1. Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®
)
Pancreatic
Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022 — February 24, 2022
Continue
NCCN.org
NCCN Guidelines for Patients®
available at www.nccn.org/patients

2. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
*Margaret A. Tempero, MD/Chair † ‡
UCSF Helen Diller Family
Comprehensive Cancer Center
*Mokenge P. Malafa, MD/Vice Chair ¶
Moffitt Cancer Center
Mahmoud Al-Hawary, MD ф
University of Michigan
Rogel Cancer Center
Stephen W. Behrman, MD ¶
The University of Tennessee
Health Science Center
Al B. Benson III, MD †
Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer
Center of Northwestern University
Dana B. Cardin, MD †
Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
E. Gabriela Chiorean, MD †
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/
Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
Vincent Chung, MD †
City of Hope
National Medical Center
Brian Czito, MD §
Duke Cancer Institute
Marco Del Chiaro, MD, PhD ¶
University of Colorado
Cancer Center
Mary Dillhoff, MD, MS ¶
The Ohio State University Comprehensive
Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital
and Solove Research Institute
Timothy R. Donahue, MD ¶
UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
Efrat Dotan, MD †
Fox Chase Cancer Center
Cristina R. Ferrone, MD ¶
Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
Christos Fountzilas, MD ‡
Roswell Park Comprehensive
Cancer Center
Jeffrey Hardacre, MD ¶
Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/
University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center
and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
William G. Hawkins, MD ¶
Siteman Cancer Center
at Barnes-Jewish Hospital
and Washington University
School of Medicine
Edward J. Kim, MD, PhD †
UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center
Kelsey Klute, MD †
Fred & Pamela Buffett
Cancer Center
Andrew H. Ko, MD †
UCSF Helen Diller Family
Comprehensive Cancer Center
John W. Kunstman, MD, MHS ¶
Yale Cancer Center/
Smilow Cancer Hospital
Noelle LoConte, MD †
University of Wisconsin
Carbone Cancer Center
Andrew M. Lowy, MD ¶
UC San Diego Moores
Cancer Center
Cassadie Moravek ¥
Pancreatic Cancer Action Network
Eric K. Nakakura, MD ¶
UCSF Helen Diller Family
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Amol K. Narang, MD §
The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive
Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
Jorge Obando, MD ¤
Duke Cancer Institute
Patricio M. Polanco, MD ¶
UT Southwestern Simmons
Comprehensive Cancer Center
Sushanth Reddy, MD ¶
O’Neal Comprehensive
Cancer Center at UAB
Marsha Reyngold, MD, PhD §
Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center
Courtney Scaife, MD ¶
Huntsman Cancer Institute
at the University of Utah
Jeanne Shen, MD ≠
Stanford Cancer Institute
Mark J. Truty, MD, MS ¶
Mayo Clinic Cancer Center
Charles Vollmer Jr., MD ¶
Abramson Cancer Center at the
University of Pennsylvania
Robert A. Wolff, MD ¤ †
The University of Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Center
Brian M. Wolpin, MD, MPH †
Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s
Cancer Center
NCCN
Beth McCullough RN, BS
Mai Nguyen, PhD
NCCN Guidelines Panel Disclosures
ф
Diagnostic/Interventional
radiology
¤ Gastroenterology
‡ Hematology/Hematology
oncology
† Medical oncology
≠ Pathology
¥ Patient advocacy
§ Radiotherapy/Radiation
oncology
¶ Surgery/Surgical oncology
* Discussion section writing
committee
Continue
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3. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Panel Members
Summary of Guidelines Updates
Introduction
Clinical Suspicion of Pancreatic Cancer/Evidence of Dilated Pancreatic and/or Bile Duct (PANC-1)
Resectable Disease, Treatment (PANC-2)
Borderline Resectable Disease, No Metastases (PANC-3)
Locally Advanced Disease (PANC-4)
Unresectable Disease at Surgery (PANC-6)
Postoperative Adjuvant Treatment (PANC-7)
Metastatic Disease, First-Line Therapy, and Maintenance Therapy (PANC-8)
Recurrence After Resection (PANC-10)
Recurrence Therapy for Metastatic Disease (PANC-11)
Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A)
Pancreatic Cancer Radiology Reporting Template (PANC-A, 5 of 8)
Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B)
Criteria Defining Resectability Status at Diagnosis (PANC-C, 1 of 2)
Criteria for Resection Following Neoadjuvant Therapy (PANC-C, 2 of 2)
Principles of Surgical Technique (PANC-D)
Pathologic Analysis: Specimen Orientation, Histologic Sections, and Reporting (PANC-E)
Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F)
Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G)
Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H)
Principles of Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling (PANC-I)
Staging (ST-1)
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that
the best management for any patient
with cancer is in a clinical trial.
Participation in clinical trials is
especially encouraged.
Find an NCCN Member Institution:
https://www.nccn.org/home/member-
institutions.
NCCN Categories of Evidence and
Consensus: All recommendations
are category 2A unless otherwise
indicated.
See NCCN Categories of Evidence
and Consensus.
NCCN Categories of Preference:
All recommendations are considered
appropriate.
See NCCN Categories of
Preference.
The NCCN Guidelines®
are a statement of evidence and consensus of the authors regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to
treatment. Any clinician seeking to apply or consult the NCCN Guidelines is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual
clinical circumstances to determine any patient’s care or treatment. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
) makes no representations
or warranties of any kind regarding their content, use or application and disclaims any responsibility for their application or use in any way. The NCCN
Guidelines are copyrighted by National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
. All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and the illustrations herein may not
be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN. ©2022.
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4. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
UPDATES
Continued
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
Global changes
• Changed Germline testing to Genetic testing for inherited mutations.
• Changed Gene profiling to Molecular profiling.
• Changed MSI/MMR status and/or gene profiling to molecular profiling.
• Bullet removed: Microsatellite instability (MSI) and/or mismatch repair (MMR) testing on available tumor tissue.
• Changed cancers to adenocarcinoma.
• Changed carcinoma to adenocarcinoma.
PANC-1
• Footnotes
Revised footnotes:
◊ Footnote a: Multidisciplinary review should ideally involve consider involving expertise from diagnostic imaging, interventional endoscopy,
medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgery, pathology, geriatric medicine, genetic counseling, and palliative care (see Principles of Palliation
and Supportive Care [PANC-H]). Consider consultation with a registered dietitian. See NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology and NCCN
Guidelines for Palliative Care. (Also page PANC-10)
◊ Footnote g: Germline Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any patient with confirmed pancreatic cancer, using
comprehensive gene panels for hereditary cancer syndromes. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients who test positive for a pathogenic
mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53) or for patients with a positive family history
of cancer, especially pancreatic cancer, regardless of mutation status. Okur V, et al. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017;3(6):a002154. See
Discussion and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic. (Also pages PANC-2 through
PANC-4, PANC-6 through PANC-8, and PANC-10)
◊ Footnote i: Tumor/somatic gene molecular profiling is recommended for patients with locally advanced/ metastatic disease who are candidates
for anti-cancer therapy to identify uncommon mutations. Consider specifically testing for potentially actionable somatic findings including, but
not limited to: fusions (ALK, NRG1, NTRK, ROS1, FGFR2, RET), mutations (BRAF, BRCA1/2, HER2, KRAS, PALB2), amplifications (HER2),
microsatellite instability (MSI), and/or mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency (detected by tumor IHC, PCR, or NGS). Testing on tumor tissue is
preferred; however, cell-free DNA testing can be considered if tumor tissue testing is not feasible. See Discussion and Principles of Cancer Risk
Assessment and Counseling (PANC-I). (Also pages PANC-4, PANC-5A, and PANC-8 through PANC-10)
New footnotes added:
◊ Footnote f: Elevated CA 19-9 does not necessarily indicate cancer or advanced disease. CA 19-9 may be elevated as a result of biliary infection
(cholangitis), inflammation, or obstruction, benign or malignant. In addition, CA 19-9 will be undetectable in Lewis antigen-negative individuals (See
Discussion). (Also page PANC-7)
◊ Footnote h: Core biopsy is recommended, if possible, to obtain adequate tissue for possible ancillary studies. (Also pages PANC-4 and PANC-6)
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5. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-2
• Treatment:
First column, second option revised: EUS-guided biopsy if considering neoadjuvant therapy and if not previously done and Consider stent if clinically
indicated.
