nanorobots will be able to treat a host of diseases and conditions.
While their size means they can only carry very small payloads of medicine or
equipment, many doctors and engineers believe the precise application of these tools
will be more effective than more traditional methods. For example, a doctor might
deliver a powerful antibiotic to a patient through a syringe to help his immune system.
The antibiotic becomes diluted while it travels through the patient's bloodstream,
causing only some of it makes it to the point of infection. However, a nanorobot -- or
team of nanorobots -- could travel to the point of infection directly and deliver a small
dose of medication. The patient would potentially suffer fewer side effects from the
medication.
Several engineers, scientists and doctors believe that nanorobot applications are
practically unlimited. Some of the most likely uses include:
 Treating arteriosclerosis: Arteriosclerosis refers to a condition where plaque
builds along the walls of arteries. Nanorobots could conceivably treat the condition
by cutting away the plaque, which would then enter the bloodstream.
 Breaking up blood clots: Blood clots can cause complications ranging
from muscle death to a stroke. Nanorobots could travel to a clot and break it up.
This application is one of the mostdangerous uses for nanorobots -- the robot must
be able to remove the blockage without losing small pieces in the bloodstream,
which could then travel elsewhere in the bodyand cause more problems. The robot
must also be small enough so that it doesn't block the flow of blood itself.
 Fighting cancer: Doctors hope to use nanorobots to treat cancer patients. The
robots could either attack tumors directly using lasers, microwaves or ultrasonic

11. 9
signals or they could be part of a chemotherapy treatment, delivering medication
directly to the cancersite. Doctors believe that bydelivering small butprecisedoses
of medication to the patient, side effects will be minimized without a loss in the
medication's effectiveness.
 Helping the body clot: One particular kind of nanorobot is the clottocyte, or
artificial platelet. The clottocyte carries a small mesh net that dissolves into a sticky
membrane uponcontactwith blood plasma. According to RobertA. Freitas, Jr., the
man who designed the clottocyte, clotting could be up to 1,000 times faster than
the body's natural clotting mechanism [source: Freitas]. Doctors could use
clottocytes to treat hemophiliacs or patients with serious open wounds.
 Parasite Removal: Nanorobots could wage micro-war on bacteria and small
parasitic organisms inside a patient. It might take several nanorobots working
together to destroy all the parasites.
 Gout: Gout is a condition where the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste from
the breakdown of fats from the bloodstream. This waste sometimes crystallizes at
points near joints like the knees and ankles. People who suffer from gout
experience intense pain at these joints. A nanorobotcould break up the crystalline
structures at the joints, providing relief from the symptoms, though it wouldn't be
able to reverse the condition permanently.
 Breaking up kidney stones: Kidney stones can be intensely painful -- the larger
the stonethe more difficult it is to pass. Doctors breakup large kidney stones using
ultrasonic frequencies, but it's not always effective. A nanorobot could break up a
kidney stones using a small laser.

12. 10
There are three main considerations scientists need to focus on when looking at
nanorobots moving through the body -- navigation, powerand how the nanorobot
will move through blood vessels. Nanotechnologists are looking at different options
foreach ofthese considerations, each ofwhich has positive and negative aspects. Most
options can be divided into one of two categories: external systems and onboard
systems.
External navigation systems might use a variety of different methods to pilot the
nanorobot to the right location. One of these methods is to use ultrasonic signals to
detect the nanorobot's location and direct it to the right destination. Doctors would
beam ultrasonic signals into the patient's body. The signals would either pass through
the body, reflect back to the source of the signals, or both. The nanorobot could emit
pulses of ultrasonic signals, which doctors could detect using special equipment with

13. 11
ultrasonic sensors. Doctorscould keep track of the nanorobot's location and maneuver
it to the right part of the patient's body.
Using a Magnetic ResonanceImaging (MRI) device, doctors could locate and track a
nanorobot by detecting its magnetic field. Doctors and engineers at the Ecole
Polytechnique de Montreal demonstrated how they could detect, track, control and
even propel a nanorobot using MRI. They tested their findings by maneuvering a
small magnetic particle through a pig's arteries using specialized software on an MRI
machine. Because many hospitals have MRI machines, this might becomethe industry
standard -- hospitals won't have to invest in expensive, unproven technologies.
Doctors might also track nanorobots by injecting a radioactive dye into the patient's
bloodstream. They would then use a fluoroscope or similar device to detect the
radioactive dye as it moves through the circulatory system. Complex three-
dimensional images would indicate where the nanorobotis located. Alternatively, the
nanorobot could emit the radioactive dye, creating a pathway behind it as it moves
through the body.
Other methods of detecting the nanorobot include using X-rays, radio waves,
microwaves or heat. Right now, our technology using these methods on nano-sized
objects is limited, so it's much more likely that future systems will rely more on other
methods.
Onboard systems, or internal sensors, might also play a large role in navigation. A
nanorobot with chemical sensors could detect and follow the trail of specific
chemicals to reach the right location. A spectroscopic sensor would allow the
nanorobot to take samples of surrounding tissue, analyze them and follow a path of
the right combination of chemicals.
Hard as it may be to imagine, nanorobots might include a miniature television camera.
An operator at a console will be able to steer the device while watching a live video
feed, navigating it through the bodymanually. Camera systems are fairly complex, so
it might be a few years before nanotechnologists can create a reliable system that can
fit inside a tiny robot.

