3d printing technology and its applications.

2. iNTRODUCTION
3D printing also known as Additive
Manufacturing is any of various
processes used to make a three-
dimensional object. In 3D printing,
additive processes are used, in which
successive layers of material are laid
down under computer control . These
objects can be of almost any shape or
geometry, and are produced from a 3D
model or other electronic data source.

3. 2D PRINTING
Printing is a process for
reproducing text and images,
typically with ink on paper using
a print press.
•The image is scanned or
downloaded first.
• The printer head moves in X-Y
plane. Printing ink come out of a
nozzle and fixes on the paper
sheet permanently by thermal
fixation.
Thus the photocopy of the image is generated.

4. THINK BEYOND
Imagine a near future in which a device
connected to your desktop prints a SOLID
OBJECT!!!!!!
We can print our favorite goods in a click sitting
in our houses or offices……..
We can have tangible goods and intangible
services delivered over the INTERNET.
Amazing !!! Isn’t it?

5. HISTORY
1984
THE BIRTH OF 3D PRINTING
Charles Hull, later the co-founder of 3D
Systems, invents stereolithography, a
printing process that enables a tangible
3D object to be created from digital data.
The technology is used to create a 3D
model from a picture and allows users
to test a design before investing in a
larger manufacturing program.
In 1981, Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research
Institute invented two AM fabricating methods of a three-dimensional
plastic model with photo-hardening polymer, where the UV exposure
area is controlled by a mask pattern or the scanning fiber
transmitter.

6. THE REVOLUTION
1984 – 86
Charles Hull invents 3D
printing and coins the term
“Stereo Lithography”
1992
First 3D printer built by 3D
Systems
1999
First application of 3D
printing in the medical field -
creating the human bladder
2000
Miniature human kidney
created through 3D printing

7. THE REVOLUTION
2006
The Selective Laser Sintering
machine – printing multiple
materials & fields
2009
First usable prosthetic leg – this
opens the door for customized
products using 3D printing
2011
3D printers start offering 14k
gold as printable material

8. HOW DOES IT WORK
CAD software exports files in
standard formats for 3D printing.
 software slices the 3D model file
into hundreds of digital cross-
sections, each corresponding to a
layer of the model to be printed.
Each layer is printed one atop the
other by additive manufacturing
process until the model is
complete.

9. SUBTRACTIVE MANUFACTURING
The typical method of fabrication is known as
Subtractive manufacturing.
A method of Subtractive Manufacturing that
removes sections from a block of material by
cutting or drilling the excess material away
and thus the desired shape is produced.
Generates waste through the excess material
that is removed and wasted…

10. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
Additive manufacturing is a
process for creating objects directly,
by adding material layer by layer in a
variety of ways, depending on the
technology used.
it could be likened to the process
of building something with Lego
blocks automatically.
Resulting in no wastage of material
, tool-less process that reduces
prohibitive costs and lead times.

11. PROCESSES
It is important to understand that one of the most basic limitations of
3D printing — in terms of materials and applications — is that there is
no ‘one solution fits all’.
We have to use various methods of additive manufacturing for printing
various kinds of 3D objects….
In fact , we also need different materials for different purposes…
The standard methods are :
1. FDM( FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING)
2. STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
3. SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
4. MATERIAL JETTING

12. FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING (FDM)
•A plastic filament or metal wire is
unwound from a coil and supplies
material to an extrusion nozzle which
can turn the flow on and off.
•The nozzle is heated to melt the
material and can be moved in both
horizontal and vertical directions by
a numerically controlled mechanism,
directly controlled by a computer-
aided manufacturing (CAM) software
package .
•The model or part is produced by
extruding small beads of
thermoplastic material to form layers
as the material hardens immediately
after extrusion from the nozzle .
•Stepper motors or servo motors are typically employed to move the
extrusion head .

13. STEREOLITHOGRAPHY
•A vat of liquid ultraviolet
curable photopolymer resin
and an ultraviolet laser build
parts' layers one at a time.
•For each layer, the laser beam
traces a cross-section of the
part pattern on the surface of
the liquid resin.
•Exposure to the ultraviolet
laser light cures and solidifies
the pattern traced on the resin
and joins it to the layer below.
•After one layer is completed, the SLA's elevator platform descends by a distance equal to
the thickness of a single layer.
•Then, a resin-filled blade sweeps across the cross section of the part, re-coating it with
fresh material, the subsequent layer is traced joining previous one…
•After being built, parts are immersed in a chemical bath in order to be cleaned of excess
resin and are subsequently cured in an ultraviolet oven.

14. SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING(SLS)
A high power laser is used
to fuse plastic , metal ,
ceramic or glass powder into
a mass That has desired 3D
shape.
The laser selectively fuses
powdered material by
scanning cross-sections
generated from a 3-D digital
description of the part ( from
CAD file or scan data) on the
surface of a powder bed.
After each cross-section is scanned, the powder bed is lowered by one layer
thickness, a new layer of material is applied on top, and the process is
repeated until the part is completed.
Once finished, the entire powder bed is removed from the machine and the
excess powder can be removed to leave the ‘printed’ parts.

15. MATERIAL JETTING
The actual building
materials (in liquid or molten
state) are selectively jetted
through multiple jet heads
(with others simultaneously
jetting support materials).
However, the materials tend
to be liquid photopolymers,
which are cured with a pass
of UV light as each layer is
deposited.
The nature of this product allows for the simultaneous deposition of a
range of materials, which means that a single part can be produced from
multiple materials with different characteristics and properties.
Material jetting is a very precise 3D printing method, producing
accurate parts with a very smooth finish.