◊ Following EUS-guided biopsy, option added: Consider staging laparoscopy, in high-risk patients or as clinically indicated.
– Following Consider staging laparoscopy, bullet added: Clinical trial preferred.
Second column, bullet added: Consider staging laparoscopy, in high-risk patients or as clinically indicated.
• Footnote l revised: High-risk features include imaging findings, very highly markedly elevated CA 19-9, large primary tumors, large regional lymph
nodes, excessive weight loss, extreme pain.
PANC-3
• First column, first bullet revised: Biopsy, EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy preferred (if not previously done).
PANC-4
• Footnotes revised
Footnote p: EUS-guided FNA and core biopsy at a center with multidisciplinary expertise is preferred. When EUS-guided biopsy is not feasible, CT-
guided biopsy can be done.
PANC-5
• First-Line Therapy
Following Good performance status, fourth option revised: Chemoradiation or SBRT in selected patients who are not candidates for combination
induction chemotherapy.
PANC-6
• New footnotes added:
Footnote k: See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
Footnote q: Unless biliary bypass was performed at the time of laparoscopy or laparotomy.
PANC-7
• First column revised: Baseline postoperative CT (chest, abdomen, and pelvis) with contrast (unless contraindicated), CA 19-9, and Germline genetic
testing for inherited mutations, if not previously done.
• Surveillance
Third bullet revised: Chest CT and CT or MRI of abdomen and pelvis with contrast (unless contraindicated).
• Footnotes
Revised footnotes:
◊ Footnote z: Adjuvant treatment should be administered to patients who have adequately recovered from surgery; treatment should be initiated
ideally within 12 weeks. If systemic chemotherapy precedes chemoradiation, restaging with imaging should be done after each treatment modality.
◊ Footnote bb: Patients who have received neoadjuvant chemoradiation or chemotherapy may be candidates for additional chemotherapy (or
chemoradiation if none was delivered neoadjuvantly) following surgery and multidisciplinary review. The adjuvant therapy options are dependent on
the response to neoadjuvant therapy and other clinical considerations. Total duration of systemic therapy is typically 6 months.
New footnote x added: Based on LAP-07 trial data, there is no clear survival benefit with the addition of conventional chemoradiation following
gemcitabine monotherapy. Chemoradiation may improve local control and delay the need for resumption therapy. (Hammel P, et al. AMA
2016;315:1844-1853.) (Also PANC-10)
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
UPDATES
Continued
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6. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-8
• Maintenance Therapy:
Options revised: Continue systemic therapy or Olaparib (only for germline BRCA 1/2 mutations) or Other maintenance therapy strategies See
Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F) or Clinical trial or Chemotherapy holiday.
• Footnote e added: See Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B).
PANC-9
• Subsequent Therapy:
Following Good PS, options revised: Clinical trial (preferred) or Systemic therapy, or possibly , which may include targeted therapy or
immunotherapy...
PANC-10
• Footnote w added: Chemoradiation should be reserved for patients who do not develop metastatic disease while receiving systemic chemotherapy.
• Footnote removed: If considering chemoradiation due to positive margins, chemotherapy should be given prior to the administration of chemoradiation.
PANC-11
• Header revised: Metastatic Disease Following Surgery
• Recurrence Therapy
Following ≥6 mo from completion of primary therapy, options revised: Clinical trial (preferred) or Repeat systemic therapy previously administered or
Alternate Ssystemic therapy (not previously used) or...
Following 6 mo from completion of primary therapy, options revised: Clinical trial (preferred) or Switch to gemcitabine-based systemic chemotherapy
(if fluoropyrimidine-based therapy previously used) or Switchto fluoropyrimidine-based systemic chemotherapy (if gemcitabine-based therapy
previously used) or Alternate systemic therapy (not previously used) or...
PANC-A 1 of 8
• Third bullet, first sub-bullet revised: Multidetector computed tomography CT (MDCT) angiography...
PANC-A 2 of 8
• Third bullet revised: EUS-guided FNA/fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is preferable to a CT-guided FNA biopsy in patients with resectable non-metastatic
disease because of better diagnostic yield, safety, and potentially lower risk of peritoneal seeding with EUS-FNA/FNB when compared with the
percutaneous approach...
• Fourth bullet revised: Diagnostic staging laparoscopy to rule out metastases not detected on imaging (especially for body and tail lesions) is used in
some institutions prior to surgery or chemoradiation neoadjuvant therapy, or selectively in patients who are at higher risk for disseminated disease...
PANC-B
• Sixth bullet revised: During ERCP, common bile duct brushings may be done if there is no prior definitive diagnosis, and an EUS-guided biopsy can be
done or repeated.
PANC-C 1 of 2
• Borderline Resectable, Pancreatic body/tail, bullet removed: Solid tumor contact with the CA of 180° without involvement of the aorta and with intact
and uninvolved gastroduodenal artery thereby permitting a modified Appleby procedure (some panel members prefer these criteria to be in the locally
advanced category).
• Locally Advanced, Head/uncinate process:
First bullet revised: Solid tumor contact with SMA 180° with the SMA or CA.
Bullet removed: Solid tumor contact with the CA 180°.
UPDATES
Continued
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
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7. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-C 2 of 2
• Following neoadjuvant therapy:
Fourth bullet revised: Patients who initially presented with resectable or borderline resectable (BR) disease should be explored if their carbohydrate
antigen (CA)19-9 is at least stable or has decreased and radiographic findings do not demonstrate clear progression.
Sixth bullet revised: For patients who presented with locally advanced disease (LAD), exploration for resection should be considered if there is a
50% significant decrease in CA 19-9 level and clinical improvement (ie, improvement in performance status, pain, early satiety, weight/nutritional
status) indicating response to therapy. For LAD, patients should be counseled that the long-term benefit (ie, chance for cure) is unknown. LAD cases
should always always be handled in highly specialized centers.
PANC-D 2 of 3
• Surgery for Locally Recurrent Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Second paragraph revised: There is a potential benefit of re-resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma recurrences in selected subgroups of
patients. These patients should be carefully evaluated in the multidisciplinary clinic where following a detailed restaging assessment, a multimodality
therapy care plan consisting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, possible radiation therapy, and possible surgical resection can be formulated.
PANC-D 3 of 3
• Reference 6 added: Serafini S, Sperti C, Friziero A, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical treatment for isolated local recurrence of
pancreatic cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021;13:1277.
PANC-E 2 of 5
• Histologic Sectioning:
Fourth bullet revised: Per the current CAP protocol...Tumor clearance should be reported with millimeter accuracy for all margins where tumor is
close (within ≤1.0 cm or less of the tumor)...Attached organs resected with the specimen en bloc require serial sectioning to assess not only direct
extension, but metastatic deposits as well. One Section that demonstrates direct invasion of the organ and/or a separate metastatic deposit is
required.
Bullet removed: Attached organs resected with the specimen en bloc require serial sectioning to assess not only direct extension, but metastatic
deposits as well. One section that demonstrates direct invasion of the organ and/or a separate metastatic deposit is required.
PANC-E 3 of 5
• Distal Pancreatectomy, second bullet, first sub-bullet revised: Proximal Pancreatic (transection) Margin: A full en face section of the pancreatic body
along the plane of transection, if the tumor is grossly 1.0 cm from this margin. Care should be taken when placing the section into the cassette to
document the orientation of the section with respect to with the true margin (eg, facing down so that the initial section into the block represents the
true surgical margin, or facing up so that the initial section represents the surface opposite the true margin). More than one block may be needed. If
the tumor is grossly close to the margin (eg, within ≤1.0 cm or less), radial (eg, perpendicular) sections to this margin are recommended for millimeter-
level accuracy in documenting the distance to the margin the entire margin should be submitted for pathologic evaluation in a manner that allows
for millimeter-level accuracy in documenting the distance of tumor from this margin. For example, the margin can be inked and shaved/amputated,
followed by perpendicular sectioning with respect to the ink and submission of the entire margin for histologic examination.