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There are three main considerations scientists need to focus on when looking at
nanorobots moving through the body-- navigation, power and how the nanorobotwill
move through blood vessels. Nanotechnologists are looking at different options for
each of these considerations, each of which has positive and negative aspects. Most
options can be divided into one of two categories: external systems and onboard
systems.
External navigation systems might use a variety of different methods to pilot the
nanorobot to the right location. One of these methods is to use ultrasonic signals to
detect the nanorobot's location and direct it to the right destination. Doctors would
beam ultrasonic signals into the patient's body. The signals would either pass through
the body, reflect back to the source of the signals, or both. The nanorobot could emit
pulses of ultrasonic signals, which doctors could detect using special equipment with
ultrasonic sensors. Doctorscould keep track of the nanorobot's location and maneuver
it to the rght part of the patient's bod
Using a Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) device, doctors
could locate and track a
nanorobot by detecting
its magnetic field. Doctors and
engineers at the Ecole
Polytechnique de Montreal
demonstrated how they could
detect, track, control and even
propel a nanorobot using MRI.
They tested their findings by
maneuvering a small magnetic
particle through a pig's arteries
using specialized
software on an MRI machine.
Because many hospitals have MRI machines, this might becomethe industry standard
-- hospitals won't have to invest in expensive, unproven technologies.
Doctors might also track nanorobots by injecting a radioactive dye into the patient's
bloodstream. They would then use a fluoroscope or similar device to detect the
Photo courtesy NASA
Some scientists plan to control
and power nanorobots
using MRI devices like this one.

15. 13
radioactive dye as it moves through the circulatory system. Complex three-
dimensional images would indicate where the nanorobotis located. Alternatively, the
nanorobot could emit the radioactive dye, creating a pathway behind it as it moves
through the body.
Other methods of detecting the nanorobot include using X-rays, radio waves,
microwaves or heat. Right now, our technology using these methods on nano-sized
objects is limited, so it's much more likely that future systems will rely more on other
methods.
Onboard systems, or internal sensors, might also play a large role in navigation. A
nanorobot with chemical sensors could detect and follow the trail of specific
chemicals to reach the right location. A spectroscopic sensor would allow the
nanorobot to take samples of surrounding tissue, analyze them and follow a path of
the right combination of chemicals.
Hard as it may be to imagine, nanorobots might include a miniature television camera.
An operator at a console will be able to steer the device while watching a live video
feed, navigating it through the bodymanually. Camera systems are fairly complex, so
it might be a few years before nanotechnologists can create a reliable system that can
fit inside a tiny robot.
A.)Powering the Nanorobot
Just like the navigation systems, nanotechnologists are considering both external and
internal power sources. Some designs rely on the nanorobot using the patient's own
body as a way of generating power. Other designs include a small power source on
board the robot itself. Finally, some designs use forces outside the patient's body to
power the robot.
Nanorobots could get power directly from the bloodstream. A nanorobot with
mounted electrodes could form a battery using the electrolytes found in blood.
Another option is to create chemical reactions with blood to burn it for energy. The
nanorobot would hold a small supply of chemicals that would become a fuel source
when combined with blood.

16. 14
A nanorobot could use the patient's body heat to create power, but there would need
to be a gradient of temperatures to manage it. Power generation would be a result of
the Seebeck effect. TheSeebeckeffectoccurs when two conductors made of different
metals are joined at two points that are kept at two different temperatures. The metal
conductors become a thermocouple, meaning that they generate voltage when the
junctures are at different temperatures. Since it's difficult to rely on temperature
gradients within the body, it's unlikely we'll see many nanorobots use body heat for
power.
While it might be possible to create batteries small enough to fit inside a nanorobot,
they aren't generally seen as a viable power source. The problem is that batteries
supply a relatively small amount of power related to their size and weight, so a very
small battery would only provide a fraction of the power a nanorobot would need. A
more likely candidate is a capacitor, which has a slightly better power-to-weight ratio.
© Photographer: Newstocker I Agency: Dreamstime.com
Engineers are working on building smaller capacitors that will power
technology like nanorobots.

17. 15
Another possibility fornanorobotpoweris to use a nuclear power source. The thought
of a tiny robotpowered by nuclear energy gives some people the willies, but keep in
mind the amount of material is small and, according to some experts, easy to shield
[source: Rubinstein]. Still, public opinions regarding nuclear power make this
possibility unlikely at best.
External power sources include systems where the nanorobotis either tethered to the
outside world or is controlled without a physical tether. Tethered systems would need
a wire between the nanorobotand the powersource. Thewire would need to be strong,
but it would also need to move effortlessly through the human body without causing
damage. A physical tether could supply power either by electricity or optically.
Optical systems use light through fiber optics, which would then need to beconverted
into electricity on board the robot.
The Piezoelectric Effect
Somecrystals gain an electrical charge if you apply forceto them. Conversely, if you apply
an electric charge to one of these crystals, it will vibrate as a result, giving off ultrasonic
signals. Quartz is probably the most familiar crystal with piezoelectric effects.
External systems that don't use tethers could rely on microwaves, ultrasonic signals
or magnetic fields. Microwaves are the least likely, since beaming them into a patient
would result in damaged tissue, since the patient's body would absorb most of the
microwaves and heat up as a result. A nanorobotwith a piezoelectric membrane could
pick up ultrasonic signals and convert them into electricity. Systems using magnetic
fields, like the one doctors areexperimenting with in Montreal, can either manipulate
the nanorobot directly or induce an electrical current in a closed conducting loop in
the robot.

