• Theory • Design • Calculations • Construction and installation • Codes’ items • Case studies and practical examples • Technical information and statistical information for the Persian Gulf, the Oman Sea, and the Caspian Sea

1. English Version of
Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
Cite this Book:
Sadeghi, K. (2001). Coasts, ports and offshore structures engineering. Power and Water University of
Technology, ISBN: 964-93442-0-9, Tehran, Iran.
Author: Prof. Dr. Kabir Sadeghi
Water and Power University of Technology
(Shahid Abbaspour)
 Theory
 Design
 Calculations
 Construction and installation
 Codes’ items
 Case studies and practical examples
 Technical information and statistical information for the Persian Gulf, the Oman Sea
and the Caspian Sea

2. Water and Power University of Technology
(Shahid Abbaspour)
Coasts, Ports
And Offshore Structures Engineering
Author:
Prof. Dr. Kabir Sadeghi
Scientific-Industrial Faculty Member- Water and Power University of Technology
(Shahid Abbaspour)
2001

3. Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
Author: Prof. Dr. Kabir Sadeghi
Publisher: Water and Power University of Technology (Shahid Abbaspour)
First Edition: 2001
Print run: 2000
Printing house: Kamran
Binding: Sobhan
Price: 25,000 Rials
Sadeghi, Kabir, 1955
Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering/Author Kabir Sadeghi - Tehran:
Publisher: Water and Power University of Technology (Shahid Abbaspour), 2001.
502 pages: Illustrated, diagram.
ISBN: 964-93442-0-9: 25,000 Rials
Cataloguing based on FIPA information
Bibliography: page [495]
1. Offshore Engineering. 2. Offshore Structures -- Design and Construction.
A- Water and Power University of Technology (Shahid Abbaspour). B- Title.
NM600 / S2 M9 623/87
National Library of Iran : M80-9685
Storage location
Distribution Center:
Tehran: Tehranpars 4th
Square - Vafadar Sharghi Blvd. - Shahid Abbaspour Blvd.
Water and Power University of Technology (Shahid Abbaspour)
Phone: 7310041-4 (ext. 403) Fax: 7310425

4. Table of Contents
Title
Chapter one- Types of coastal and marine structures
1-1- Introduction
1-2- Types of coastal structures
1-2-1- Coastal protection structures
1-2-1-1- Breakwaters
1-2-1-2- Seawalls
1-2-1-3- Walls
1-2-1-4- Revetments
1-2-1-5- Sand dunes
1-2-1-6- Groins
1-2-1-7- Vertical jetties
1-2-2- Ships mooring structures (jetties)
1-2-2-1- Jetty made of concrete block
1-2-2-2- L-shaped retaining wall jetty
1-2-2-3- Concrete caisson type jetty
1-2-2-4- Steel sheet pile wall jetty
1-2-2-5- Concrete deck and pile jetty
1-2-2-6- Dolphin
1-2-2-7- Floating pantone
1-2-2-8- Other mooring systems
1-2-3- Structures of marine industries
1-2-3-1- Dry docks
1-2-3-1-1- Introduction
Page
13
13
13
13
15
15
16
18
23
23
28
29
29
29
30
31
31
33
34
35
36
36
36

5. 4 / Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
Title
1-2-3-1-2- Review in terms of hydrology
1-2-3-1-3- General classification of dry docks in terms of structure
1-3- History and types of offshore platforms
1-3-1- History of construction of offshore platforms
1-3-1-1- Wooden platforms (primary platforms)
1-3-1-2- Steel platforms
1-3-2- Types of offshore platforms
1-3-2-1- Fixed platforms
1-3-2-1-1- Fixed template type platforms
1-3-2-1-2- Tower platform
1-3-2-1-3- Guyed tower platform
1-3-2-1-4- Gravity platform
1-3-2-1-5- Tension leg platform
1-3-2-2- Floating and mobile platforms
1-3-2-2-1- Self-lifting drilling platform (jack-up)
1-3-2-2-2- Submersible platform
1-3-2-2-3- Semi-submerged platform
1-3-2-2-4- Ship type platforms
1-3-3- Review of suitable platforms for installing in the Persian Gulf
1-3-4- Review of suitable platforms for installing in the Caspian Sea
Chapter two- Wave Motion Mechanics and Wave Theories
2-1- Introduction
2-2- Overall wave mechanics
2-2-1- Overview
2-2-2- Wave basis and classification
2-3- Governing equations in wave theories
Page
36
37
43
43
43
44
45
45
45
49
49
51
54
55
55
58
58
60
60
62
63
63
63
63
66
68