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
Continued
UPDATES
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8. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-E 4 of 5
• Second bullet at top of page revised: Treatment effect should be assessed and reported by the pathologist, as tumor viability may impact postoperative
therapy options. For more information about pathologic analysis, refer to the CAP Cancer Protocol Template for carcinoma of the pancreas. (Burgart LJ, Shi
C, Adsay VN, et al. Protocol for the Examination of Specimens from Patients with Carcinoma of the Pancreas. College of American Pathologists. Cancer
Protocol Templates; 2020. Burgart LJ, Chopp WV, Jain D, et al. Protocol for the Examination of Specimens from Patients with Carcinoma of the Pancreas.
College of American Pathologists. Cancer Protocol Templates; 2021.)
PANC-E 5 of 5
• Reference added: Dhall D, Shi J, Allende DS, Jang K, et al. Towards a more standardized approach to pathologic reporting of pancreatoduodenectomy
specimens for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Cross-continental and cross-specialty survey from the Pancreatobiliary Pathology Society Grossing
Working Group. Am J Surg Pathol 2021;45:1364-1373.
PANC-F 1 of 9
• General Principles, new bullet added: Squamous/adenosquamous carcinomas are treated the same as adenocarcinoma. There is no data supporting
the efficacy of any of the recommended regimens for squamous/adenosquamous carcinomas.
• Neoadjuvant Therapy (Resectable/Borderline Resectable Disease), bullet revised: There is limited evidence to recommend specific neoadjuvant
regimens off-study, and practices vary with regard to the use of chemotherapy and radiation. Subsequent chemoradiation is sometimes included. When
considering neoadjuvant therapy, consultation at a high-volume center is preferred. If neoadjuvant therapy is considered or recommended, treatment at
or coordinated through a high-volume center is preferred, when feasible. Participation in a clinical trial is encouraged.
PANC-F 2 of 9
• First bullet revised: The CONKO-001 trial demonstrated significant improvements in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) with use of
postoperative gemcitabine as adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
PANC-F 3 of 9
• Locally Advanced Disease (First-Line Therapy)
Good PS, Other Recommended Regimens, new option added: Gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel + cisplatin (category 2B)
Good PS, Useful in Certain Circumstances, second bullet revised: Chemoradiation or SBRT (in select patients who are not candidates for combination
induction chemotherapy).
• Footnotes
New footnote a added: FOLFIRINOX or modified FOLFIRINOX should be limited to those with ECOG 0-1. (Also pages PANC-F 4 of 9 and PANC-F 6
of 9)
Footnote f revised: FOLFIRINOX or modified FOLFIRINOX should be limited to those with ECOG 0-1. Gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel is
reasonable for patients with ECOG 0-2. 5-FU + leucovorin + liposomal irinotecan is a reasonable subsequent therapy option for patients with ECOG
0-2. (Also page PANC-F 4 of 9)
PANC-F 4 of 9
• Metastatic Disease (First-Line Therapy)
Good PS, Other Recommended Regimens, new option added: Gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel + cisplatin
Good PS, Useful in Certain Circumstances, new option added: Pembrolizumab (if MSI-H, dMMR, or TMB-H [≥10 mut/Mb])
Poor PS, Useful in Certain Circumstances, first option revised: Pembrolizumab (only for if MSI-H, or dMMR, or TMB-H [≥10 mut/Mb] tumors).
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
Continued
UPDATES
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9. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-F 5 of 9
• Metastatic Disease (Maintenance Therapy):
Other Recommended Regimens, If previous first-line gemcitabine + nab albumin-bound paclitaxel, first option revised: Gemcitabine + nab albumin-
bound paclitaxel modified schedule (category 2B)
Useful in Certain Circumstances, option added: Prior platinum-based therapy: Rucaparib (for germline or somatic BRCA1/2 or PALB2 mutations).
• Footnote m added: For patients who did not have disease progression following their most recent platinum-based chemotherapy.
PANC-F 6 of 9
• Subsequent Therapy for Locally Advanced/Metastatic Disease and Therapy for Recurrent Disease
Good PS
◊ The following options were moved from Useful in Certain Circumstances to Preferred Regimens:
– Larotrectinib (if NTRK gene fusion positive)
– Entrectinib (if NTRK gene fusion positive)
◊ The following option was modified and moved from Useful in Certain Circumstances to Preferred Regimens:
– Pembrolizumab (if MSI-H, dMMR, or TMB-H [10mut/mb])
◊ Other Recommended Regimens (if prior fluoropyrimidine-based therapy), option added: Gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel + cisplatin
(category 2B)
Poor PS
◊ The following options were moved from Useful in Certain Circumstances to Preferred Regimens:
– Larotrectinib (if NTRK gene fusion positive)
– Entrectinib (if NTRK gene fusion positive)
◊ The following option was modified and moved from Useful in Certain Circumstances to Preferred Regimens:
– Pembrolizumab (if MSI-H, dMMR, or TMB-H [10mut/mb])
• Footnotes:
Footnote removed: If considering chemoradiation due to positive margins, chemotherapy should be given prior to the administration of
chemoradiation.
Footnote n revised: FOLFIRINOX or modified FOLFIRINOX should be limited to those with ECOG 0-1. Gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel is
reasonable for patients with ECOG 0-2. 5-FU + leucovorin + liposomal irinotecan is a reasonable subsequent therapy option for patients with ECOG
0-2.
New footnotes added:
◊ Footnote e: Due to the high toxicity of this regimen, bolus 5-FU is often omitted.
◊ Footnote f: Gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel is reasonable for patients with ECOG 0-2.
◊ Footnote g: Although this combination significantly improved survival, the actual benefit was small, suggesting that only a small subset of patients
benefit.
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
UPDATES
Continued
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10. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
PANC-F 8 of 9
• References updated.
PANC-F 9 of 9
• References updated.
PANC-G 2 of 7
• Planning, Dose and Fractionation, second bullet revised: t is imperative to evaluate the dose-volume histogram (DVH) of the target structures and the
critical OARs such as the duodenum, stomach, liver, kidneys, spinal cord, and bowel. See Table 1. Normal Tissue Dose Volume Recommendations for
Chemoradiation Utilizing Conventional Fractionation (PANC-G, 5 of 7)...
PANC-G 3 of 7
• Resectable/Borderline Resectable
Fifth bullet, second sub-bullet revised: The role of Optimal elective nodal irradiation (ENI) is controversial for resectable/borderline resectable/locally
advanced disease target remains undefined, but broad coverage of mesenteric vasculature +/- nodal regions should be considered when feasible.
• Resected (Adjuvant)
RT Dosing/Planning, first sub-bullet revised: For chemoradiation, RT dose generally consists of 45-46 50.4 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gy fractions (25-25 fx) to the
tumor bed...
PANC-G 4 of 7
• Locally Advanced
Second bullet, second sub-bullet revised: Chemoradiation, or SBRT, or hypofractionated RT in selected patients who are not candidates for
combination chemotherapy.
Third bullet, second sub-bullet revised: There are limited data to support a specific RT dosing for SBRT; therefore, it should preferably be utilized as
part of a clinical trial or at an experienced, high-volume center. SBRT doses of 3 fractions (total dose 30–45 Gy) or 5 fractions (total dose 25–45 50
Gy) have been reported. as have mMore protracted courses delivering high doses through a hypofractionated approach. (67.5 Gy in 15 fractions or 75
Gy in 25 fractions) are also acceptable. However, caution is warranted when utilizing higher doses and normal tissue constraints must be respected.
This approach is optimally performed in the setting of a clinical trial.
• Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer (pancreatic bed)
Second bullet, second sub-bullet revised: There are limited data to support a specific RT dosing for SBRT...SBRT doses of 3 fractions (total dose
30–45 Gy) or 5 fractions (total dose 25–45 50 Gy)...
PANC-G 7 of 7
• Reference 11 revised: Murphy JD, Adusumilli S, Griffith KA, et al. Full-dose gemcitabine and concurrent radiotherapy for unresectable pancreatic
cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007 Jul 1;68:801-808. Kharofa J, Mierzwa M, Olowokure O, et al. Pattern of marginal local failure in a phase II
trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy for resectable and borderline resectable pancreas cancer. Am J Clin Oncol
2019;42:247-252.
• Reference 25 added: Reyngold M, O'Reilly EM, Varghese AM, et al. Association of ablative radiation therapy with survival among patients with
inoperable pancreatic cancer. JAMA Oncol 2021;7:735-738.