18. 16
B.)Nanorobot Locomotion
Assuming the nanorobot isn't tethered or designed to float passively through
the bloodstream, it will need a means of propulsion to get around the body. Because
it may have to travel against the flow of blood, the propulsion system has to be
relatively strong for its size. Another important consideration is the safety of the
patient -- the system must be able to move the nanorobot around without causing
damage to the host.
Some scientists are looking at the world of microscopic organisms for inspiration.
Paramecium move through their environment using tiny tail-like limbs called cilia.
By vibrating the cilia, the paramecium can swim in any direction. Similar to cilia
are flagella, which are longer tail structures. Organisms whip flagella around in
different ways to move around.

19. 17
Nanorobot designers sometimes look at microscopic organisms for
propulsion inspiration, like the flagellum on this e-coli cell.
Scientists in Israel created microrobot, a robot only a few millimeters in length,
which uses small appendages to grip and crawl through blood vessels. The scientists
manipulate the arms by creating magnetic fields outside the patient's body. The
magnetic fields cause the robot's arms to vibrate, pushing it further through the blood
vessels. The scientists point out that becauseall of the energy for the nanorobotcomes
from an external source, there's no need for an internal power source. They hope the
relatively simple design will make it easy to build even smaller robots.
Other devices sound even more exotic. One would use capacitors to generate
magnetic fields that would pull conductive fluids through one end of
an electromagnetic pump and shootit out the back end. The nanorobotwould move
around like a jet airplane. Miniaturized jet pumps could even use blood plasma to
push the nanorobot forward, though, unlike the electromagnetic pump, there would
need to be moving parts.
Another potential way nanorobots could move around is by using a vibrating
membrane. By alternately tightening and relaxing tension on amembrane, a nanorobot

20. 18
could generate small amounts of thrust. On the nanoscale, this thrust could be
significant enough to act as a viable source of motion.
C.)Teeny, Tiny Tools
Current microrobots are
only a few millimeters long
and about a millimeter in
diameter. Compared to the
nanoscale, that's enormous -
- a nanometer is only one-
billionth of a meter, while a
millimeter is one-
thousandth of a meter.
Future nanorobots will beso
small, you'll only be able to
see them with the help of
a microscope. Nanorobot
tools will need to be even
smaller. Here are a few of
the items you might find in
a nanorobot's toolkit:
 Medicine cavity -- a
hollow section inside the
nanorobot might hold
small doses ofmedicine or chemicals. The robotcould release medication directly
to the site of injury or infection. Nanorobots could also carry the chemicals used in
chemotherapy to treat cancer directly at the site. Although the amount of
medication is relatively miniscule, applying it directly to the cancerous tissue may
be more effective than traditional chemotherapy, which relies on the body's
circulatory system to carry the chemicals throughout the patient's body.
 Probes, knives and chisels -- to remove blockages and plaque, a nanorobot will
need something to grab and break down material. They might also need a device
to crush clots into very small pieces. If a partial clot breaks free and enters
the bloodstream, it may causemore problems further down the circulatory system.
Photo courtesy Garrigan.net
Nanorobot tools will have to
be small enough manipulate
cells like these red blood cells.

21. 19
 Microwave emitters and ultrasonic signal generators -- to destroy cancerous
cells, doctorsneed methods that will kill a cell without rupturing it. A ruptured
cancer cell might release chemicals that could cause the cancer to spread further.
By using fine-tuned microwaves or ultrasonic signals, a nanorobotcould break the
chemical bonds in the cancerous cell, killing it without breaking the cell wall.
Alternatively, the robot could emit microwaves or ultrasonic signals in order to
heat the cancerous cell enough to destroy it.
 Electrodes -- two electrodes protruding from the nanorobot could kill cancer cells
by generating an electric current, heating the cell up until it dies.
 Lasers -- tiny, powerful lasers could burn away harmful material like arterial
plaque, cancerous cells or blood clots. The lasers would literally vaporize the
tissue.
The two biggest challenges and concerns scientists have regarding these small tools
are making them effective and making them safe. For instance, creating a small laser
powerful enough to vaporize cancerous cells is a big challenge, but designing it so
that the nanorobot doesn'tharm surrounding healthy tissue makes the task even more
difficult. While many scientific teams have developed nanorobots small enough to
enter the bloodstream, that's only the first step to making nanorobots a real medical
application.

22. 20
 Nanorobots: Today and Tomorrow

23. 21
Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images
Although this 2-centimeter-long robot
is an impressive achievement,

24. 22
Teams around the world
are working on creating
the first practical
medical
nanorobot. Robots ranging from a millimeter in diameter to a relatively hefty two
centimeters long already exist, though they are all still in the testing phase of
development and haven't been used on people. We're probably several years away
from seeing nanorobots enter the medical market. Today's microrobots are just
prototypes that lack the ability to perform medical tasks.
In the future, nanorobots could revolutionize medicine. Doctors could treat everything
‘
from heart disease to cancerusing tiny robots thesize ofbacteria, a scale much smaller
than today's robots.Robotsmight work alone or in teams to eradicate disease and treat
other conditions. Some believe that semiautonomous nanorobots are right around the
corner -- doctors would implant robots able to patrol a human's body, reacting to any
problems that pop up. Unlike acute treatment, these robots would stay in the patient's
body forever.
Another potential future application of nanorobot technology is to re-engineer our
bodies to become resistant to disease, increase our strength or even improve our
intelligence. Dr. Richard Thompson, a former professor of ethics, has written about
future robots will be hundreds
of times smaller.

