2. Gender Socialization
OThe aspect of socialization that
contains specific messages and
practices concerning the nature of
being female or male in a specific
group or society.
OIt is important in determining what we
think the “preferred sex” of a child
should be and in influencing our
beliefs about acceptable behaviours
for males and females.
3. O In a study of African-American families, the
sociologist Janice Hale-Benson(1986)
found that children typically are not taught
to think of gender strictly in “male-female”
terms. Both daughters and sons are
socialized towards autonomy,
independence, self confidence and
nurturance of children
4. O Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins(1990)
suggested that “othermothers” (women
other than a child’s biological mother) plays
an important part in the gender socialization
of African-American children, especially
girls.
O Othermothers often serve as a gender role
models and encourage women to become
activist on behalf of their children and
community.
5. Racial Socialization
O is the aspect of socialization that
contains specific messages and
practices concerning the nature of one’s
racial or ethnic status.
ORelates to:
Personal and group identity
Intergroup and interindividual
relationships
Position in the social
heirarchy.
6. O Racial socialization includes direct
statements regarding race, modeling
behaviour(where a child imitates the
behaviour of a parent or other
caregiver), and indirect activities such
as exposure to specific objects,
contexts, and environments that
represent one’s racial-ethnic group.
(Thornton et al., 1990).
8. Infancy and Childhood
OSome social scientists believe that
a child’s sense of self is formed at
a very early age and that is difficult
to change this view later in life.
OInteractionists emphasize that
during infancy and early childhood,
family support and guidance are
crucial to a child’s developing self-
concept.
9. OAbused children often
experience “low self-
esteem, an inability to trust
others, feelings of
isolationism and
powerlessness, and denial
of their feelings.
10. Adolescence
OIn industrialized societies, the
adolescent( or the teenage ) years
represents a buffer between
childhood and adulthood.
OAnticipatory socialization is often
associated with adolescence, during
which many young people spend
much of their time planning or being
educated for future roles they hope to
occupy.
11. OAdolescence is often characterized
by emotional and social unrest.
OIn the process of developing their
own identities, some young people
come into conflict with parents,
teachers, and other authority figures
who attempt to restrict freedom.
OThe experiences of individuals during
adolescence varies according to
race, class, and gender.
12. Adulthood
OOne major differences between
child socialization and adult
socialization is the degree of
freedom of choice.
OIn early adulthood(usually until
about age forty), people work
toward their own goals of creating
meaningful relationships with
others, finding employment, and
seeking personal fulfillment.
13. OWorkplace socialization
OOne of the most important types
of adult socialization.
OSociologists Wilbert Moore
(1968) divided occupational
socialization into four:
Career choice
Anticipatory socialization
Conditioning and commitment
Continuous commitment
14. OSocial devaluation
Wherein a person or groups is
considered to have less social
value than other groups
It is especially acute when
people are leaving roles have
defined their sense of social
identity and provided them with
meaningful meanings.