UPDATES
Continued
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11. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-H 1 of 2
• Symptom
Fifth option revised: Severe tumor-associated abdominal pain unresponsive to optimal, around-the-clock analgesic administration, or if patient
experiences undesirable analgesic-associated side effects Pain.
Sixth option revised: Depression, pain, and malnutrition, and fatigue (See NCCN Guidelines for Supportive Care).
Seventh option revised: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and malnutrition.
• Therapy
Gastric outlet/duodenal obstruction, Good performance status, first sub-bullet revised: Gastrojejunostomy (open or laparoscopic) ± G/J-tube.
Thromboembolic disease, second bullet revised: Consider direct oral anticoagulants for select patients without luminal tumors.
Pain, bullets added:
◊ Early referral to pain or palliative care specialist to determine the best treatment option.
◊ Opioids with or without neurolysis.
◊ Severe tumor-associated abdominal pain unresponsive to optimal, around-the-clock analgesic administration, or if patient experiences undesirable
analgesic-associated side effects
– High-intensity focused ultrasound.
◊ Intrathecal drug delivery.
Depression and fatigue, option removed: Nutritional evaluation with a registered dietitian when available.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and malnutrition:
◊ First bullet revised: Pancreatic enzyme replacement in the case of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
◊ New bullet added: Nutritional evaluation with a registered dietitian when available.
PANC-H 2 of 2
• Footnote c added: See NCCN Guidelines for Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolic disease.
PANC-I
• New page added: Principles of Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling
Updates in Version 1.2022 of the NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma from Version 2.2021 include:
UPDATES
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12. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
INTRO
Decisions about diagnostic management and
resectability should involve multidisciplinary
consultation at a high-volume center with use of
appropriate imaging studies.
INTRODUCTION
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13. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-1
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND WORKUP
Clinical
suspicion
of
pancreatic
cancer or
evidence
of dilated
pancreatic
and/or
bile duct
(stricture)
Pancreatic
protocol CT
(abdomen)
(See
PANC-A)
Multidisciplinary
consultationa
Metastatic
disease
No
metastatic
disease
No mass or
diagnosis not
confirmed
Resectable Disease
(see PANC-2)j
Borderline Resectable
Disease (see PANC-3)j
Locally Advanced Disease
(see PANC-4)
Refer to high-
volume center for
evaluation
• Chest and pelvic CTb
• Consider endoscopic
ultrasonography (EUS)c
• Consider MRI as clinically
indicated for indeterminate liver
lesions
• Consider PET/CT in high-risk
patientsd
• Consider endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography
(ERCP) with stent placemente
• Liver function test and baseline
CA 19-9f after adequate biliary
drainage
• Genetic testing for inherited
mutations if diagnosis
confirmedg
Metastatic Disease
(see PANC-8)
Metastatic Disease (see PANC-8)
Biopsyh
confirmation,
from a metastatic
site preferred
• Genetic testing for inherited
mutationsg
• Molecular profiling of tumor
tissue is recommendedi
• Complete staging with chest
and pelvic CTb
See Footnotes on PANC-1A
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14. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
a Multidisciplinary review should consider involving expertise from diagnostic imaging, interventional endoscopy, medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgery,
pathology, geriatric medicine, genetic counseling, and palliative care (see Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care [PANC-H]). Consider consultation with a
registered dietitian. See NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology and NCCN Guidelines for Palliative Care.
b Imaging with contrast unless contraindicated.
c EUS to confirm primary site of involvement; EUS-guided biopsy if clinically indicated.
d PET/CT scan may be considered after formal pancreatic CT protocol in high-risk patients to detect extra-pancreatic metastases. It is not a substitute for high-quality,
contrast-enhanced CT. See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
e See Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B).
f Elevated CA 19-9 does not necessarily indicate cancer or advanced disease. CA 19-9 may be elevated as a result of biliary infection (cholangitis), inflammation, or
obstruction, benign or malignant. In addition, CA 19-9 will be undetectable in Lewis antigen-negative individuals (See Discussion).
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any patient with confirmed pancreatic cancer, using comprehensive gene panels for hereditary cancer
syndromes. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients who test positive for a pathogenic mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6,
PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53) or for patients with a positive family history of cancer, especially pancreatic cancer, regardless of mutation status. See Discussion
and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
h Core biopsy is recommended, if possible, to obtain adequate tissue for possible ancillary studies.
i Tumor/somatic molecular profiling is recommended for patients with locally advanced/metastatic disease who are candidates for anti-cancer therapy to identify
uncommon mutations. Consider specifically testing for potentially actionable somatic findings including, but not limited to: fusions (ALK, NRG1, NTRK, ROS1, FGFR2,
RET), mutations (BRAF, BRCA1/2, KRAS, PALB2), amplifications (HER2), microsatellite instability (MSI), and/or mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. Testing on tumor
tissue is preferred; however, cell-free DNA testing can be considered if tumor tissue testing is not feasible. See Discussion and Principles of Cancer Risk Assessment
and Counseling (PANC-I).
j See Criteria Defining Resectability Status at Diagnosis (PANC-C).
FOOTNOTES
PANC-1A
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15. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-2
RESECTABLE
DISEASE
• Repeat pancreatic
protocol CT or
MRI
• Repeat chest/
pelvic CTb
• Post-treatment
CA 19-9f
Successful
resectionn
Unresectable
disease at
surgeryn,o
See Adjuvant
Treatment
and
Surveillance
(PANC-7)
See PANC-6
• Consider
staging
laparoscopy,
in high-riskl
patients or
as clinically
indicatedn
• Surgery
(laparotomy
or minimally
invasive
surgery)n
Proceed to surgery (without neoadjuvant therapy)
TREATMENT
• Clinical trial
preferred
• Consider
neoadjuvant
therapy,
particularly
in high-risk
patientsl,m
Resectable
diseaseg,j
EUS-guided
biopsyh,k if
considering
neoadjuvant
therapy and if
not previously
done
and
Consider stent
if clinically
indicatede
or
b Imaging with contrast unless contraindicated.
e See Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B).
f Elevated CA 19-9 does not necessarily indicate cancer or advanced disease.
CA 19-9 may be elevated as a result of biliary infection (cholangitis), inflammation, or
obstruction, benign or malignant. In addition, CA 19-9 will be undetectable in Lewis antigen-
negative individuals (See Discussion).
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any patient with confirmed
pancreatic cancer, using comprehensive gene panels for hereditary cancer syndromes.
Genetic counseling is recommended for patients who test positive for a pathogenic mutation
(ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and
TP53) or for patients with a positive family history of cancer, especially pancreatic cancer,
regardless of mutation status. See Discussion and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial
High Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
h Core biopsy is recommended, if possible, to obtain adequate tissue for possible ancillary
studies.
j See Criteria Defining Resectability Status at Diagnosis (PANC-C).
k See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
l High-risk features include imaging findings, markedly elevated CA 19-9,
large primary tumors, large regional lymph nodes, excessive weight
loss, extreme pain.
m There is limited evidence to recommend specific neoadjuvant regimens
off-study, and practices vary with regard to the use of chemotherapy
and chemoradiation. See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F)
for acceptable neoadjuvant options. Subsequent chemoradiation is
sometimes included; see Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G).
Most NCCN Member Institutions prefer neoadjuvant therapy at or
coordinated through a high-volume center.
n See Principles of Surgical Technique (PANC-D) and Pathologic
Analysis: Specimen Orientation, Histologic Sections, and Reporting
(PANC-E).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
Consider
staging
laparoscopy,
in high-riskl
patients or
as clinically
indicatedk
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16. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-3
BORDERLINE RESECTABLE DISEASE
NO METASTASES
Borderline
resectablej,k
• EUS-guided
biopsy
preferred (if
not previously
done)h,k
• Consider
staging
laparoscopyk
• Baseline
CA 19-9f
Biopsy
positiveg
Cancer not
confirmed
Unresectable
disease at
surgeryn,o
Surgical
resectionn
Cancer not confirmed (exclude
autoimmune pancreatitis)
Biopsy
positiveg
Neo-
adjuvant
therapym
Repeat
biopsy
• Pancreatic
protocol
CT or MRI
(abdomen)
• Chest/
pelvic CTb
• Post-
treatment
CA 19-9f
Disease
progression
precluding
surgeryk
See Adjuvant
Treatment
(PANC-7)
Refer to high-
volume center
for evaluation
Locally Advanced (PANC-4)
or
Metastatic Disease (PANC-8)
TREATMENT
Consider
staging
laparoscopy
if not
previously
performed
Consider
ERCP
with stent
placemente
See PANC-6
b Imaging with contrast unless contraindicated.
e See Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B).
f Elevated CA 19-9 does not necessarily indicate cancer or advanced disease. CA
19-9 may be elevated as a result of biliary infection (cholangitis), inflammation, or
obstruction, benign or malignant. In addition, CA 19-9 will be undetectable in Lewis
antigen-negative individuals (See Discussion).