25. 23
the ethical implications of nanotechnology. He says the most important tool is
communication, and that it's pivotal for communities, medical organizations and the
government to talk aboutnanotechnology now, while the industry is still in its infancy.
Will we one day have thousands of microscopic robots rushing around in our veins,
making corrections and healing our cuts, bruises and illnesses? With nanotechnology,
it seems like anything is possible.
 TYPES OF NANOBOTS
1. RESPIROCYTES:
IT WORKS AS AN ARTIFICIAL ERYTHROCYTES.
IT TRANSPORTS OXYGEN AND CARBONDI OXIDE
2. MICROVIBORES:
ACTS AS AN ARTIFICIAL WHITE BLOOD CELLS ALSO
CALLED AS NANOBOTIC phagocytes
IT ABSORBS AND DIGEST THE PATHOGENS IN THE
BLOOD STREAM BY PHAGOCYTOSIS.
ARE,
I.)AN ARRAY OF REVERSIBLE BINDING SITE
II.)AN ARRAY OF TELESCOPPING GRAPLLES
III.)A MORCELLATION CHAMBERDIGESTION CHAMBER

26. 24
3. CLOTTOCYTES:
IT ACT AS AN ARTIFICIAL MECHANICAL PLATELETS.
IT REDUCES THE CLOTTING TIME REDUCES BLOOD
LOSS.
THE CLOTTOCYTE MAY ALLOW COMPLETE
HEMOSTASIS
IN AS LITTLE AS ~1 SECOND, EVEN IN MODERATELY
LARGE WOUNDS.
 USES
Uses in Medicine and Industry
By consensus, nanobots will find their first applications in medical science.
Also known as nanomedibots, these machines will be able to repair damaged or
diseased tissues at the molecular level. The circulatory system is a natural highway

27. 25
for these devices and the nanomedibots will cruise through the blood stream to the
area of distress.
They may be used to attach themselves to specific cells, such as cancer cells, and
report the position and structure of these tissues.
A creative theory in the use of these devices to fight
cancer involves using silicon nanomachines with a thin
coating of gold and light in the near infrared spectrum.
Light in the 700-1000 nanometer range will pass through
tissue with minimal absorption.
When this near infrared light strikes this particular type of nanomedibot, the device
gets hot due to the oscillation of the metal’s electrons in response to the light.
Using an MRI to precisely place the nanomedibots in the cancerous region, the light
causes the devices to heat to 131 degrees Fahrenheit which destroys the cancerous
cells but doesn’t damage surrounding tissues.
Also regarding cancertreatment, ribonucleic acid interference is a method that attacks
cancers on a genetic level. Nanobots laden with interfering RNA that deactivates the
protein productionof the cancer and kills the malignancy would attach themselves to
the tumor and deliver the lethal genetic material.
In addition to removing plaque from arterial walls, they could also be used to find
areas of arterial weakness.
Nanorobots may also be employed to detect specific chemicals or toxins and could
give early warning of organ failure or tissue rejection. Also used to take biometric
measurements, they may be employed to monitor the general health of an individual.

28. 26
These devices may find application in a variety ofindustrial applications. Research is
ongoing into using them in the oil industry.
In addition, current research is investigating their application in nanophotonics to
produce light more efficiently. Computer circuits may be produced by these tiny
devices. They could create circuits on a smaller scale than current etching techniques
and would allow for the manufacture of extremely small processors and chips.
 APPLICATIONS

29. 27
Nanorobotics describes the technology
of producing machines or robots at the
nanoscale. 'Nanobot' is an informal
term to refer to engineered nano
machines. Though currently
hypothetical, nanorobots will advance
many fields through the manipulation
of nano-sized objects.
The field of medicine is expected to
receive the largest improvement from this
technology. This is because nanotechnology provides the advantage of transporting
large amounts of nanorobots in a single injection. Furthermore, designs that include a
communication interface will allow adaptations to the programming and function of
nanobots already in the body. This will improve disease monitoring and treatment
whilst reducing the need for invasive procedures.
Nanorobotic Applications in the Field of Hematology
Current research is developing nanorobotic applications for the field of hematology.
This ranges from developing artificial methods of transporting oxygen in the body
after major trauma to forming improved clotting capabilities in the event of a
dangerous hemorrhage
Respirocytes are hypothetical nanobots engineered to function as artificial red blood
cells. In emergencies where a patient stops breathing and blood circulation ceases,
respirocytes could be injected into the blood stream to transportrespiratory gases until
the patient is stabilized.
Current proposals suggest respirocytes would be able to supply 200 times more
respiratory gas molecules than natural red blood cells ofthe same volume. Clottocytes
are another type of nanobot which function as artificial platelets for halting bleeds.
Clottocytes would mimic the natural platelet ability to accumulate at the bleed, in
order to form a barrier, by unfurling a fiber mesh which would trap blood cells when
the nanobot arrives at the site of the injury. The clotting ability of one injection of
clottocytes would be 10,000 times more effective that an equal volume of natural
platelets.

