3. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
After going through this module, you are
expected to:
1. identify the three types of rocks;
2. classify rocks as to igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks; and
3. appreciate the importance of rocks in our
daily life.
4. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic.
Competency
6. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
What is Rock?
• Rock- a naturally occurring solid aggregate of
one or more minerals
7. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
What is Rock?
• Rock- a naturally occurring solid aggregate of
one or more minerals
• Petrology- the scientific study of rocks
8. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
• Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900
kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid
outer core. A rock is a naturally occurring solid
aggregate of one or more minerals. The
aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held
together by chemical bonds. Grains can be
different in color, texture, and sizes. Geologists
then group rocks into three categories based on
how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and
metamorphic rock. Petrology is the scientific
study of rocks. Petrologists classify rocks
based on how they were formed.
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1. Igneous- formed from hardening and
crystallization of magma or molten material
that originates deep within the earth.
Igneous is based on Latin term Ignis meaning fire
11. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Two types of igneous rock
• Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma
makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and
then cools. The crystals are very small (fine
grained) since the cooling process is fast.
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• Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath
the Earth surface and are created by magma.
The intrusive igneous rocks have very large
crystals (coarse grained).
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4
Igneous rocks are classified based on
1. Composition
• FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and
silicates
• MAFIC - dark in color; made up of
magnesium and iron
• INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and
felsic
• ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color
15. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
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4
Igneous rocks are classified based on
2. Texture- overall appearance of rock
• Aphanistic - fine grained
• Phaneritic- coarse grained
• Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals
• Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid
quenching
• Pyroclastic- composite of ejected fragments
• Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite,
gabbro
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4
2. Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing
rocks: either metamorphic, igneous,
sedimentary
Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite
18. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
2. Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing
rocks: either metamorphic, igneous,
sedimentary
Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite
Metamorphism- transformation of one rock
type into another
19. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Types of Metamorphism
1. Contact Metamorphism- mainly by heat due
to contact with magma
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Types of Metamorphism
2. Regional Metamorphism- due to changes in
pressure and temperature over large region in
the crust
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Types of Metamorphic Rocks
• Foliated Metamorphic Rocks- appeared
banded or layered (ex. Gneiss, Schist)
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Types of Metamorphic Rocks
• Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks- the grains
are random and do not split into layers
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3. Sedimentary rocks provide information about
surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s
past.
25. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
• Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other
fragments of materials called sediments,
accumulate in layers and over long period of
time harden into rocks.
• Compaction-due to increase of pressure of
layered sediments it bind together to form the
sedimentary rocks.
26. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Three types of sedimentary
rocks
• Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from
accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken
rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate,
breccia, sandstone, shale
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4
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
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4
Three types of sedimentary
rocks
• Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals
precipitate from a solution.
• Example: Halite - formed when a body of
seawater becomes closed off and evaporates.
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4
Three types of sedimentary
rocks
• Organic – made from the remains of plants
and animals; and may contain fossils
• Example: Coal - composed of organic matter
in the form of plants fragments.
30. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Identify and classify the types of rocks below as to igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
Sedimentary Sedimentary
Metamorphic Sedimentary
Igneous
31. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
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Fill in the table below by providing basic information about the
types of rocks. You may refer to the words in the box below.
Intrusive
extrusive
Obsidian, granite
Basalt
pumice
Crystallization
cooling
Clastic
Non- Clastic
Breccia,
conglomerate
Compaction
Lithification
cementation
Contact
Regional
Metamorphism
Limestone
sandstone
Metamorphism
32. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
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4
Performance Task
• Activity 4: Find your Rock (Page 6)
• Direction: Gather rocks in your surroundings.
Take a picture. Answer the questions that
follow.
34. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
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4
Petrologist classifies rocks based on how they
were formed. What is the branch that deals
with the study of rocks?
• A. Biology B. Geology
• C. Paleontology D. Petrology
D. Petrology
35. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive and intrusive
Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma makes its way to its surface
as lava and the cools forming rocks. Which of the following will be the
characteristics of the crystals?
A. Crystals are coarse grained.
B. Crystals are fine grained.
C. Crystals are very large.
D. Crystals are phaneritic
B. Crystals are fine grained.
36. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
What type of rocks are formed from sediments
over long period of time?
A. Igneous Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks
B. Sedimentary Rocks D. Minerals
B. Sedimentary Rocks
37. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath
Earth’s surface is called an:
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock
B. Extrusive sedimentary rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
D. Extrusive igneous rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
38. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Which of the following is true about rocks?
B. Most rocks are a mixture of
minerals.
A. Rocks are composed of only one mineral.
B. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
C. Rocks do not contain minerals.
D. Coal is not considered a rock.
40. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
Module
4
Written Task
• Answer Activity 2: Types of Rock Concept
Map (Page 4) and Activity 3: The Rock Cycle
(Page 5)
• Submission:
Set A: Monday and Tuesday (Sept 12 & 13)
Set B: Thursday and Friday (Sept 15 & 16)
Editor's Notes
Imagine walking along a rocky coast as a storm blows in from the sea. The wind whips the ocean into whitecaps, and waves crash onto the shore. Before you have time to escape, blowing spray has soaked your clothes. A hard rain begins as you scrambled over the rocks to your car. During the adventure, you have observed the spheres of the Earth.
Imagine walking along a rocky coast as a storm blows in from the sea. The wind whips the ocean into whitecaps, and waves crash onto the shore. Before you have time to escape, blowing spray has soaked your clothes. A hard rain begins as you scrambled over the rocks to your car. During the adventure, you have observed the spheres of the Earth.
The Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flows, the atmosphere (air), biosphere (living things), hydrosphere (water), and geosphere (land). The atmosphere provides the geosphere with heat and energy needed for rock breakdown and erosion. The biosphere receives gases, heat, and sunlight (energy) from the atmosphere. It receives water from the hydrosphere and a living medium from the geosphere.
The Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flows, the atmosphere (air), biosphere (living things), hydrosphere (water), and geosphere (land). The atmosphere provides the geosphere with heat and energy needed for rock breakdown and erosion. The biosphere receives gases, heat, and sunlight (energy) from the atmosphere. It receives water from the hydrosphere and a living medium from the geosphere.
