Infectious causes of infertility

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5/11/2017INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF INFERTILITY1

Infectious Causes Of Infertility In Domestic
Animals

INFECTIOUS CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Common Infectious Diseases Affecting Reproduction Are:
 Endometritis
 Metritis
 Pyometra
 Cervicitis
 Vaginitis
 Granular- vulvovaginitis
 Oophoritis
 Puerperal Metritis
Brucellosis
Vibriosis
IBR-IPV
Leptospirosis
Listeriosis

1.Endometritis
Inflammation of endometrium
results;
like abortion,
retained placenta,
premature birth,
 dystocia
Etiology:
 Wound on uterine mucosa.
 Dystocia.
 Abnormal parturition.
 Prolapse of uterus or vagina
 Abortions.
 Retained placenta.
 Pre-mature birth.
 Uterine inertia.
 Lack of exercise.
 Delayed uterine
involution.
 Injury during AI.
 Unhygienic conditions
at the time of calving.

Symptoms:
 Mucopurulent discharge from uterus, especially during
estrum, flakes of pus. Oestrual discharge is often
cloudy, milky instead of being clear and translucent.

Diagnosis:
 History.
 Clinical symptoms.
 Bacteriological examination. For this purpose the
cervico-vaginal swabs or discharge from uterus or
vagina may be collected.(Trueperella pyogenes,)
 Histopathological examination.
Treatment:
 Repeated dose of antibiotic after CST on 4-5 successive
days both intrauterine and parentally.
 Lugol's sol 5% dil 20 times DW I/Uterine 100-250ml will
initiate uterine activity if given after antibiotic therapy.
 I/U cephalosporin should be considered the most
effective antibiotic treatment.

2. Pyometra:
 Progressive accumulation of pus in the uterus and by the
persistence of functional luteal tissue in the ovary
resulting in failure of estrus following uterine infection
during post calving and post service.
 Pyo = Pus, Metra= Uterus

Pyometra usually develops following,
1. As a sequel to chronic endometritis.
2. Death of the fetus, invasion of the uterus by A.
Pyogenes and retention of the corpus Luteum of
pregnancy.
3. Venereal infection with organisms such as Trichomonas
fetus, which causes embryonic death (infected bull)
Pyometra
1. Open Pyometra. (Discharge from Vagina)
2. Closed Pyometra. (no discharge from Vagina)

Symptoms:
Failure to come to Estrus.
The pus from uterus escapes in the anterior of vagina.
It is expelled when animal lie down or while urinating or
defecating.
On rectal palpation- uterine wall is usually felt
thickened, flaccid and atonic.
Treatment:
 Knock off the CL - PGF2 - 25 mg i/m
 Estrogen - contraction of uterus, which expels the
pus.
 Antibiotic infusion.
 Uterine douche with mild anti septic solution like P.P,
weak iodine etc.

Differentiation of pyometra from a normal pregnancy
can sometimes be difficult, but there are a number of
distinguishing points;
 The uterine wall is thicker than at pregnancy.
 The uterus has a more ‘doughy’ and less vibrant feel.
 It is not possible to ‘slip’ the allantochorion.
 Fetal cotyledons, enlarged uterine artery not palpable
in pyometra.
Cervicitis:
 Inflammation of cervix is associated with metritis or
following abnormal parturition through vaginal
contamination.

Symptoms:
External os is edematous, swollen, prolapsed external
folds. Reddish mucopurulent cervical mucosa.
Treatment:
 Painting with Lugol’s iodine.
 Uterine douche.
Vaginitis:
 Often secondary to metritis or cervicitis. Also as a
result of trauma and laceration.
Causes:
Non-specific infection like Strep.cocci, Staph.cocci,
Corynebacterium.
Specific causes like IBR-IPV, Trichomonasis, and
Vibriosis.

Symptoms:
 Mucopurulent yellow grey pus is discharged through
vulva at irregular interval. On vaginal examination
exudate is noticed on the vaginal floor, vaginal wall is
inflamed, congested and edematous.
Treatment:
Flushing of vagina with mild antiseptics
Antibiotic infusion.
Puerperal metritis:
 Metritis that occurs within a few days of parturition.
 Associated with uterine inertia and is accompanied by
retention of placenta.
 Corynebacterium, Actinomycosis, and Strep.cocci.

Symptoms:
 Affected animals show both local and general
symptoms.
Local:
 Fetid reddish serous vaginal discharge accompanied by
frequent expulsive straining,
 uterus contains large volume of exudate, and vulva and
vagina is congested and edematous.
General: Anorexia and elevated body temperature.
Treatment:
 Flushing of uterus with mild antiseptic solution.
 Systemic antibiotics.