30. 28
Nanorobotics Applications for Cancer Detection and Therapy
As cancer survival rates improve with early detection, nanorobots designed with
enhanced detection abilities will be able to increase the speed of a cancer diagnosis
and therefore enhance the prognosis of the disease. Nanobots with embedded
chemical sensors can be designed to detect tumor cells in the body. Proposeddesigns
currently include the employment of integrated communication technology, where
two-way signaling is produced. This means that nanobots will respond to acoustic
signals and receive programming instructions via external sound waves along with
transmitting data they have accumulated.
A simple reporting interface could be produced through strategically positioned
nanobots in the body which are able to log information supplied by active nanobots
traveling through the blood stream. Instructions could be adapted in vivo to provide
active targeting for monitoring or healing.
Nanorobots with chemical sensors can also be utilized for therapy. Through specific
programming to detect different levels of cancer biomarkers such as e-cadherins and
beta-catenin, therapy can beprovided in bothprimary and metastatic phases ofcancer.
Nanobots have the advantage of producing targeted treatment. Current cancer
treatments have severe sideeffects caused bythe destructionof healthy cells. Targeted
treatment can be formed by designing nanorobots with chemotactic sensors on their
surface which correspond to specific antigens on the cancer cells.
Nanorobotics Applications for Biohazard Defense
Nanorobots will also have useful applications for biohazard defense, including
improving the responseto epidemic disease. Nanobots with protein based biosensors
will be able to transmit real-time information in areas where public infrastructure is
limited and laboratory analysis is unavailable. This is particularly applicable for
biomedical monitoring of areas devastated by epidemic disease as well as in remote
or war torn countries during humanitarian missions.
Nanorobotics may also reduce contamination and provide successful screening for
quarantine. In the event of an influenza epidemic for example, increased
concentrations of alpha-NAGA enzyme in the blood stream could be used as a
biomarker for the influenza infection. The increased concentration would trigger the
nanorobot prognostic protocolwhich sends electromagnetic back propagated signals
to portable technology such as a mobile phone. The information would then be
retransmitted via the telecommunication systemproviding information onthe location
of the infected person, increasing the speed of contamination quarantine.

31. 29
The applications of the nano robotics are more as: micro rootics, emerging druge
delivery application, health care, bio-medical application, cancer therapy, Brain
Aneurysm, communication system, and new future nano technologies.
Etc.
Main Applications such as:-
MECHANICAL APPLICATION
1. The nano technology is given the most convenient bearings and gears.
One of the classes’ components. Examples are Drexler’s overlap-repulsion
bearing design. this bearing is constructed of a small shaft that rotates within
a ring sleeve of 2.2 nm in diameter, it has 206 no. of atoms of carbon, silicon,
oxygen and hydrogen. The arranged of atoms in nano shafts in a 6-folds.
Similarly the ring has 14-fold symmetry, this combination is provides
low energy barriers to shaft rotation. A 2808- atom strainedshell sleeve
bearing designed by Drexler and Merkle 16 using molecular mechanics force
fields to ensure that bond lengths, bond angles, van der Waals distances,
and strain energies are reasonable. This 4.8-nm diameter bearing features
an interlocking-groove interface which derives from a modified diamond
(100) surface. in mechanical application of the nanorobotes in which includes
bio-mechanics and nano machines are present. The science of Nanorobotics
vital role in the development of the robots, whose structure is built by
using nanoscale components and its contants with in the basses of objectives
and limitations. The nature of the component being in the nano scale allows
the researchers for the engineering of the mimic of human beings. Which
constitute the robots has been possible due to nanorobotics nanobotes,
nanites, nanoids or nanomites are some of the hypothetical devices created
with the knowledge of the nanorobotics.

32. 30
2. NANOROBOTICS USES IN HEALTH CARE
The nanorobotic science in these experiment and research will give the very
bright future.the nano robotics is developing da y by day in medical industries.
That’s increase the human safety and health careing fields areexpanding. They are
many senior ill patients and there are living by the use of the nanorobotical
treatment method. HIV, cancer and other harmful diseases are also under progress
for curing. The nanorobots will treat and find disease, and restore lost tissue at
the cellular level. It is useful for monotering, diagnosing and fighting sichness.
[10] in the health care field the nanorobotics is perform the good treatment by
through biomedical. That is impoveing the technique of treatment methods. In
future we will found the decreament of big ills. We are using the many field of the
nanorobotics as like medical application, treatment of cancer, nanorobotics in
gene therapy, nanorobots for brain aneurysm, nanorobots in dentistry, etc.
3. ANTI HIV USING NANOTECHNOLOGY
The immune system is comprised of two important cell types: the B-cell
and the T-cell. The B-cell is responsible for the production of antibodies,
and the T-cell is responsible either for helping. The B-cell to make
antibodies, or for the killing of damaged or "different" cells within the
body. And the T-cells are classified main two types the "helper"T-cell and the