6. 5 / Table of contents
Title
2-4- Short amplitude wave theory (Airy wave)
2-5- Stokes’ waves
2-6- Theory of stream function
2-7- Cnoidal waves
2-8- Solitary wave
2-9- Trochoidal wave
Chapter 3- Review of waves generation and effective factors in the design
3-1- Introduction
3-2- Sea state
3-3- Frequency of wave period and wave height
3-4- How the waves propagate to the shore
3-5- Generation of waves due to wind
3-6- Prediction and estimation of characteristics of waves due to wind
3-6-1- Preliminary and older formulas
3-6-2- Simplified methods of wave prediction
3-6-3- Wave prediction formulas for deep water
3-6-4- Wave prediction for shallow water conditions
3-6-5- Effects of the seabed on wave properties in shallow water
3-6-5-1-Overall
3-6-5-2- Wave reflection
3-6-5-3- Wave absorption
3-6-5-4- Wave shoaling
3-6-5-5- Wave diffraction
3-6-5-6- Wave breaking
3-6-5-7- Refraction of waves
3-6-5-8- Summary of the method of finding the effects of the seabed
Page
72
78
79
80
83
85
89
89
89
92
93
95
95
95
103
105
113
135
135
135
135
135
136
153
153
153

7. 6 / Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
Title
Chapter 4- Review of hydrodynamic forces of jetty bases and platforms due
to waves
4-1- Introduction
4-2- Hydrodynamic forces on the bases of platforms and platforms
4-2-1- Vertical cylindrical piles exposed to ordinary waves
4-2-1-1- Selection of coefficients of hydrodynamic force CD, CM
4-2-1-2- Calculation of forces and moments caused by waves
4-2-1-3- Calculation of lateral forces due to the effects of Eddie (uplifting
forces)
4-2-2- Calculation of forces on non-vertical cylindrical pile
4-2-3- Calculation of forces and anchors on cylindrical piles due to breaking
waves
4-2-4- Calculation of forces on piles with non-circular sections
4-2-5- Calculation of forces and anchors due to waves on the pile group (bases)
of the platform or jetty
Chapter 5- Forces and factors affecting the loading and calculation of jetties
and platforms
5-1- Introduction
5-2- Review of the forces from the impact of the ship on the platforms and docks
and check the types of bumpers
5-2-1- Boat landings on jetties and platforms
5-2-2- Loading due to the impact of ships on the bases of docks and platforms.
5-2-3- Types of bumpers
5-2-4- General specifications of boat landings in ports
5-2-4-1- Dimensions
5-2-4-2- Small ports
5-2-4-3- Fishing ports
5-2-5- Mooring forces
5-2-6- Live load on the jetty
5-2-7- Combination of loads
5-3- Review of wind forces on the platform and jetty
5-4- Sea water current
Page
161
161
162
163
166
172
197
199
201
202
205
211
211
211
211
211
234
234
234
235
235
236
237
238
239
240

