1. CLIMATE AS A
DETERMINANT
OF HEALTH
Prepared by - KALISHANKAR BEHERA
Basic B.Sc.Nursing,2nd year
College Of Nursing VMISAR, Burla

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Introduction
• Definition
• Element of climate
• Climate change
• Health effects
• Control measures
• Role of nurse

3. INTRODUCTION
• Climate is a long term Pattern of weather in a particular area
• Weather can change from hour to hour, day to day, month to month
• A regions weather pattern usually tracked for at least 30 years are considered
it’s climate
• Different part of world have different climate

4. DEFINITION
• It is a meteorological condition including temperature, rain/precipitation and
wind that characteristically prevail in a particular region.
• Climate is a average weather in given area over a longer period of time -30
years or more

5. TYPES OF CLIMATE
• Today climate scientists split earth in to approximately five main type of
climate-
1.Tropical climate
2.Dry climate
3.temperate climate
4.continetal climate
5.polar climate

6. • 1.TROPICAL CLIMATE :- It is hot and humid zone having temperature above
64°F(18°C)
• 2.DRY CLIMATE :- climate zone is so dry because moisture rapidly evaporated
from dry air and there is
very little precipitation
• 3.TEMPERATE CLIMATE :- This climate zone are typically worm and humid
summer with thunderstorm and mild winter

7. 4.CONTINENTAL CLIMATE:- This region have worm to cool summer and
very cold winter . In winter this zone can experience snow storm, strong wind
and very cold temperatures falling below -22°F(-30°c)
5.POLAR CLIMATE :- Polar climate zone is extremely cold. Even in summer
the temperature here never go high than 50°F(10°C)

8. ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE
• Climate consists of following elements:-
1. Atmospheric pressure. 6.cloud and weather
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Rain/Precipitation
5.wind

9. 1. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Also called barometric pressure ,it is about 200 mile thick.
• It is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth.
• Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 790 mmhg called as ‘one atmosphere pressure’
• With increase in altitude AP decreases (Ex-high mountain)
• Decrease in altitude cause increase in AP(EX-Deep mine)
• Instrument used for measuring ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE are- BAROMETER and
BAROGRAPH

10. 2.TEMPERATURE
• Temperature is the digree of hotness and coldness of a place
• Temperature of air varies in different parts of the day and also in different season
• Temperature Is affected by solar radiation reaching the earth surface
Factor affecting temperature are:-
- latitudes of place,
- altitude,
- direction of wind and
- proximity of sea

11. • TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT TOOLS:-
1.Daily- bulb thermometer 8. Keta thermometer
2.wet-bulb thermometer. 9.teresterial thermometer
3.maximum thermometer
4.minimum thermometer.
5.Globe thermometer
6.wet globe thermometer
7.slivered thermometer

12. 3.HUMIDITY
• Humidity is amount of water vapour in the air
• It is invisible
• Amount of moisture present in the air depends upon its temperature
• If the air is cooled the excessive Moisture precipitate for particular temperature ,
this is called dew point
• HUMIDITY May be expressed as
1. ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY
2. RELATIVE HUMIDITY

13. • 1.ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY :-
-Weight of water vapour in a unit volume of air
-expressed in gram per kilogram or gram per cubic meter of air
2.RELATIVE HUMIDITY:-
-Percentage of moisture present in the air
-more relative humidity nearer the Saturation

14. • Instrument used for measuring humidity are.
-Dry-And-wet bulb hygrometer
-sling psychometer
-assmann psychometer

15. 3.RAIN/PRECIPITATION
• Precipitation is the water falling from the atmosphere on to the earths
surface In the form of rain, snow or Hail
• Form of precipitation depends on the temperature of the place where it falls
• It is measured by symon’s Rain gauge

16. 4.WIND
• Wind plays an important role in climate
• It is the perceptible Natural movement of air
• The air velocity is measured by an instrument called anemometer
• Wind velocity are normally recorded in open flat at a height of 10 meter
WIND SPEED CONDITION
• 0.5 m/s complete calm with smoke arising vertically
• 3.3m/s slight breeze with Leave rustling
• 10m/s. Strong wind with larger branches of trees moving

17. WIND SPEED CONDITION
15-20m/s storm
25-30m/s gale
30-35m/s hurricane
WIND DIRECTION :-
• Wind direction is observed by an instrument called wind ven

18. 5.CLOUD AND WEATHER
• In all meteorological station, cloud are observed for their
form,amount,direction and height
• From the state of sky and evolution of cloud weather Is described as
• * fine weather *fare weather
• * unsettled weather
• * bad weather. *Thunderous weather

19. CLIMATE CHANGE
• It refers to any distinct change in measures of climate lasting for a long period of time,
including major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for decades or
longer. Climate change may result from:
• Natural factors
such as changes in the Sun’s energy or slow changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun;
natural processes within the climate system (e.g., changes in ocean circulation)
• Human activities
That change the atmosphere’s make-up (e.g, burning fossil fuels) and the land surface (e.g.,
cutting down forests, planting trees, building developments in cities and suburbs, etc.).