33. 31
cytotoxic T-cell. The T-helper population is further divided into those
which help B-cells (Th2) and those which help Cytotoxic T-cells
(Th1).through nanorobotics treatment systems immune system and
operation of HIV. The immune system is activated. Both B- and T-cell
members respond to the threat, which is a result in the elimination of the
substance or agent from our bodies. Normally, these actions are
wonderfully protective of us. The effect of HIV on the immune system
is the result of a gradual elimination of the Th1 and Th2 helper T-cell
subpopulation. Remembe about the proteins, which envelope HIV. One of
these proteins, named gp 120,"recognizes" a protein on helper T-cells named
CD4, and physically associates with it. The CD4 protein is a normal part
of a helper T-cell's membrane.
4. NANO ROBOTS IN CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be successfully treated with current stages of medical technologies and
therapy tools with the help of the nanorobotics. Determine the decisive factor
to chances for a patient with cancer to survive is: how earlier it was diagnosed;
another important aspect to achieve a successful treatment for patients is
thedevelopment of efficient targeted drug delivery to decrease the side
effects from chemotherapy. Considering the properties of nano robots to
navigate as blood borne devices, they can help on such extremely important
aspects of cancer therapy. Nanorobots with embedded chemical biosensors can
be used to perform detection of tumour cells in early stages of development inside
the patient’s body. Integrated nano sensors can be utilized for such a task in order
to find intensity of E- cadherin signals. Therefore a hardware architecture
based on nano bioelectronics is described for the application of nanorobots
for cancer therapy. the scientists have genetically modified salmonella
bacteria that are drawn to tumors by chemicals secreted by cancers cells. The

34. 32
bacteria carry microscopic robots, about 3 micrometers in size that automatically
release capsules filled with drugs when the bacteria reach the tumor. By
delivering drugs directly to the tumor, the nanorobot, which the team named
bacteriobot, attacks the tumor wile leaving healthy cells alone, sparing the patient
from the side effects of chemotherapy. Bactiriobot can only detect tumor
forming cancers, such as breast cancers and colorectal, but the nanorobot will
aventually be able to treat other cancers as well. [16]. A decisive factor to
determine the chances for a patient with cancer to survive is: how earlier it was
diagnosed; what means, if possible, a cancer should be detected at least before the
metastasis has began. Another important aspect to achieve a successful
treatment for patients is the development of efficient targeted drug delivery
to decrease the side effects from chemotherapy. Considering the
properties of nanorobots to navigate as blood borne devices, they can help on
such extremely important aspects of cancer therapy
5.NANOROBOTS TREATMENT OF DIABETES
Glucose carried through the blood stream is the most
important role to maintain the human metabolism working for health, and its
correct level is a key issue in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
Intrinsically related to the glucose molecules, the protein hSGLT3 has an
important influence in maintaining proper gastrointestinal cholinergic nerve
and skeletal muscle function activities, regulating extracellular glucose
concentration. The hSGLT3 molecule can serve to define the glucose levels
for diabetes patients. The most interesting aspect of this protein is the fact
that it serves as a sensor to identify glucose. At a typical glucose
concentration, the nanorobots try to keep the glucose levels ranging around

35. 33
130 mg/dl as a target for the Blood Glucose Levels (BGLs). A variation of
30mg/dl can be adopted as a displacement range, though this can be changed
based on medical prescriptions. In the medical nanorobot architecture, the
significant measured data can be then transferred automatically through the RF
signals to the mobile phone carried by the patient. At any time, if the glucose
achieves critical levels, the nanorobot emits an alarm through the mobile phone
6.NANO ROBOT FOR BRAIN ANEURYSM
The nano robot for brain aneurysm prognosis, they are using computational
nanotechnology for medical device prototyping. This is consisting of three main
Equipment- (a) prototyping, (b) the manufacturing approach and (c) inside-body
transduction. It is the computational nanotechnology provides a key tool
for the fast and effective development of nano robots, and that is supports of
investigation to address major aspects on medical instrumentation and device
prototyping. A similar approach was taken by industry to build racing cars,
airplanes, submarines, ICs and medical devices. The bio molecules are too small
to be detected reliably: instead the robot relies on chemical nano biosensor
contact to detect them. Brain aneurysms are taken for modeling the study of nano
robots sensing and interaction within the deformed blood vessel. Intracranial
concentrations of NOS are small and some false positives can even occur due to
some positive functions of N-oxide with semi carbazone (pNOS). The nano
robots must detect protein over expression and the setup for sensing and control
activation can be modified for different values, We treat any nano robots not
responding while within the workspace as if they did not detect any signal, so
they flow with the fluid as it leaves the workspace. If the nano robot’s
electrochemical sensor detects NOS in low quantities or inside normal gradient
it generates a weak signal lower than 50 nA.When activated, the nano robots’

36. 34
sensors also indicate their respective Position at the moment that they
detected a high NOS protein Concentration providing useful information
about the vessel bulb location and dimensions. To illustrate the proposed
approach, the nanorobots must search for protein over expression signals in
order to recognize initial stages of aneurysm. An advanced nano mechatromics
simulator, using a three- dimensional task-based environment, is
implemented to provide an effective tool for device prototyping and medical
instrumentation analysis. Thus, based on clinical data and
nanobioelectronics, the proposed
7. NANO ROBOTS IN GENE THERAPY
Medical nano robots can readily treat genetic diseases by comparing the
molecular structures of both DNA and proteins found in the cell to known
or desired reference structures. In some cases, chromosomal replacement
therapy is more efficient than in CY to repair. Floating inside the nucleus
of a human cell, an assembler built repair vessel performs some genetic
maintenance. Stretching a super coil of DNA between its lower pair of robot
arms, the nano machine gently pulls the unwound strand through an opening
in its prow for analysis. Upper arms, meanwhile, detach regulatory proteins
from the chain and place them in an intake port. The molecular structures
of both DNA and proteins are compared to information Stored in the
database of a larger nano computer positioned outside the nucleus and
connected to the cell-repair ship by a communications link.
Irregularities found in either structure are corrected and the proteins
reattached to the DNA chain, which re-coils into its original form with a
diameter of only 50 nanometers, the repair vessel would be smaller than
most bacteria and viruses, yet capable of therapies and cures well be beyond

