1. Q4 WEEK 3 – MAY 15-19, 2023

3. Review: Hazard Map

4. +
Hydrometeorological Hazard

8. Floods
Strong Winds
Storm Surge
Landslides
Hazards Associated with Tropical Cyclone

9. Tropical Cyclone Classification
a tropical cyclone with maximum
sustained winds of up to 61
kilometers per hour (kph) or less
than 33 nautical miles per hour
(knots)

10. Tropical Cyclone Classification
a tropical cyclone with maximum
wind speed of 62 to 88 kph or 34 - 47
knots

11. Tropical Cyclone Classification
a tropical cyclone with maximum
wind speed of 89-117 kph or 48-63
knots

12. Tropical Cyclone Classification
a tropical cyclone with maximum
wind speed of 118-220 kph or 64-
120 knots

13. Tropical Cyclone Classification
a tropical cyclone with maximum
wind speed exceeding 220 kph or
more than 120 knots

14. Color-Code Rainfall Warning

16. Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (TCWS)
In the Philippines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) is responsible for
monitoring and issuing typhoon warnings and signal numbers. The
typhoon signal numbers used in the Philippines are referred to as
Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (TCWS).
TCWS Signal No. 1: This signal is raised when a tropical
cyclone, such as a tropical depression or tropical storm, is
expected to affect a specific area within 36 hours. It
indicates that winds of 30 to 60 kilometers per hour may
be expected in at least 36 hours, which may pose a threat
to the affected area.

17. Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (TCWS)
TCWS Signal No. 2: This signal is raised when a tropical
cyclone, usually a stronger tropical storm or typhoon, is
expected to affect a specific area within 24 hours. It signifies
that winds of 61 to 120 kilometers per hour may be expected
in at least 24 hours, which can cause further hazards and
disruptions.
TCWS Signal No. 3: This signal is raised when a tropical
cyclone, typically a stronger typhoon, is expected to affect a
specific area within 18 hours. It indicates that winds of 121 to
170 kilometers per hour may be expected in at least 18 hours,
posing a significant threat to the affected area.

18. Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals (TCWS)
TCWS Signal No. 4: This signal is raised when a severe
typhoon or a stronger tropical cyclone is expected to affect a
specific area within 12 hours. It implies that winds of 171 to
220 kilometers per hour may be expected in at least 12 hours,
signifying an intense and potentially catastrophic situation.
TCWS Signal No. 5: This signal is raised when an
extremely intense typhoon is expected to affect a specific area
within 12 hours. It suggests that winds exceeding 220
kilometers per hour may be expected in at least 12 hours,
indicating a life-threatening situation and the highest level of
danger.

24. Here are the main types of floods to look out for:
1. Inland flooding is the technical name for ordinary
flooding that occurs in inland areas, hundreds of miles
from the coast.
2. Flash floods are caused by heavy rain or the sudden
release of water over a short period of time. The name
"flash" refers to their fast occurrence and also to their
raging torrents of water that move with great speed.
Flash floods are also caused by heavy precipitation in a
short period of time, usually less than 6 hours.

25. 3. River flooding occurs when water levels in
rivers, lakes, and streams rise and overflow onto
the surrounding banks, shores, and neighboring
land.
4. Coastal flooding is the inundation of land areas
along the coast by seawater.
5. Urban flooding occurs when there is a lack of
drainage in an urban (city) area.

31. EL NIÑO- means The Little Boy, or Christ Child in Spanish. El
Niño was originally recognized by fishermen off the coast of
South America in the 1600s, with the appearance of unusually
warm water in the Pacific Ocean. The name was chosen
based on the time of year (around December) during which
these warm waters events tended to occur.
The term El Niño refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere
climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea
surface temperatures across the central and east-central
Equatorial Pacific.

32. LA NIÑA – means The Little Girl in Spanish. La Niña
is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El Niño, or
simply "a cold event."
La Niña episodes represent periods of below-
average sea surface temperatures across the east-
central Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La Niña
impacts tend to be opposite those of El Niño impacts.
In the tropics, ocean temperature variations in La
Niña also tend to be opposite those of El Niño.

33. Definitions:
La Niña - Unusually cold surface water
temperatures in the Pacific ocean caused
by strong easterly trade winds.

34. El Niño - Unusually warm surface water
temperatures in the Pacific ocean caused
by weak (or reversed direction) easterly
trade winds.

35. El Niño and La Niña
simplified…
El Nino is the
abnormal heating of
Earth’s ocean surface
in the Pacific.
La Nina is the
abnormal cooling of
Earth’s ocean surface
in the Pacific.

36. El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns that can have significant impacts on weather
conditions in the Philippines. Here's an overview of El Niño and La Niña situations in the
Philippines:
El Niño: El Niño is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in
the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. In the Philippines, El Niño often
leads to drier and warmer conditions than normal. Key features of El Niño
in the Philippines include:
Reduced rainfall: El Niño tends to suppress rainfall, leading to drought
conditions in some areas. This can result in water shortages,
agricultural losses, and increased risk of wildfires.