8. 7 / Table of contents
Title
5-5- Earthquake
5-6- The effects of tides in the calculations of platforms and jetties
5-7- Marine fouling and its effects on structural calculations
5-8- Protection of platform and jettiy against corrosion due to the environment
and seawater
5-8-1- Cathodic protection
Chapter 6- Calculations and design of piles of fixed template platforms and
jetties
6-1- Overall
6-1-1- Stability of pile-supported fixed platforms
6-1-2- Driving of piles
6-2- Axial loading capacity of piles
6-3- Single vertical piles subjected to lateral loads
6-3-1- Calculation of ultimate strength of piles for lateral loads
6-3-1-1- Ultimate strength of short rigid piles
6-3-1-2- Ultimate strength of long piles
6-3-2- Buckling of single vertical piles
6-3-3- Deformation of vertical piles under lateral loading
6-3-3-1- Calculation of the deformation of vertical piles in cohesive soils
6-3-3-2- Calculation of the deformation of vertical piles in non-cohesive soils
6-3-4- Elastic analysis of vertical piles under lateral load
6-4- Lateral load on inclined piles
6-5- Lateral load on the pile group
6-6- Numerical examples
6-7- Review of structural codes in the calculation of the foundations of jetties and
fixed offshore platforms (according to the regulations API)
6-7-1- Soil conditions
6-7-2- Surveys and tests on soil
Page
241
241
242
244
244
247
247
247
248
250
250
252
254
260
264
265
266
268
269
283
283
285
297
297
297

9. 8 / Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
Title
6-7-3- Exploration on the seabed
6-7-4- Scouring on the seabed
6-7-5- Seabed instability
6-7-6- Design of piles
6-7-7- Alternative design methods
6-7-8- Pile resistance capacity for axial loads
6-7-9- Pile capacity for axial uplift forces
6-7-10- Execution of axial piles
6-7-11- Soil reaction against piles under lateral load
6-7-12- Thickness of the pile
6-8- Computer program for calculating piles
6-9- Interaction of soil-structure in piled foundations
6-9-1- Horizontal stiffness
6-9-2- Effective buried surface method
Chapter 7- Principles of design and calculation of fixed offshore platforms
(Template type)
7-1- Overall
7-2- Design codes
7-3- Computer software available for design
7-4- Operational data in design
7-5- Environmental data in design
7-6- Soil conditions and location of installation of the platform
7-7- Definitions of forces and loads on the platform
7-8- Calculation of loads
7-9- Review of the code articles in the design, construction and installation of
platforms
7-9-1- Installation forces
7-9-2- Design of steel structure of the platform
Page
298
298
298
299
300
300
302
302
302
303
304
305
306
307
311
311
311
313
315
317
318
319
320
321
321
324

10. 9 / Table of contents
Title
7-9-2-1- Main stresses
7-9-2-2- Structural behavior of steel cylindrical members
7-9-2-3- Fatigue
7-9-2-4- Hydrostatic pressure
7-9-3- Review of the decks and landing place of the helicopter (helideck) and
their computational cases
7-10- An overview of the design, construction and installation of offshore platforms
7-10-1- Structural design stage of the platform
7-10-2- Construction and installation stage of the platform
7-10-3- Loads and design forces
7-10-4- Selection and properties of steel materials
7-10-5- Using a computer in static analysis of platform
7-10-6- Design of pipe connections and fatigue analysis
7-10-6-1- Pipe connections
7-11-An overview of the information and data required to design the tallest
platform installed in the Persian Gulf
7-11-1- Introduction
7-11-2- Information and data required for design
7-12- Summary of calculation steps and recommendations for the design of the
platforms in the Persian Gulf
7-12-1- Overall
7-12-2- In-place calculations platform
7-12-3- Fatigue calculations
7-12-4- Earthquake calculations
7-12-5- Ship impact calculations
7-12-6- Temporary loading calculations
7-12-7- Loading calculations
7-12-8- Transportation calculations
7-12-9- Upending and up-righting calculations
Page
324
324
327
328
330
333
333
335
337
341
346
348
348
354
354
354
358
358
359
361
362
362
363
363
364
364

11. 10 / Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
Title
Chapter eight- Breakwaters
8-1- Introduction
8-2- Types of breakwaters
8-2-1- Sloping breakwater
8-2-1-1- Rubble-mound breakwater
8-2-1-2- Method of execution of rubble-mound breakwater
8-2-1-3- Advantages and disadvantages of sloping breakwaters
8-2-2- Vertical breakwaters
8-2-2-1- Caisson vertical breakwater
8-2-2-2- Vertical breakwaters made of steel piles
8-2-2-3- Execution stages of vertical breakwaters
8-2-2-4- Advantages and disadvantages of vertical breakwaters
8-2-3- Combined breakwaters
8-2-4- Special breakwaters
8-2-5- Recommendations for planning to operation stages
8-3- Stability of rubble-mound structures (rubble-mound breakers)
8-3-1- Overall
8-3-2- Factors affecting the design
8-3-3- Hydraulic design of armor layer
8-3-4- Selection of the stability coefficient
8-3-5- The importance of the unit weight of armor units
8-3-6- Concrete armor units
8-3-7- Structure’s cross-section design
8-3-7-1- Height and width of the crest
8-3-7-2- Thicknesses of armor layer, underlayer and number of armor units
Page
367
367
367
368
370
373
375
378
378
380
381
383
383
385
387
391
391
391
396
400
406
407
424
431
432