37. 35
the reach of present-day physicians. “Internal medicine” would take on
new significance. Disease would be attacked
At the molecular level and such maladies as cancer, viral infections and
arteriosclerosis could be wiped out.[11] Most human diseases involve a molecular
malfunction at the cellular level, and cell function is largely controlled by gene
expression and its resulting
 CASE STUDY
A recent case report described a 62-year-old patient who underwent abdominal
aneurysm repair who received a form of ultra purified polymerized bovine
haemoglobin solution, HBOC-201.11 His haemoglobin concentration before surgery
was 13.9 g/dL, and his haematocrit was40.4%.
Estimated blood loss for the total surgery was 8.0L; his lowest haemoglobin obtained
during surgery was 9.5g/dL, and the lowest haematocrit was 28%.
The patient received a total of 2.5 L of salvaged blood, 2 autologus fresh-frozen
plasma units, 1 L hydroxyethyl starch, 11.5 L of crystalloid, and 0.89 L of HBOC-
201. After surgery, his haemoglobin was 12.5 g/dL, and his haematocrit was 27%.
This productwas effective in this patient who lost a large amount of blood and yet did
not receive any banked red
blood cells.

38. 36
 Nanorobot Control Design(NCD)
1. The nanorobot control design (NCD) software is a system designed to serve as a
test bed for nanorobot 3-D prototyping
2. An advanced nanomechatronics simulator that provides physical and numerical
information for nanorobot task based modeling.
3. Development platform for medical nanorobots investigations
4. Simulates the control dynamics of a nanorobot inside a human body

39. 37
A.) WHAT DOES NCD
SOFTWARE DO?
5. Consists of modules
that simulate the physical
conditions inside a human
body
6. Run the nanorobot
control programs n determine their actions
7. Provide a visual display of the environment in 3D
8. Record the history of nanorobot behavior for later analysis

40. 38
 ADVANTAGES
nanorobotics will aim to overcome the following drawbacks of today's
medical technology:
1. Incisions harm tissue layers which take time to heal.
2. Painful. Anesthesia can be used to limit the pain to a great extent, yet it is only
for a short time.
3. Delicate surgeries such as eye surgery still do not have 100% success rate.
4. In any of the invasive techniques , the patient's life is
totally in the hands of the operator/ surgeon/ physician. It is risky, as
one mistake could spell disaster.
5. Nanobots act like artificial blood
 DRAWBACKS

41. 39
1. REPLICATION MAY BECOME OUT OF CONTROL.
2. COMPLICATED MAINTANANCE
3. VERY COASTLY FORINSTALLATION PURPOSE.
4. THE NANOBOT SHOULD BE VERY ACCURATE, OTHERWISE
HARMFUL EFFECTS MAY OCCUR.
5. HARD TO INTERFACE, CUSTOMIZE AND DESIGN.
 CHALLENGES
A significant challenge posed today by nanorobot designers is related to
our understanding of physics on the nano scale. As we scale down to the nano-
level, that is, our machines (nanobots in our case) become smaller, the forces they
are subjected to change completely.

42. 40
Fluid effects such as viscosity and surface effects such as electrostatics
dominate over conventional forces due to mass (which is now negligible).
Viscosity is now about five orders of magnitude greater; co-efficient of friction
is load and velocity dependent (which is not the case in classical physics).
Also since nanobots are about the size of molecules in which they swim, they
behave as if they themselves are "pseudo-molecules".
They are affected by thermally triggered collisions between molecules, what is
known as Brownian motion. They cannot beconsidered as classical rigid bodies;
they do tend to undergo deformations due to the relative large amount
of forces
they are subjected to (about 1021 collisions per second).
Deformation also means change in characteristics of the body, mainly due to
the shift in centre of mass. So, a deformed nanobot may need to re-learn
how to move, much like a person with paralyzed leg has to re-learn to walk.
This is because a shift in the centre of mass leads to change in motion dynamics;
a force applied along the centre may now be offset, or at an angle to what it
should be to produce the same motion as before.
Embedding artificial intelligence on such a small scale seems unlikely, and hence
we would need to build nanobots which are essentially rigid for all practical
purposes.
Biological bots may provide a solution to this due to the fact that they would
be made by molecular self-assembly and strong inter-molecular forces will
render them practically rigid. Although we have now begun to understand
nano- mechanics and the problems it may pose, our nano size machines

43. 41
overcoming these physical challenges is another story altogether. Inspiration from
mother nature seems to be the best way forward at the moment.
In nature, we see all the microbes executing an asymmetric motion. This
is pretty much evolution at its best. Consider a one degree of freedom rower
who is rowing with a motion in the vertical plane. One half of his rotation is in air
while the other half is in water. The half rotation in the water pushes the water
backwards and hence, by Newton's third law , pushes the boat forward(
reaction force). The half rotation in the air does the opposite, it actually
pushes the boat back. However, the viscous force that produces reaction in the
water is much greater than that of the air. Hence, we can neglect air effects
and safely say that there will be net forward motion. Now, imagine that the
rower is completely inside water. The two half cycles now cancel each other out,
such that at the end of the cycle the rower is at the very same place again. This
example explains why symmetric motion is not of much use in nano domains.
Hence, nature has developed cilia or flagella in micro-organisms such as
bacteria, which beat asymmetrically, such that after one beat there is always a
net displacement in one direction.
Also among the main technological challenges today, for development
of useful nanorobots, is the generation and storage of power, as mentioned
previously. Another challenge, would be developing engineering materials
which are usable for the purpose of manufacture of nanobots using NEMS or
NEMS-like technology, and be bio-compatible at the same time. Effective
ways of power generation still have to be figured out. A much bigger
challenge is on-board storage (NEMS bots), or continuous generation (as in
case of biological bots).