37. Crop and agricultural impacts: Reduced rainfall and prolonged dry
spells during El Niño can have severe consequences for agriculture,
including reduced crop yields and lower food production. Farmers may
face challenges in cultivating certain crops and may need to employ
water conservation measures.
Water supply: El Niño can affect water availability, particularly in
regions dependent on reservoirs and dams for water supply. Water
levels may decrease, leading to water rationing and limitations on water
usage.
Increased temperature: El Niño contributes to higher temperatures
in the Philippines, exacerbating heat stress on both humans and
ecosystems. This can have health implications and impact vulnerable
populations

39. El Niño and La Niña are climate patterns that can have significant impacts on weather
conditions in the Philippines. Here's an overview of El Niño and La Niña situations in the
Philippines:
La Niña is characterized by cooler-than-normal ocean temperatures in
the central and eastern equatorial Pacific. In the Philippines, La Niña
often brings increased rainfall and can result in the following
conditions:
Above-average rainfall: La Niña tends to enhance rainfall, leading to
increased precipitation and a higher risk of floods and landslides.
Heavy rainfall during La Niña can cause significant damage to
infrastructure, crops, and properties.

40. Enhanced typhoon activity: La Niña can contribute to the
formation and intensification of tropical cyclones (typhoons).
The Philippines is susceptible to typhoons during La Niña,
resulting in heightened risks of storm surges, strong winds, and
heavy rainfall.
Agricultural implications: While increased rainfall can benefit
agriculture in some cases, excessive and prolonged rainfall
during La Niña can lead to waterlogging and flooding, damaging
crops and affecting agricultural productivity.

42. Mitigating the impacts of El Niño and La Niña involves a combination of proactive
measures at various levels, including government policies, community actions, and
individual practices. Here are some strategies to mitigate the effects of these climate
phenomena:
1. Water Management:
➢ Improve water storage and infrastructure: Construct
and maintain reservoirs, dams, and water catchment
systems to capture and store water during periods of excess
rainfall for use during dry spells.
➢ Enhance irrigation systems: Implement efficient
irrigation techniques, such as drip irrigation and precision
watering, to minimize water loss and optimize water use in
agriculture.
➢ Promote water conservation: Encourage water
conservation practices among households, industries, and
agriculture, such as efficient water use, rainwater harvesting,
and recycling.

43. 2. Agricultural Practices:
➢ Diversify crops: Promote crop diversification to reduce reliance
on water-intensive crops and cultivate varieties that are more
resistant to drought or excessive rainfall.
➢ Improve soil management: Implement practices like
mulching, cover cropping, and conservation tillage to improve soil
health and moisture retention, reducing the impacts of drought
and heavy rainfall.
➢ Crop rotation and timing: Optimize planting schedules and
crop rotation to align with expected weather patterns and
minimize vulnerability to extreme conditions.

44. 2. Agricultural Practices:
➢ Diversify crops: Promote crop diversification to reduce reliance
on water-intensive crops and cultivate varieties that are more
resistant to drought or excessive rainfall.
➢ Improve soil management: Implement practices like
mulching, cover cropping, and conservation tillage to improve soil
health and moisture retention, reducing the impacts of drought
and heavy rainfall.
➢ Crop rotation and timing: Optimize planting schedules and
crop rotation to align with expected weather patterns and
minimize vulnerability to extreme conditions.

45. 3. Early Warning Systems and Preparedness:
➢ Strengthen meteorological and hydrological monitoring systems:
Invest in modern weather monitoring technologies, early warning systems, and
timely dissemination of weather information to enable preparedness and
response actions.
➢ Enhance disaster preparedness plans: Develop and update disaster
response plans at national, regional, and community levels to address the
specific risks associated with El Niño and La Niña. This includes preparedness
for floods, droughts, landslides, and other related hazards.
➢ Public awareness and education: Conduct public awareness campaigns to
educate communities on the impacts of El Niño and La Niña, and promote
adaptive measures, such as water conservation, proper land management, and
disaster preparedness.

46. 4. Climate-Smart Infrastructure:
➢ Design resilient infrastructure: Incorporate climate change considerations
into the design and construction of infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and
buildings, to withstand extreme weather events associated with El Niño and La
Niña.
➢ Sustainable urban planning: Implement sustainable urban planning
practices that consider water management, flood control, and green
infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of excessive rainfall and urban flooding.
5. International Cooperation:
➢ Collaboration and knowledge-sharing: Engage in international cooperation
to exchange experiences, research, and best practices in managing El Niño and
La Niña impacts. This includes collaboration on climate research, data sharing,
and joint initiatives for adaptation and mitigation.

55. HOW IS A WEATHER FORECAST MADE?
Weather forecasting is done by a Meteorologist;
he/she must know about the existing weather
condition over a large area. The accuracy of forecast
decision is based on forecasting tools known as the
Weather Map.
The weather map displays the air pressure, wind,
temperature, and humidity distribution trends at
various atmospheric rates. There are two forms,
namely the surface map and the upper-air maps, of
the basic weather map.

62. PERFORMANCE TASK (Be Prepared
Brochure/Flyer)
Visit a community choose your own community or
barangay. Determine all the community
emergency preparedness plan of your barangay
and present it in a brochure. Use your resources
to create a creative brochure. Be creative and
include emergency hotlines as much as possible.