20. HEALTH
EFFECTS

21. IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
ON HELTH
1.when atmospheric pressure decreases:-
-it causes following physiological conditions
> Increase rate and depth of respiration
>Increase haemoglobin content of blood
>Acute mountain sickness
*Headache *irritability * loss of muscular coordination
*Nausea , vomiting. *breathlessness *fatigue *irrational behaviour
*Insomnia *mental confusion

22. • In severe case there may be
* Bleeding from the nose *ringing in the ear *palpitations
*Collapse *Chronic anoxemia. *Pulmonary edema
*Chyne-stoke breathing
•person also develop:-
*Oliguria, hallucinations, convulsions, coma and Death may
occur

23. 2.When Atmospheric pressure decreases:-
*Caisson disease.
* loss of mental function and death
* Convulsions
* Air embolism
* Decompression sickness

24. IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ON
HEALTH
1.High temperature :-
* Heat stroke:-
-very high body temperature 110°C
-delirium, Convulsions, partial and complete loss of consciousness
*Heat hyperpyrexia :-
- defined as temp. Above 106°F
-impair functioning of heat regulating mechanism without characteristics features of heat
stroke

25. • *Heat Exhaustion :-
- it is caused by the imbalance or inadequate replacement of water and salt
lost in perspiration due to thermal Stress
*Heat cramps:-
These are painful and spasmodic contraction of skeletal muscle
Occurs due to loss of sodium and chloride in blood during heavily muscular
work in high temperature and humidity

26. • *Heat syncope :-
-it is due to pooling of blood in lower limbs due to the dialation of blood
vessels

27. 2.Effect of low temperature :-
Injury due to cold is of two type
*General cold injury:-
numbness, loss of sensation ,muscular weakness, desire for sleep , coma And death
* Local cold Injury:-
-may occur at temp. above freezing point (wet cold conditions)
characterized by immersion or trench foot
-At temp below freezing point forsbite occurs in which tissue freez and ice crystals form
in between cell

28. IMPACT OF HUMIDITY ON HEALTH
• When RH Exceeds 65% air inside the room feels sticky and uncomfortable
,it needs better ventilation to lowering such humidity
• When RH below 30% it also unpleasant
• Permanent exposure to such low humidity can cause drying of nasal mucosa
which can leads to infections like sore throat, cough etc

29. IMPACTS OF RAIN ON HEALTH
• Flooding can trigger a host of health issues for the general population,
sometimes even resulting in death and injury.
• Other potential outcomes include contaminated drinking water, dangerous
material spills, increased population of disease-carrying insects and bugs,
dingy houses, and public disturbance

30. IMPACT OF WIND ON HEALTH
• Some people living near wind turbines report symptoms such as
* dizziness. *vertigo
*ringing in ears. *sleep disruption
. * lack of concentration
* headaches
* sleep disturbance
but the scientific evidence available to date does not demonstrate a direct causal link between wind turbine noise and adverse health effects.

32. GLOBAL EFECT OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
GLOBAL WARMING:-
• Is an average increase in temperatures near the Earth’s surface and in the
lowest layer of the atmosphere.
• Increases in temperatures in our Earth’s atmosphere can contribute to
changes in global climate patterns.
• Global warming can be considered part of climate change along with
changes in precipitation, sea level, etc.

33. HAZARDS OF GLOBAL WARMING ARE-
1.Acid rain: Dilute mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid in cloud
2.shift in hydrological cycle : Reduction In the quality and availablity of drinking water
3. Effects on glacier: Melting of polar ice caps
4. Air pollution: respiratory disease, animals become weak
5.Disturbance of ecological system : Increase frequency of natural disaster, vector borne
disease (malaria , dengue, Japanese encephalitis)
6.Ozone depletion : Increase incidence of skin cancer and cataract

34. CONTROL MEASURES OF CLIMATE
CHANGE
• Encourage greeneries ,they act as most effective carbon sinks
• Opt for electric car which are emission free and eco friendly
• Tap the sun and use solar power plan
• Encourage community biogas plant,. Which prevents The use of fire wood
• Beat wind by wind mill to obtain power supply
• Improve water harvesting system

35. • Mitigate disaster
• Ban plastic bags, which are not eco-friendly
• Use bicycle which is zero pollution
• Save river from sewage and industrial waste
• Save Himalaya

36. NURSES ROLES
• Nurses can be instrumental in communications with patients and families,
working with their hospitals and health systems to reduce emissions
• Nurse can influencing the adoption of strategies to better prepare our health
care facilities and our communities for the health impacts of climate change.
• Nurses can lead the charge to significantly improve society’s response to
climate change and foster the strategies needed for a healthy future for
everyone.

37. SUMMARY
• In this presentation we studied about introduction, definition , elements of
climate , climate change ,health effects, global effect of climate change ,
control measures of climate change and role of nurse in climate Channge

38. CONCLUSION
•Meteorology is the study if the process and phenomenon of the atmosphere,
especially as a means of weather forecasting or the climate and weather of a
region.
•Today global health is being affected by very prime cause is human activities
only such as urbanization, deforestation, vehicular of Fossil fuel, nuclear
explosion, use of chemical supplemented by natural disaster.