44. 42
 FUTURE
If the ideas mentioned above do become reality any time soon, every branch of
medicine ought to benefit. Frankly, nanorobotics holds such a vast scope, that a
single paper nly to its revolutionary impact on the field of medicine.
Central Nervous System(CNS):
Nanobots could be used to treat the cancers in the CNS too. At times,
they themselves could act as implants, replacing damaged neurons in some
patients . Nanobots will also be able to perform neural surgeries as well as
surgeries of the brain, with a high success rate. It would also prevent the
necessity of today : drilling a hole in the skull to gain access to the brain.
Nanobots can also be used to help people suffering from motor neuron diseases,
as well as paralysis. Once injected into the patient, they can locate themselves
at specific places in the brain, and pick up impulses which would normally
be delivered to the body's motor neurons. These impulses can be used to drive
external prosthetics , such as a robotic arm. Thus, it would help a lot of people
from overcoming their disabilities.
Cancer treatment: This is probably the main reason for the development of
nanorobotics. Drug delivery for cancer today is difficult to control.
Chemotherapy harms healthy tissue in addition to cancerous tissue. We cannot
prevent adverse effects of chemotherapy on other parts of our body.
Nanorobotics will change it all. Nanobots could be used to deliver drugs
specifically to the tumour only, thus preventing the peripheral impact of the drug.

45. 43
One of the many methods to achieve this is the following: Primary nanobots are
sent to the target tissue (tumour) to inflame it. This is partly a machine gun
approach; a lot of the bots will be wasted. However, only the tumour is
inflamed and not any other tissue in the entire body. Now, a second wave of bots
is sent, to target the inflamed tissue. This wave of bots contains the actual
chemotherapy drug. It releases its payload i.e. the drug only after sensing the
inflamed tissue. Thus, we have a highly concentrated targeted action, with no
peripheral impact. We could liken it to a sniper's rifle
Figure 2: Nanobot
targeting tumour site
Source: Image courtesy http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/154352/enlarge
Body surveillance: Continuous monitoring of vitals and wireless transmission
could be possible using nanobots, leading to a quantum leap in diagnostics. This
would also help in rapid response in case of sudden change in vitals, or could warn
against a possibility of a risk, such as high blood glucose in case of diabetics.
Also multi-functional bots could convert themselves into stents, say to open up a
blockage in an artery. The bot itself can be used as a tool , to remove unwanted
materials such as blockages in the circulatory system. Nanobots could be
used in large quantities inside the body to sense and repair anomalies/

46. 44
abnormalities. Current macroscopic robots are being programmed and tested
with what is known as "swarm intelligence" , in which they share information
available to each one of them, pool it together , and take collective decisions.
Such behaviour is seen in ant colonies too; they communicate with the help of
chemicals and behave like one large organism, often referred to as a "super
organism". Using the strategy of swarm intelligence, in intra-body nanobots
could help in creating a single strong defensive shield against pathogens and
toxins. It would also help prevent vitals from going out of medically defined
bounds.
Delicate surgeries: Surgeries such as those of the eye are even today
performed successfully only by a few skilled surgeons. Immense risk
is involved in these delicate surgeries and they require a steady hand
as well as a strong constitution. It may soon be possible to take the
human element of risk out of this equation. Micro surgery of the eye as
well as surgeries of the retina and surrounding membranes could soon
be performed using nanobots. In addition, instead of injecting
directly into the eye, nanobots could be injected elsewhere in the
body and guided to the eye to deliver drugs, if necessary. Similarly, other
difficult surgeries will also benefit from advances in nanorobotics. Foetal
surgery, risky even today due to high mortality rate of either the baby or
the mother, could soon have a 100% success rate, due to the fact that
nanobots can provide better access to the required area inducing
minimal trauma.

47. 45
Figure 3: Nanobots being used in foetal surgery (concept)
Source: Image courtesy: http://fineartamerica.com/featured/nanorobots-with-
human-embryo-christian-darkin.html
 CONCLUSION
The nanobots are used in medicine are predicted to provide a wealth when the sever side
effects of existing therepies are been considered the nanobots are found to be more
innovative supportive to the treatment and diagnosis of vital dieseases.
Use of nanorobotics in the field of medicine has a wider scope than any other sub-
field that has emerged to date. It can be used pretty much anywhere in conjunction
with human physiology.
It provides numerous advantages over conventional medicine such as lower cost,
quicker rehabilitation, low or almost no invasion. In an age of inter-disciplinary
activity, we hope that we will soon witness a great revolution in medicine,
comparable to the industrial revolution which reshaped the world. With a swarm
of nanobots protecting us from inside,

48. 46
we could realistically be free from disease in the next few decades, with life
expectancy which is unheard of today.
Nanotechnology is a brand new technology that has just began, it is a revolutionary science
that will change all what we knew before. I hope nanotechnology will continue to make
our way of life easier for future generation to come . And the world
will move forward .
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