12. 11 / Table of contents
Title
Chapter 9- Natural conditions of the Caspian Sea
9-1- Overall
9-2- Geology
9-3- Meteorology
9-3-1- Overview
9-3-2- Wind
9-4- Hydrology
9-5- Hydrography
9-5-1- Seawater level changes
9-5-1-1- Long-term changes
9-5-1-2- Prediction of long-term changes in the future
9-5-1-3- Annual changes
9-5-1-4- Short-term fluctuations
9-6- Hydraulic
9-6-1- Water temperature
9-6-2- Water salinity
9-6-3- Floods
9-6-4- Sea waves
Chapter 10- Natural conditions of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman
10-1- General geographical conditions of the Persian Gulf
10-2- Geographical and geological conditions
10-3- Meteorology
10-3-1- Overview
10-3-2- Air pressure
10-3-3- Wind blowing on the Persian Gulf
10-3-4- Rain
Page
435
435
435
437
437
437
437
439
439
439
441
441
443
444
444
444
445
445
447
447
447
449
449
449
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456

13. 12 / Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
Title
10-3-5- Vision of view (fog and dust)
10-3-6- Air temperature and relative humidity
10-3-7- Hydrology
10-3-8- Hydrography
10-4- Hydraulic status of the Persian Gulf
10-5- The state of waves in the Persian Gulf
10-6- Tides in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman
10-7- Temperature and salinity of water in the Persian Gulf
10-8- Seismology
10-9- Seawater corrosion in the Persian Gulf
Appendices
Appendix No. 1
Appendix No. 2
Appendix No. 3
Appendix No. 4
Appendix No. 5- Vessels dimensions
Appendix No. 6- Some physical properties of the seawater
Appendix No. 7
Appendix No. 8- Offshore structures questions in the National Exam for
international and domestic Doctorate Programs (December 1978)
Appendix No. 9
References and bibliography
Page
456
456
457
459
459
460
468
470
471
471
473
474
475
476
478
483
485
486
490
495

14. Chapter one- Types of coastal and marine structures
1-1- Introduction
The coastal and offshore structures are included a wide range of structures constructed with
different purposes. In a general classification, these structures may be divided into two main
groups of coastal and offshore structures, in which the coastal structures include the port
structures as well.
Coastal structures are constructed for various applications, including making the possibility of
mooring vessels, protecting the coast from erosion, rehabilitating land from the sea, creating
protective barriers against waves and tides, and installing oil-gas transmission pipelines. These
structures are mainly connected to the land on one side and the sea on the other side, and in
fact, they play the role of a link between land and sea.
Offshore structures that are constructed at deepwaters and a distance from the shore mainly
include offshore platforms, subsea tanks and oil/gas transmission pipelines to the shore. Due
to specific work problems at sea, these structures are generally prefabricated on onshore and
after transferring to the desired location are installed at the offshore sites. In addition to
reducing the risk of structural damage during construction, this also reduces the costs
significantly.
Each of these types of structures is briefly described in this chapter, and in the seventh and
eighth chapters, the principles of design and calculations of fixed template platform type and
rubble-mound breakwaters will be presented.
1-2- Types of coastal structures
Coastal structures may be generally classified as follows:
- Coastal protection structures and breakers
- Vessel mooring structures
- Marine industrial structures
- Transmission lines of oil, gas, water and power from the sea
In this section, we briefly describe the function of some types of coastal structures.
1-2-1- Coastal protection structures
In general, the principles and the bases of coastal protection are done in line with the following
objectives:
a- Protection of structures and facilities located on the coast against the impact of sea waves