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any patient with
confirmed pancreatic cancer, using comprehensive gene panels for hereditary
cancer syndromes. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients who test
positive for a pathogenic mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1,
MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53) or for patients with a positive
family history of cancer, especially pancreatic cancer, regardless of mutation
status. See Discussion and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High Risk
Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
h Core biopsy is recommended, if possible, to obtain adequate tissue for
possible ancillary studies.
j See Criteria Defining Resectability Status at Diagnosis (PANC-C).
k See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
m There is limited evidence to recommend specific neoadjuvant regimens
off-study, and practices vary with regard to the use of chemotherapy and
chemoradiation. See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F) for acceptable
neoadjuvant options. Subsequent chemoradiation is sometimes included; see
Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G). Most NCCN Member Institutions
prefer neoadjuvant therapy at or coordinated through a high-volume center.
n See Principles of Surgical Technique (PANC-D) and Pathologic Analysis:
Specimen Orientation, Histologic Sections, and Reporting (PANC-E).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
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17. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-4
LOCALLY
ADVANCED
DISEASE
Locally
advanced
diseaseo
Adenocarcinoma
confirmed
Cancer not
confirmed
Other cancer confirmed
If jaundice present,
placement of self-
expanding metal stent,q
preferably via ERCP
Repeat biopsyh,k,p
and
If jaundice present,
consider ERCP with
stent placemente
WORKUP
Biopsy if not
previously
doneh,k
Other cancer confirmed
Cancer not confirmed
Adenocarcinoma confirmed
Refer to high-volume
center for evaluation
Follow pathway below
See Treatment
(PANC-5)
Treat with
appropriate NCCN
Guidelines
• Genetic testing for
inherited mutations, if
not previously doneg
• Molecular profiling of
tumor tissue, if not
previously donei
e See Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B).
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any
patient with confirmed pancreatic cancer, using comprehensive
gene panels for hereditary cancer syndromes. Genetic
counseling is recommended for patients who test positive for a
pathogenic mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1,
MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53) or for patients
with a positive family history of cancer, especially pancreatic
cancer, regardless of mutation status. See Discussion and
NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High Risk Assessment:
Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
h Core biopsy is recommended, if possible, to obtain adequate
tissue for possible ancillary studies.
Treat with
appropriate NCCN
Guidelines
i Tumor/somatic molecular profiling is recommended for patients with locally advanced/metastatic
disease who are candidates for anti-cancer therapy to identify uncommon mutations. Consider
specifically testing for potentially actionable somatic findings including, but not limited to: fusions
(ALK, NRG1, NTRK, ROS1, FGFR2, RET), mutations (BRAF, BRCA1/2, KRAS, PALB2),
amplifications (HER2), microsatellite instability (MSI), and/or mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency.
Testing on tumor tissue is preferred; however, cell-free DNA testing can be considered if tumor
tissue testing is not feasible. See Discussion and Principles of Cancer Risk Assessment and
Counseling (PANC-I).
k See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
p EUS-guided biopsy at a center with multidisciplinary expertise is preferred. When EUS-guided
biopsy is not feasible, CT-guided biopsy can be done.
q Unless biliary bypass was performed at the time of laparoscopy or laparotomy.
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18. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-5
LOCALLY
ADVANCED
DISEASE
Palliative and best supportive careo
and
Consider single-agent chemotherapyt
or palliative RTu
Good
performance
status (PS)r
Poor PS
Clinical trial (preferred)
or
Systemic therapyt
or
Induction chemotherapyt
(preferably 4–6
mo) followed by
chemoradiationt,u,w,x
or stereotactic body
RT (SBRT)u in selected
patients (locally advanced
without systemic
metastasesv)
or
Chemoradiationt,u or
SBRTv in patients who
are not candidates for
induction chemotherapy
Palliative
and best
supportive
careo
SUBSEQUENT THERAPYs
Good
PSs
Disease
progression
Declining PS
FIRST-LINE THERAPYo,s
Clinical trial (preferred)
or
Systemic therapyt
or
Chemoradiationt,u or
SBRTv if not previously
given and if primary site is
the sole site of progression
Good PS and
disease progression
Clinical
trial
No disease
progressiony
Consider resection,n if feasible
or
Observe
or
Continue systemic therapyt
or
Clinical trial
Continued surveillance
Adjuvant therapy, if clinically indicatedt
Palliative and best supportive careo
and
Consider single-agent chemotherapyt or
possibly targeted therapyt based on molecular
profiling,i as clinically indicated
or
Palliative RTu
Poor PS
and disease
progression
See Footnotes on PANC-5A
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19. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
i Tumor/somatic molecular profiling is recommended for patients with locally advanced/metastatic disease who are candidates for anti-cancer therapy to identify
uncommon mutations. Consider specifically testing for potentially actionable somatic findings including, but not limited to: fusions (ALK, NRG1, NTRK, ROS1, FGFR2,
RET), mutations (BRAF, BRCA1/2, KRAS, PALB2), amplifications (HER2), microsatellite instability (MSI), and/or mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. Testing on tumor
tissue is preferred; however, cell-free DNA testing can be considered if tumor tissue testing is not feasible. See Discussion and Principles of Cancer Risk Assessment
and Counseling (PANC-I).
n See Principles of Surgical Technique (PANC-D) and Pathologic Analysis: Specimen Orientation, Histologic Sections, and Reporting (PANC-E).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
r Defined as ECOG 0-1, with good biliary drainage and adequate nutritional intake, and ECOG 0-2 if considering gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel.
s Serial imaging as indicated to assess disease response. See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
t See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F).
u See Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G).
v Laparoscopy as indicated to evaluate distant disease.
w Chemoradiation should be reserved for patients who do not develop metastatic disease while receiving systemic chemotherapy.
x Based on LAP-07 trial data, there is no clear survival benefit with the addition of conventional chemoradiation following gemcitabine monotherapy. Chemoradiation may
improve local control and delay the need for resumption therapy (Hammel P, et al. AMA 2016;315:1844-1853).
y In the presence of marked radiographic improvement, the patient should be referred to a high-volume center for consideration of surgery. However, the primary site
often does not regress radiographically even in the setting of effective treatment. If there is radiographic stability and marked clinical improvement or decline in CA19-9,
the patient should still be referred for evaluation.
FOOTNOTES
PANC-5A
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20. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-6
UNRESECTABLE DISEASE AT SURGERY
Unresectable
disease at
surgeryj,n,o
See Locally Advanced
(PANC-4)
See Metastatic Disease
(PANC-8)
Consider gastrojejunostomy, if clinically indicated
±
Celiac plexus neurolysis if pain
(category 2B if no pain)
Consider biliary bypass or self-expanding metal
stente,q
±
Gastrojejunostomy, if clinically indicated
±
Celiac plexus neurolysis if pain
(category 2B if no pain)
e See Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B).
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any patient with confirmed pancreatic cancer, using comprehensive gene panels for hereditary cancer
syndromes. Genetic counseling is recommended for patients who test positive for a pathogenic mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6,
PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53) or for patients with a positive family history of cancer, especially pancreatic cancer, regardless of mutation status. See Discussion
and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
h Core biopsy is recommended, if possible, to obtain adequate tissue for possible ancillary studies.
j See Criteria Defining Resectability Status at Diagnosis (PANC-C).
k See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
n See Principles of Surgical Technique (PANC-D) and Pathologic Analysis: Specimen Orientation, Histologic Sections, and Reporting (PANC-E).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
q Unless biliary bypass was performed at the time of laparoscopy or laparotomy.
