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Evolutionary Explanations of
Food Preferences
Do we have an innate preference for certain foods?
How were these preferences adaptive in the EEA?
How do these preferences function now?
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 1
Background
• The environment of Evolutionary Adaption (EEA) is
the environment in which a species first evolved
• Humans emerged 2 million years ago on the
African Savannah
• Natural selection favoured traits which allowed
survival in that environment
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 2
Evolutionary Explanations of Food
Preferences
• Any current behaviours that appear to be
maladaptive (dysfunctional) can often be
explained as being functional in the past
• Our modern preference for calorific food
can be traced back to our ancestors where
it was adaptive
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 3
• Early humans were frugivores and
relied on sweet fruits for their
survival
• Harris (1987) – babies like sweet
tastes
How are innate food preferences
adaptive: Sweet
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 4
How are innate food preferences
adaptive: Salty
• In the hot African Savannah salty food
would have been needed to replace salts
lost through sweating
• Denton (1982) – animal research has
shown innate preference for salty food
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 5
How are innate food preferences
adaptive: Umami
• Receding forests meant people had to
start eating meat
• Inclusion of meat acted as a
catalyst for brain growth
• Milton (2008) humans would never have
evolved to become active, intelligent
creatures without meat in their diet
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 6
How are innate food preferences
adaptive: Sour
• Discouraged people from eating foods
that had gone off
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 7
How are innate food preferences
adaptive: Bitter
• Discouraged people from eating
potentially poisonous food
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 8
How are innate food preferences
adaptive: Fatty
• Needed in EEA as high levels of energy
needed to survive
• Burnham and Phelan (2000) preference for
fatty foods come from times of food scarcity
when this type of food is full of energy giving
calories
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 9
How are innate food preferences
adaptive: Spicy
• Sherman and Hash (2001) – meat dishes
contain far more spices than vegetable
ones
• Spices have antimicrobial properties
• Could explain preferences
for spices in hot countries
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 10
Food Neophobia
• Animals tend to avoid food they
have not come across before
• Frost (2006) As a food becomes
more familiar we show a greater
liking of it
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 11
Taste Aversion Learning
• Developed as a means of survival
• If we eat food that makes us sick
it would be an advantage to avoid that
food in the future
• Garcia et al (1955) rats made ill through
radiation after eating saccharin developed
an aversion to it
• Explains why food poisoning leads to
inability to eat that food for a long time
(association)
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 12
Innate food preferences in the modern
world
• Our food focus is no longer about eating enough
to avoid malnutrition as it was in the past
• Our preference for sweet food can now lead to
a highly calorific diet (chocolate, sugar)
• Our preference for salty food can now lead to a
highly fatty diet (crisps, chips)
•
•
•
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 13
Evaluation
• Good explanation of food preferences
– i.e. good explanation of why we like foods
which have very little goodness
• Focus on ultimate rather than proximate
causes
– i.e. evolutionary approach considers
ultimate causes rather than looking at
maladaptiveness (overeating)
– Genome Lag
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 14
Evaluation
• Research
– Difficult to falsify
– However, we can study related species who face
similar adaptive problems to our ancestors
– Fossils show the evolution of meat eating
• Suggests evolution has stopped though Wills
(1999) say this is not the case
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 15
IDA
• Reductionist
• Determinist
• Cultural Differences
– Infant preferences of sweet food is universal
– However, after infancy there is a broad range of likes
and dislikes
– Evolved factors are modified by experiences made
available by our culture
• Supports Nature-Nurture debate
08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 16

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Eating: Evolution and eating introduction A2

  • 1. Evolutionary Explanations of Food Preferences Do we have an innate preference for certain foods? How were these preferences adaptive in the EEA? How do these preferences function now? 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 1
  • 2. Background • The environment of Evolutionary Adaption (EEA) is the environment in which a species first evolved • Humans emerged 2 million years ago on the African Savannah • Natural selection favoured traits which allowed survival in that environment 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 2
  • 3. Evolutionary Explanations of Food Preferences • Any current behaviours that appear to be maladaptive (dysfunctional) can often be explained as being functional in the past • Our modern preference for calorific food can be traced back to our ancestors where it was adaptive 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 3
  • 4. • Early humans were frugivores and relied on sweet fruits for their survival • Harris (1987) – babies like sweet tastes How are innate food preferences adaptive: Sweet 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 4
  • 5. How are innate food preferences adaptive: Salty • In the hot African Savannah salty food would have been needed to replace salts lost through sweating • Denton (1982) – animal research has shown innate preference for salty food 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 5
  • 6. How are innate food preferences adaptive: Umami • Receding forests meant people had to start eating meat • Inclusion of meat acted as a catalyst for brain growth • Milton (2008) humans would never have evolved to become active, intelligent creatures without meat in their diet 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 6
  • 7. How are innate food preferences adaptive: Sour • Discouraged people from eating foods that had gone off 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 7
  • 8. How are innate food preferences adaptive: Bitter • Discouraged people from eating potentially poisonous food 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 8
  • 9. How are innate food preferences adaptive: Fatty • Needed in EEA as high levels of energy needed to survive • Burnham and Phelan (2000) preference for fatty foods come from times of food scarcity when this type of food is full of energy giving calories 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 9
  • 10. How are innate food preferences adaptive: Spicy • Sherman and Hash (2001) – meat dishes contain far more spices than vegetable ones • Spices have antimicrobial properties • Could explain preferences for spices in hot countries 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 10
  • 11. Food Neophobia • Animals tend to avoid food they have not come across before • Frost (2006) As a food becomes more familiar we show a greater liking of it 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 11
  • 12. Taste Aversion Learning • Developed as a means of survival • If we eat food that makes us sick it would be an advantage to avoid that food in the future • Garcia et al (1955) rats made ill through radiation after eating saccharin developed an aversion to it • Explains why food poisoning leads to inability to eat that food for a long time (association) 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 12
  • 13. Innate food preferences in the modern world • Our food focus is no longer about eating enough to avoid malnutrition as it was in the past • Our preference for sweet food can now lead to a highly calorific diet (chocolate, sugar) • Our preference for salty food can now lead to a highly fatty diet (crisps, chips) • • • 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 13
  • 14. Evaluation • Good explanation of food preferences – i.e. good explanation of why we like foods which have very little goodness • Focus on ultimate rather than proximate causes – i.e. evolutionary approach considers ultimate causes rather than looking at maladaptiveness (overeating) – Genome Lag 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 14
  • 15. Evaluation • Research – Difficult to falsify – However, we can study related species who face similar adaptive problems to our ancestors – Fossils show the evolution of meat eating • Suggests evolution has stopped though Wills (1999) say this is not the case 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 15
  • 16. IDA • Reductionist • Determinist • Cultural Differences – Infant preferences of sweet food is universal – However, after infancy there is a broad range of likes and dislikes – Evolved factors are modified by experiences made available by our culture • Supports Nature-Nurture debate 08/10/2013 Evolutionary Explanations 16