Granular vulvo-vaginitis:
 infectious disease of vulva and vagina and is
characterised by development of small elevated
pustules or granules.
 lesions are more common on the vulva than in vagina.
 In acute cases the pustules are highly inflamed
causing a mucopurulent discharge, which may hang, or
mat the hair coat around the tail.
Treatment:
 Flushing with antiseptics. Antibiotics including local
application.

Oophoritis/Ovaritis
 Inflammation/infection of ovary.
Causes:
 Secondary to trauma
 Infection through uterus
 Extension of infection through uterine walls
Treatment:
 Not easy. Supportive treatment.
 If infection extended through uterus treatment of
the condition.

IBR-IPV:
 Highly contagious causing abortions in cattle during
second half of pregnancy.
 Caused by BHV type-1 in the sub family
alphaherpesvirinae in the family herpesviridae.
 BHV-1.2a subtype causes abortion while subtype BHV-
1.2b causes Pustular vulvovaginitis.
Transmission:
 Through infected bull or Infected semen.
 Nose to nose contact with infected animals.
Symptoms in females:
 Swollen vulva
 Papules causing erosion and ulcers in the mucosal
surface of the vulva.

Treatment:
 no specific treatment ( secondary)
 Local flushing with antiseptics
 Application of antibiotic ointment locally
 Supportive treatment with antibiotics.
Brucellosis:
 Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by B. abortus
and characterised by series of abortion from 6
months of gestation onwards.
Cause: Brucella abortus.
Clinical signs: Abortion in 3rd.trimester of gestation
and retention of placenta in the subsequent parturition.
Foetal membranes are edematous, hemorrhagic and
necrotic.

Diagnosis:
 Milk Ring Test on milk ( Herd)
 STAT (standard agglutination test). Titre of 1:40 is
considered positive.
 Isolation of organism from Foetal membranes and
lungs.
Control:
 Through vaccination with calf hood vaccine at 4-6
months of age.
 Test and cull the positive reactors.
 Proper disposal of aborted fetus and membranes.
 Sexual rest for at least 90 days

Trichomonasis:
 Venereal disease of cattle caused by a protozoa
organism, Tritrichomonas fetus.
 Small, motile organism is found only in the reproductive
tract of infected bulls and cows.
 characterised by low pregnancy
rate, a profuse muccoflocculant
Vulval discharge, early abortion
and pyometra.
Transmission:
 From infected bull during service
 Contaminated semen in case of AI.

Clinical Signs:
 The most common symptoms are infertility characterized
Repeat breeding and Irregular oestrus cycle,
 Abortion 2-4 months of gestation.
Diagnosis:
 Microscopic examination of the vaginal discharge

Treatment:
 Spontaneous recovery after a sexual rest of about 90
days.
 Inj, Metronidazole- 25-30ml I/u on alternate days for
3 days.
 Uterine douche with Lugol’s Iodine.
 Infusion of antibiotics intrauterine
Vibriosis:
Cause:
 Vibrio fetus, a gram-negative coma shaped organism.

Transmission:
 Natural service by a infected bull.
 AI with semen from infected bull
Symptoms:
 Mild endometritis with irregular oestrus cycle.
Infertility due to early embryonic death leading to
repeat breeding is the most consistent sign.
Diagnosis:
 Examination of vaginal mucus smear for organism
 VMAT (Vaginal mucus agglutination test). Titre of 1:
50 is regarded as positive

Treatment:
 Metronidazole -25-30 ml I/u on alternate days for 3
days.
 Inj. Antibiotics
 Uterine douche with mild antiseptic solution.
 Sexual rest
Leptospirosis:
 Febrile and infectious disease characterised by fetal
death, abortion, stillbirth and weak calves.
Clinical signs:
 temp. >40 degrees
 Haemoglobinuria, icterus, anorexia, abortion more
common after 6 months.

Treatment:
 Streptomycin @12mg/kg bid×3d
 Dihydrostreptomycin @ 25mg/kg i/m.
Listeriosis:
 Primarily parasite of Central Nervous System causing
encephalitis.
Clinical Signs:
 Sporadic abortion occurring towards the end of
gestation.
 There may be pyrexia before abortion in some animals.
Aborted fetus often has characteristic multiple yellow
or grey foci in the liver.
Treatment:
Oxytetracycline or Penicillin.

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Infectious causes of infertility

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