If jaundice
present
No
jaundice
TREATMENT
Biopsy
confirmation
of diagnosis, if
not previously
doneg,h,k
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21. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-7
POSTOPERATIVE ADJUVANT TREATMENTz
Baseline
postoperative CT
(chest, abdomen,
and pelvis) with
contrast (unless
contraindicated),
CA 19-9,f and
genetic testing
for inherited
mutations, if not
previously doneg
No prior
neoadjuvant
therapy
Prior
neoadjuvant
therapy
Identification
of metastatic
disease
See Metastatic Disease (PANC-8)
Consider additional
chemotherapybb
and/or
Consider chemoradiationaa,bb
in the instance of a positive
margin R1 resection
No evidence
of recurrence
or metastatic
disease
No evidence
of recurrence
or metastatic
disease
Clinical trial (preferred)
or
Chemotherapy alonet
or
Induction chemotherapyt
followed by
chemoradiationt,u,x,aa
± subsequent chemotherapyt
Surveillance every
3–6 mo for 2 years,
then every 6–12 mo
as clinically indicated:
• HP for symptom
assessment
• CA 19-9 level
(category 2B)cc
• Chest CT and CT
or MRI of abdomen
and pelvis with
contrast (unless
contraindicated)
Recurrence
after
Resection
(See PANC-10)
SURVEILLANCE
f Elevated CA 19-9 does not necessarily indicate cancer or advanced disease. CA 19-9
may be elevated as a result of biliary infection (cholangitis), inflammation, or obstruction,
benign or malignant. In addition, CA 19-9 will be undetectable in Lewis antigen-negative
individuals (See Discussion).
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any patient with confirmed
pancreatic cancer, using comprehensive gene panels for hereditary cancer syndromes.
Genetic counseling is recommended for patients who test positive for a pathogenic
mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11,
and TP53) or for patients with a positive family history of cancer, especially pancreatic
cancer, regardless of mutation status. See Discussion and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/
Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
t See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F).
u See Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G).
x Based on LAP-07 trial data, there is no clear survival benefit with the
addition of conventional chemoradiation following gemcitabine monotherapy.
Chemoradiation may improve local control and delay the need for
resumption therapy (Hammel P, et al. AMA 2016;315:1844-1853).
z Adjuvant treatment should be administered to patients who have
adequately recovered from surgery; treatment should be initiated ideally
within 12 weeks. If systemic chemotherapy precedes chemoradiation,
restaging with imaging should be done after each treatment modality.
aa If considering chemoradiation due to positive margins, chemotherapy
should be given prior to the administration of chemoradiation.
bb Patients who have received neoadjuvant chemoradiation or
chemotherapy may be candidates for additional chemotherapy
(or chemoradiation if none was delivered neoadjuvantly) following
surgery and multidisciplinary review. The adjuvant therapy options are
dependent on the response to neoadjuvant therapy and other clinical
considerations. Total duration of systemic therapy is typically 6 months.
cc CA 19-9 elevation, without other evidence of disease recurrence, is not
a clear indication for treatment.
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22. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-8
METASTATIC DISEASE
Palliative and best supportive careo
and
Consider single-agent chemotherapyt or possibly targeted therapyt
based on molecular profiling,i as clinically indicated
or
Palliative RTu
Good
PSr
Poor
PS
Clinical
trial
(preferred)
or
Systemic
therapyt
FIRST-LINE THERAPYs
• If jaundice present:
placement of self-
expanding metal
stente,q
• Genetic testing for
inherited mutations, if
not previously doneg
• Molecular profiling of
tumor tissue, if not
previously donei
Metastatic
disease
No disease
progression (after
at least 4–6 months
of chemotherapy,
assuming acceptable
tolerance)
Disease
progression,
See PANC-9
MAINTENANCE THERAPYs
See Principles of Systemic
Therapy (PANC-F)
or
Clinical trial
or
Chemotherapy holiday
Disease progression
See
Subsequent
Therapy
(PANC-9)
e See Principles of Stent Management (PANC-B).
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any patient with confirmed pancreatic cancer,
using comprehensive gene panels for hereditary cancer syndromes. Genetic counseling is recommended
for patients who test positive for a pathogenic mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2,
MSH6, PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53) or for patients with a positive family history of cancer, especially
pancreatic cancer, regardless of mutation status. See Discussion and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/
Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
i Tumor/somatic molecular profiling is recommended for patients with locally advanced/metastatic disease
who are candidates for anti-cancer therapy to identify uncommon mutations. Consider specifically testing
for potentially actionable somatic findings including, but not limited to: fusions (ALK, NRG1, NTRK,
ROS1, FGFR2, RET), mutations (BRAF, BRCA1/2, KRAS, PALB2), amplifications (HER2), microsatellite
instability (MSI), and/or mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. Testing on tumor tissue is preferred; however,
cell-free DNA testing can be considered if tumor tissue testing is not feasible. See Discussion and
Principles of Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling (PANC-I).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care
(PANC-H).
q Unless biliary bypass was performed at the time of
laparoscopy or laparotomy.
r Defined as ECOG 0-1, with good biliary drainage and
adequate nutritional intake, and ECOG 0-2 if considering
gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel.
s Serial imaging as indicated to assess disease response.
See Principles of Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging
(PANC-A).
t See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F).
u See Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G).
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23. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-9
Palliative and best
supportive careo
or
Clinical trial
SUBSEQUENT THERAPYs
Good PSr
Clinical trial (preferred)
or
Systemic therapy,t which may include targeted therapy or
immunotherapy based on molecular profiling,i as clinically
indicated
or
RTu for severe pain refractory to analgesic therapy
i Tumor/somatic molecular profiling is recommended for patients with locally
advanced/metastatic disease who are candidates for anti-cancer therapy
to identify uncommon mutations. Consider specifically testing for potentially
actionable somatic findings including, but not limited to: fusions (ALK, NRG1,
NTRK, ROS1, FGFR2, RET), mutations (BRAF, BRCA1/2, KRAS, PALB2),
amplifications (HER2), microsatellite instability (MSI), and/or mismatch repair
(MMR) deficiency. Testing on tumor tissue is preferred; however, cell-free DNA
testing can be considered if tumor tissue testing is not feasible. See Discussion
and Principles of Cancer Risk Assessment and Counseling (PANC-I).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
r Defined as ECOG 0-1, with good biliary drainage and adequate nutritional intake,
and ECOG 0-2 if considering gemcitabine + albumin-bound paclitaxel.
s Serial imaging as indicated to assess disease response. See Principles of
Diagnosis, Imaging, and Staging (PANC-A).
t See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F).
u See Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G).
Disease
progression
Palliative and best supportive careo
and
Consider single-agent chemotherapyt
or
Targeted therapyt based on molecular profiling,i as clinically indicated
or
Palliative RTu
Poor PS
DISEASE PROGRESSION
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24. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-10
RECURRENCE AFTER RESECTION
Recurrence
after
resection
• Consider biopsy
for confirmation
(category 2B)
• Genetic testing
for inherited
mutations, if
not previously
doneg
• Molecular
profiling of
tumor tissue, if
not previously
donei
Local
recurrence
Metastatic disease with or
without local recurrenceee
Clinical trial (preferred)
or
Systemic therapyt ± chemoradiationt,u,w,x or SBRTu
(if not previously done) (see options on PANC-11
for ≥6 or 6 mo from completion of primary therapy)
or
SBRTu
or
Palliative and best supportive careo
RECURRENCE THERAPYdd
Pancreas only
Pancreatic
operative bed
Surgical consultation and multidisciplinary review,a
see Principles of Surgical Techniques (PANC-D)
See Recurrence Therapy for Metastatic Disease (PANC-11)
a Multidisciplinary review should consider involving expertise from
diagnostic imaging, interventional endoscopy, medical oncology,
radiation oncology, surgery, pathology, geriatric medicine, genetic
counseling, and palliative care (see Principles of Palliation and
Supportive Care [PANC-H]).Consider consultation with a registered
dietitian. See NCCN Guidelines for Older Adult Oncology and NCCN
Guidelines for Palliative Care.
g Genetic testing for inherited mutations is recommended for any
patient with confirmed pancreatic cancer, using comprehensive
gene panels for hereditary cancer syndromes. Genetic counseling
is recommended for patients who test positive for a pathogenic
mutation (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDKN2A, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6,
PALB2, PMS2, STK11, and TP53) or for patients with a positive
family history of cancer, especially pancreatic cancer, regardless of
mutation status. See Discussion and NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/
Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast, Ovarian, and Pancreatic.
i Tumor/somatic molecular profiling is recommended for patients with locally advanced/
metastatic disease who are candidates for anti-cancer therapy to identify uncommon
mutations. Consider specifically testing for potentially actionable somatic findings including, but
not limited to: fusions (ALK, NRG1, NTRK, ROS1, FGFR2, RET), mutations (BRAF, BRCA1/2,
KRAS, PALB2), amplifications (HER2), microsatellite instability (MSI), and/or mismatch repair
(MMR) deficiency. Testing on tumor tissue is preferred; however, cell-free DNA testing can be
considered if tumor tissue testing is not feasible. See Discussion and Principles of Cancer Risk
Assessment and Counseling (PANC-I).