15. 14/ Coasts, Ports and Offshore Structures Engineering
b- Stabilizing the situation of the shoreline and stopping changes in the longitudinal or
transverse section (global and local) of the coast
c- Protection of coastal lands against rising water levels and sinking of lands
d- Protection of some special shorefront facilities such as water discharge and the seawater
intake facilities
e- Protection and maintenance of some recreational facilities built along the shore
Usually, the shore protection projects are divided into two general groups according to their
function and efficiency:
-The first group, the projects and cases that their functions are based on reducing the current
velocity, settling and stabilizing the sand suspended in the water (or moving on the seabed) in
the desired location. The most common structures in this group are breakwaters1
, groins2
and
vertical jetties3
.
-The second group, the projects that are not related to the suspended and moving sands and
their functions are only to stabilize and strengthen the coastline, or in other words, to protect
the shore and the facilities on it against the rising water levels and waves’ impacts.
These types of structures, in turn, are divided into two groups:
1) Seawalls4
and bulkheads5
, whether constructed with metal or concrete in the form of vertical,
arched or stepped walls.
2) Revetments6
in the forming from stone, block or gabions and the like.
Onshore structures, which include seawalls and bulkheads and revetments, are used based on
their type of application and design (for development and recovery of the shore or for the
protection of erosional shores and ridges). In fact, these structures are used when they are
intended to restore and increase land, or to protect the coasts that are prone to erosion. Seawalls
and bulkheads are similar in design with a slight difference. The seawalls should be primarily
resistant to landslides and secondarily resistant to wave impacts. Conversely, bulkheads are
primarily designed to withstand waves and then controlled for landslides. These structures
may be composed of several types of materials, such as steel, wood, concrete piles, gabions or
rubble. If vertical walls are used alone in the open seas, the structure will not be able to meet
the coastal protection objectives. Because erosion occurs from the side and front of the shore
unless this structure is used in conjunction with other types of protective structures.
The bulkheads are designed and executed in vertical, stepped or slopped forms. Although
bulkheads
1- Breakwaters 2- Groins 3- Jetties 4- Seawalls 5- Bulkheads 6- Revetments

16. 15/ Types of Coastal and Offshore Structures
protect the upstream land, but often cause local problems. The forces which are imposed due
to waves to bulkheads, can quickly wash away the sands in the front of the bulkheads and
danger the stability of the bulkheads. In order to prevent the sand from being washed away, a
series of protective stones are used at the foot of the bulkheads. The importance and role of
protective structures on the one hand and the multiplicity and complexity of required design
parameters, on the other hand, requires that to select the best option, appropriate to the
conditions of the region in the design stage from the geotechnical and hydraulic point of view,
necessary and sufficient studies to be performed.
In designing the ports and coastal protection structures such as breakwaters, groins, vertical
jetties, seawalls, bulkheads, revetments, and the like, it is necessary to pay attention to the
following points:
A-The relation between the current direction with the water of the river taking fields and the
land and other ancillary facilities.
B-The secondary effects that are applied to the protection structure on the areas adjacent to the
coast and coastal facilities after the construction of them and the topography of the area and
other environmental factors.
C- Detailed plan and future extension and the development of port and coastal facilities in the
region.
1-2-1-1-1- Breakwaters1
Due to the importance of breakwaters in terms of creating a calm area in the port for mooring
vessels and loading and unloading of goods, as well as its important role from the point of view
of protection, design and related issues, it is presented separately in the eighth chapter of this
book.
1-2-1-2- Seawalls2
Seawalls are structures that are constructed almost close and parallel to the shoreline and are
used to separate a land area from a water area.
These structures only protect their adjacent lands and do not provide any protection for
upstream and downstream areas. It is usually necessary to do a series of ancillary works in the
vicinity of these structures. The points of interest in their design are the application and the
upper shape of the structures, the appropriate location according to the shoreline, length, height,
soil and land stability, seaside and leeside water levels. The usage of the structure determines
the choice of its shape. The shape of the structure may be vertical and
1- Breakwaters 2- Seawalls

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