16. APPLICATIONS
OF
3D PRINTING

17. Concept Modeling
Concept modeling lets small design and engineering firms
extend their reach by testing out more ideas and
developing only the right projects.
Example: California-based 3D Reprographics makes
architectural models for its clients.
Functional Prototyping
Functional prototyping helps in creating amazingly realistic prototypes with the
look and feel of a real product.
Lamborghini, while developing its new flagship model Aventador in 2011, made
extensive use of 3D printing technology to build a functional prototype of the car.
Skyfall filmmakers 3D-printed this rare Aston Martin so they wouldn't have to
damage the original for the film sequence. The effects crew model makers called on
a company called Voxeljet, which used a massive 3D printer with a capacity of 283
cubic feet to reproduce three 1:3 scale models of the Aston Martin.

18. MANUFACTURING TOOLS
Quick, low-volume tooling and custom fixtures give
manufacturers the flexibility to embrace more
opportunities.
Example: Xerox introduced a low-volume printer to
serve a specialized market. 3D printing offered quick
solutions with 350 components printed and generated
within 1 hour for testing of the new machine.
MANUFACTURING UAVS AND ROBOTS
3D printing technology can be used to make UAVs( Unmanned Areal Vehicle) and Robots an
their essential parts with greater precision.
Example: Researchers at University of Southampton, UK have created a new 3D printed
drone, called 2Seas, that could soon be used by maritime security organizations. The
heart of 2Seas – the central wing box, fuel tank and engine mountings – was 3D-printed,
the wings and tail are made from carbon fiber.

19. 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
is also applied to make …..
•Circuit Boards, switches and
electrical equipments
• Musical instruments
• Toys and Animated characters
• Pottery
• Clothes , shoes and fashion
equipments.
•Armors, guns and bullets….
OTHER APPLICATIONS

20. ACHIEVEMENTS
Liberator
On may 3 , 2015 high tech gunsmithing group Defense
Distributed gave Forbes a first look at the world’s first
fully 3D printed gun The Liberator. All 16 parts of the gun
are made from a tough, heat-resistant plastic used in
products such as musical instruments, kitchen appliances
and vehicle bumper bars.
In china a company named Winsun built 10 3D printed
houses in one day. They reported for cost of each just
$5000. They also demonstrated a 5-storey building
And a 1100 sq. m. villa at Suzhow Industrial park.
STARTI
World’s first 3D printed electric car designed by Local
motors in collaboration with Cincinnati Incorporated and
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Starti first test driven on
September 13 ,2014.

21. 3D PRINTING
IN BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS

22. 3D printing technology has opened new directions in
Bio-Medical Instrumentation …….
In recent years scientists and engineers have already been able to use 3D printing
technology to create bio-medical instruments, body parts and parts of organs…..
Fashionable Plaster
This 3D-printed cast to help repair broken bones may be
the future of medical orthopedic casts. 3D-printed casts
also bring out the positive potential of this emerging
technology.
These palsters are light-weight and strong.
Provides total support to the broken bones
Artificial Arms for Disabled
Richard Van As, a South African carpenter, assembles
a Robohand and fits it to Liam Dippenaar. Liam was
born without fingers on his right hand. Makerbot
provided them with the 3D printing technology that they
used to print the parts for the Robohand.

23. Prosthetic legs and artificial bones
Bio-scientists and engineers are making prosthetic legs , artificial
organs ,artificial bones and joints for humans as well as non-
humans. Till now , various success cases have been watched….
3D printed jaw
Till now many artificial jaws have been
made using 3D printing . They have also
successfully transplanted into human
bodies. In June 2012 a lower jaw created by
3D printing has been fitted to an 83 year’s
woman’s face, remarking first of its kind..

24. Bionic Ears
Scientists, including an Indian-origin researcher, have
created a 3D-printed bionic ear that can "hear" radio
frequencies far beyond the range of normal human
capability. Using off-the-shelf printing tools, the
scientists at Princeton University explored 3D printing
of cells and nano particles, creating the bionic ear.
Secrets of the Heart
Laura Olivieri, a pediatric cardiologist at the
Children's National Medical Center in Washington
DC (which spent $250,000 on the 3D printer) says
that these replica hearts are ideal for dry runs of
complex operations, allowing the surgeon to see
beforehand the exact anatomical landscape they
will have to navigate.

25. Growing organs
Surgeon Dr. Anthony Atala demonstrated during an
early-stage experiment that could someday solve
the organ-donor problem: a 3D printer that uses
living cells to print out a transplantable kidney.

26. Challenges
Cost:
The current cost for a personal printer is around $1200. The cheapest Commercial
printer can be commissioned at $30,000.
Inability to easily print in multiple materials on the same machine: Particularly
plastic, metal and conductive materials. The colours are a touch dull and matt finish
only.
A decent standard for model designs:
The current standard STL files have some limitations. A new standard has been
proposed – the AMF file format, but at this stage it is not well known or well used.
Speed:
Printing is s…l…o…w. It takes a long time to build even the smallest piece. Most
videos you see are sped up or cut so you are not sitting there for an hour while you
build a tap washer. Aug 2011 – The Ultimaker is able to print much faster than
Makerbot now.
Illegal Activities : Intellectual property rights of the 3D Printer users.
Nearly anything can be printed by 3D Printers and this is a troubling prospect if
criminals use 3D Printers to create illegal products.

27. CONCLUSION
3D printing is an expanding
technology which may soon start
an industry in which everyone has
the possibility of being a
manufacturer.
3D printing has a lot of possible
benefits to society………
 In near future the 3D printers
will replace the 2D printers
In personal printing purposes
as well as Commercial
purposes…..

28. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia
Slideshare.com
Infographics.com
news.discovery.com/human/tags/3d-
printing.html