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
t See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F).
u See Principles of Radiation Therapy (PANC-G).
w Chemoradiation should be reserved for patients who do not develop metastatic disease while
receiving systemic chemotherapy.
x Based on LAP-07 trial data, there is no clear survival benefit with the addition of conventional
chemoradiation following gemcitabine monotherapy. Chemoradiation may improve local control
and delay the need for resumption therapy (Hammel P, et al. AMA 2016;315:1844-1853).
dd Best reserved for patients who maintain a good performance status.
ee For more information about the treatment of isolated pulmonary metastases, see Discussion.
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25. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-11
Metastatic disease
with or without
local recurrenceee
Clinical trial (preferred)
or
Repeat systemic therapy previously administeredt
or
Alternate systemic therapy (not previously used)t
or
Palliative and best supportive careo
Clinical trial (preferred)
or
Switch to gemcitabine-based systemic chemotherapyt
(if fluoropyrimidine-based therapy previously used)
or
Switch to fluoropyrimidine-based systemic chemotherapyt
(if gemcitabine-based therapy previously used)
or
Alternate systemic therapy (not previously used)t
or
Palliative and best supportive careo
o See Principles of Palliation and Supportive Care (PANC-H).
t See Principles of Systemic Therapy (PANC-F).
dd Best reserved for patients who maintain a good performance status.
ee For more information about the treatment of isolated pulmonary metastases, see Discussion.
6 mo from completion of primary therapy
≥6 mo from completion of primary therapy
RECURRENCE THERAPYdd
METASTATIC DISEASE
FOLLOWING SURGERY
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26. PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND STAGING
a Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of Abdominal
Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-260.
• Decisions about diagnostic management and resectability should involve multidisciplinary consultation at a high-volume center with
reference to appropriate high-quality imaging studies to evaluate the extent of disease. Resections should be done at institutions that
perform a large number (at least 15–20) of pancreatic resections annually.
• High-quality dedicated imaging of the pancreas should be performed at presentation (even if standard CT imaging is already available),
preferably within 4 weeks of surgery, and following neoadjuvant treatment to provide adequate staging and assessment of resectability
status. Imaging should be done prior to stenting, when possible.
• Imaging should include dedicated pancreatic CT of abdomen (preferred) or MRI with contrast.
Multidetector CT (MDCT) angiography, performed by acquiring thin, preferably sub-millimeter, axial sections using a dual-phase pancreatic
protocol, with images obtained in the pancreatic and portal venous phase of contrast enhancement, is the preferred imaging tool for
dedicated pancreatic imaging.a Scan coverage can be extended to cover the chest and pelvis for complete staging as per institutional
preferences. Multiplanar reconstruction is preferred as it allows precise visualization of the relationship of the primary tumor to the
mesenteric vasculature as well as detection of subcentimeter metastatic deposits. See MDCT Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Protocol,
PANC-A (3 of 8).
MRI is most commonly used as a problem-solving tool, particularly for characterization of CT-indeterminate liver lesions and when
suspected pancreatic tumors are not visible on CT or when contrast-enhanced CT cannot be obtained (as in cases with severe allergy to
iodinated intravenous contrast material). This preference for using MDCT as the main imaging tool in many hospitals and imaging centers
is mainly due to the higher cost and lack of widespread availability of MRI compared to CT. See MRI Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Protocol,
PANC-A (4 of 8).
• The decision regarding resectability status should be made by consensus at multidisciplinary meetings/discussions following the
acquisition of dedicated pancreatic imaging including complete staging. Use of a radiology staging reporting template is preferred to ensure
complete assessment and reporting of all imaging criteria essential for optimal staging, which will improve the decision-making process.a
See Pancreatic Cancer Radiology Reporting Template, PANC-A (5 of 8).
NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-A
1 OF 8
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27. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
• The role of PET/CT (without iodinated intravenous contrast) remains unclear. Diagnostic CT or MRI with IV contrast as discussed above in
conjunction with functional PET imaging can be used per institutional preference. PET/CT scan may be considered after formal pancreatic
CT protocol in high-riskb patients to detect extra-pancreatic metastases. It is not a substitute for high-quality, contrast-enhanced CT.
• EUS is not recommended as a routine staging tool. In select cases, EUS may be complementary to CT for staging.
• EUS-guided biopsy is preferable to a CT-guided biopsy in patients with non-metastatic disease because of better diagnostic yield, safety,
and potentially lower risk of peritoneal seeding when compared with the percutaneous approach. Biopsy proof of malignancy is not required
before surgical resection, and a non-diagnostic biopsy should not delay surgical resection when the clinical suspicion for pancreatic cancer
is high.
• Diagnostic staging laparoscopy to rule out metastases not detected on imaging (especially for body and tail lesions) is used in some
institutions prior to surgery or neoadjuvant therapy, or selectively in patients who are at higher riskb for disseminated disease. Intraoperative
ultrasound can be used as a diagnostic adjunct during staging laparoscopy.
• Positive cytology from washings obtained at laparoscopy or laparotomy is equivalent to M1 disease. If resection has been done for such a
patient, he or she should be treated for M1 disease.
• For locally advanced/metastatic disease, the panel recommends serial CT with contrast (routine single portal venous phase or dedicated
pancreatic protocol if surgery is still contemplated) or MRI with contrast of known sites of disease to determine therapeutic benefit. However,
it is recognized that patients can demonstrate progressive disease clinically without objective radiologic evidence of disease progression.
• Recent retrospective studies suggest that imaging characteristics may not be a reliable indicator of resectability in borderline resectable and
locally advanced patients who have received neoadjuvant therapy. Determinations of resectability and surgical therapy should be made on
an individualized basis in a multidisciplinary setting. (See Discussion for references)
b Indicators of high-risk patients may include borderline resectable disease, markedly elevated CA 19-9, large primary tumors, or large regional lymph nodes.
PANC-A
2 OF 8
PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND STAGING
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28. Parameters Details
Scan type Helical (preferably 64-multidetector row scanner or more)
Section thickness Thinnest possible (3 mm). Preferably submillimeter (0.5–1 mm) if available
Interval Same as section thickness (no gap)
Oral contrast agent
Neutral contrast (positive oral contrast may compromise the three-dimensional [3D]
and maximum intensity projection [MIP] reformatted images)
Intravenous contrast
Iodine-containing contrast agents (preferably high concentration [300 mg I/L]) at
an injection rate of 3–5 mL/sec. Lower concentration contrast can be used if low Kv
setting is applied.
Scan acquisition timing
Pancreatic parenchymal phase at 40–50 sec and portal venous phase at 65–70 sec,
following the commencement of contrast injection
Image reconstruction and
display
-
Axial images and multiplanar reformats (in the coronal, and per institutional
preference, sagittal plane) at 2- to 3-mm interval reconstruction
-
MIP or 3D volumetric thick section for vascular evaluation (arteries and veins)
c Adapted from: Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of
Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-260.
MDCT Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Protocolc
NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-A
3 OF 8
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29. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
Sequences Plane Slice Thickness
T2-weighted single-shot fast spin-echo (SSFSE) Coronal +/- axial 6 mm
T1-weighted in-phase and opposed-phase gradient echo (GRE) Axial 6 mm
T2-weighted fat-suppressed fast spin-echo (FSE) Axial 6 mm
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) Axial 6 mm
Pre and dynamic post IV contrast administration (gadoliniume)
3D T1-weighted fat-suppressed gradient-echo (in pancreatic,
portal venous, and equilibrium phases)
Axial
Thinnest possible 2–3 mm
(4–6 mm if overlapping)
T2-weighted MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) (preferably
3D, fast relaxation fast spin-echo sequence [FRFSE])
Coronal 3 mm
d Sheridan MB, Ward J, Guthrie JA, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and dual-phase helical CT in the preoperative assessment of suspected pancreatic
cancer: a comparative study with receiver operating characteristic analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173:583-590.
e Unenhanced MRI can be obtained in cases of renal failure or contraindication to gadolinium intravenous contrast if enhanced CT cannot be obtained due to severe
iodinated contrast allergy.
MRI Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Protocold
PANC-A
4 OF 8
PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND STAGING
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30. PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND STAGING
PANCREATIC CANCER RADIOLOGY REPORTING TEMPLATEc
Morphologic Evaluation
Appearance (in the pancreatic parenchymal phase) † Hypoattenuating † Isoattenuating † Hyperattenuating
Size (maximal axial dimension in centimeters) † Measurable † Nonmeasurable
(isoattenuating tumors)
Location † Head/uncinate (right of SMV) † Neck (anterior to SMV/
PV confluence)f
†
Body/tail (left of
SMV)
Pancreatic duct narrowing/abrupt cutoff with or without upstream dilatation † Present † Absent
Biliary tree abrupt cutoff with or without upstream dilatation † Present † Absent
c Adapted from: Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of
Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-260.
f See Management of Neck Lesions on PANC-D (2 of 2).
NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-A
5 OF 8
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31. Arterial Evaluation
SMA Contact † Present † Absent
Degree of solid soft-tissue contact † ≤180 † 180
Degree of increased hazy attenuation/stranding contact † ≤180 † 180
Focal vessel narrowing or contour irregularity † Present † Absent
Extension to first SMA branch † Present † Absent
Celiac Axis Contact † Present † Absent
Degree of solid soft-tissue contact † ≤180 † 180
Degree of increased hazy attenuation/stranding contact † ≤180 † 180
Focal vessel narrowing or contour irregularity † Present † Absent
CHA Contact † Present † Absent
Degree of solid soft-tissue contact † ≤180 † 180
Degree of increased hazy attenuation/stranding contact † ≤180 † 180
Focal vessel narrowing or contour irregularity † Present † Absent
Extension to celiac axis † Present † Absent
Extension to bifurcation of right/left hepatic artery † Present † Absent
Arterial Variant † Present † Absent
Variant anatomy † Accessory right
hepatic artery
† Replaced right
hepatic artery
† Replaced common
hepatic artery
†
Others (origin of replaced or accessory
artery)
Variant vessel contact † Present † Absent
Degree of solid soft-tissue contact † ≤180 † 180
Degree of increased hazy attenuation/stranding contact † ≤180 † 180
Focal vessel narrowing or contour irregularity † Present † Absent
c Adapted from: Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of
Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-260.
PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND STAGING
PANCREATIC CANCER RADIOLOGY REPORTING TEMPLATEc
NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-A
6 OF 8
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32. PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND STAGING
PANCREATIC CANCER RADIOLOGY REPORTING TEMPLATEc
Venous Evaluation
MPV Contact † Present † Absent † Complete occlusion
Degree of solid soft-tissue contact † ≤180 † 180
Degree of increased hazy attenuation/stranding contact † ≤180 † 180
Focal vessel narrowing or contour irregularity (tethering or tear drop) † Present † Absent
SMV Contact † Present † Absent † Complete occlusion
Degree of solid soft-tissue contact † ≤180 † 180
Degree of increased hazy attenuation/stranding contact † ≤180 † 180
Focal vessel narrowing or contour irregularity (tethering or tear drop) † Present † Absent
Extension † Present † Absent
Other
Thrombus within vein (tumor, bland) † Present
† MPV
† SMV
† Splenic vein
† Absent
Venous collaterals † Present
† Around pancreatic head
† Porta hepatis
† Root of the mesentery
† Left upper quadrant
† Absent
c Adapted from: Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of
Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-260.
NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-A
7 OF 8
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33. PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, IMAGING, AND STAGING
PANCREATIC CANCER RADIOLOGY REPORTING TEMPLATEc
Extrapancreatic Evaluation
Liver lesions † Present
† Suspicious
† Indeterminate
† Likely benign
† Absent
Peritoneal or omental nodules † Present † Absent
Ascites † Present † Absent
Suspicious lymph nodes † Present
† Porta hepatis
† Celiac
† Splenic hilum
† Paraaortic
† Aortocaval
† Other
† Absent
Other extrapancreatic disease (invasion of adjacent structures) † Present
• Organs involved:
† Absent
Impression
Tumor size: Tumor location:
Vascular contact † Present
• Vessel involved:
• Extent:
† Absent
Metastasis † Present (Location ) † Absent
c Adapted from: Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of
Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-260.
NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PANC-A
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34. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
PRINCIPLES OF STENT MANAGEMENT
PANC-B
• Stent placement is not routinely recommended prior to planned surgery; however, a stent may be considered for symptoms of cholangitis/
fever or severe symptomatic jaundice (intense pruritus), or if surgery is being delayed for any reason, including neoadjuvant therapy.
• ERCP-guided biliary drainage is preferred. If ERCP is not possible, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) approach may be
used.
• Stents should be as short as feasible.
• Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) should only be placed if tissue diagnosis is confirmed.
• For neoadjuvant therapy, fully covered SEMS are preferred since they can be removed/exchanged.
• During ERCP, common bile duct brushings may be done if there is no prior definitive diagnosis, and an EUS-guided biopsy can be done or
repeated.
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35. NCCN Guidelines Version 1.2022
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Version 1.2022, 02/24/2022 © 2022 National Comprehensive Cancer Network®
(NCCN®
), All rights reserved. NCCN Guidelines®
and this illustration may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of NCCN.
Note: All recommendations are category 2A unless otherwise indicated.
Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any patient with cancer is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged.
NCCN Guidelines Index
Table of Contents
Discussion
Resectability
Status
Arterial Venous
Resectable • No arterial tumor contact (celiac axis [CA], superior mesenteric artery
[SMA], or common hepatic artery [CHA]).
• No tumor contact with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) or
portal vein (PV) or ≤180° contact without vein contour irregularity.
Borderline
Resectableb
Pancreatic head/uncinate process:
• Solid tumor contact with CHA without extension to CA or hepatic
artery bifurcation allowing for safe and complete resection and
reconstruction.
• Solid tumor contact with the SMA of ≤180°.
• Solid tumor contact with variant arterial anatomy (ex: accessory right
hepatic artery, replaced right hepatic artery, replaced CHA, and the
origin of replaced or accessory artery) and the presence and degree
of tumor contact should be noted if present, as it may affect surgical
planning.
Pancreatic body/tail:
• Solid tumor contact with the CA of ≤180°.
• Solid tumor contact with the SMV or PV of 180°, contact of
≤180° with contour irregularity of the vein or thrombosis of the
vein but with suitable vessel proximal and distal to the site of
involvement allowing for safe and complete resection and vein
reconstruction.
• Solid tumor contact with the inferior vena cava (IVC).
Locally
Advancedb,c
Head/uncinate process:
• Solid tumor contact 180° with the SMA or CA.
Pancreatic body/tail:
• Solid tumor contact of 180° with the SMA or CA.
• Solid tumor contact with the CA and aortic involvement.
• Unreconstructible SMV/PV due to tumor involvement or
occlusion (can be due to tumor or bland thrombus).
a Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of Abdominal
Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-260.
b Solid tumor contact may be replaced with increased hazy density/stranding of the fat surrounding the peri-pancreatic vessels (typically seen following neoadjuvant
therapy); this finding should be reported on the staging and follow-up scans.
c Distant metastasis (including non-regional lymph node metastasis), regardless of anatomic resectability, implies disease that should not be treated with upfront
resection.
CRITERIA DEFINING RESECTABILITY STATUS AT DIAGNOSISa
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• Decisions about resectability status should be made in consensus at multidisciplinary meetings/discussions.
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