Approach and management of COVID-19 patients in Afghanistan
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Saúde e medicina
Approach and management of COVID-19 patients in Afghanistan
Lecture 1-7
All Slides of Dr. Saba
درسگفتار راهکار و مدیریت بیماران کوید-۱۹ در افغانستان
با تشکر
برگزار کننده
مركز اموزشي طبي دريچه موفقيت
حمایت کننده تخنیکی
دی اگری افغانستان
2. Epidemiology
• 20% of patient need hospitalization
• 1/4 of them need ICU admission. (about 5-8% infected population)
• It vary in different country (culture, average age , comorbidity, and
testing availability )
• China: 7-26%
• Italy: 5-12%
• USA : 4.9 -11.5 %
• Men and women equal
3. CLINICAL FEATURES IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
• Rate of progression:
• (ARDS), onset of dyspnea is relatively late (median 6.5 days after symptom
onset), but progression to ARDS can be swift thereafter (median 2.5 days
after onset of dyspnea)
• Clinical features:
• profound acute hypoxemic respiratory failure from ARDS is the dominant
finding.
• Hypercapnia is rare.
• Fevers tend to wax and wane during ICU admission.
• The need for mechanical ventilation in those who are critically ill is high
ranging from 42 to 100 percent
4. Continue..
• Complications:
• kidney injury (AKI)- 29% in china and 33% in USA (due to old age) may need kidney replacement
therapy
• Liver dysfunction- 29%
• Cardiac injury 23% (pericarditis, pericardial effusion, arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death
• Sepsis, shock, and multi-organ failure do occur but appear to be uncommon when compared with
non-COVID-19-related ARDS(13% need vasoactive agent)
• secondary bacterial pneumonia is rare (it was 12% in china may due to corticosteroid) more data
needed.
• Lung compliance is high than other cause of ARDS. (mononuclear infiltration to diffuse alveolar
damage)
• Neurologic complication (delirium and encephalopathy2/3 of patient: agitation , confusion
hyperreflexia )- need more sedative. There is some evidence about ischemic stroke3/13. CSF negative
for SARS-COV-2 and CSF protein is high. not clear it is due to critical illness , medication effect, or
effect of cytokines.
• Encephalitis is rare
5. Risk factors for progression
• Age appears to be the major risk factor that predicts progression to
ARDS.
• Comorbidities, high fever (≥39°C)
• history of smoking
• select laboratory features also predict progression and death from
COVID-19.
• Importantly, adults of any age may develop severe disease and
experience adverse outcomes, especially those with comorbidities.
6. Laboratory
Laboratory findings in critically ill patients:
(eg leukopenia, lymphopenia, leukocytosis, elevated D-dimer, lactate
dehydrogenase, and ferritin, normal or low procalcitonin) are initially
modest and similar to those with milder illness,
although the procalcitonin level may be more elevated and
lymphopenia more profound in critically ill patients
poor prognosis and need for ICU and may mechanical ventilation:
lymphopenia , high level C reactive protein , d-dimer , ferritin ,
thrombocytopenia
7. Rapid overview of initial ICU management of
patients with suspected COVID-19 infection
•ENHANCED PRECAUTIONS: N95 mask* (or
equivalent), gloves, gown, eye protection;
disposable stethoscope; airborne infection
isolation room for aerosol-generating
procedures.
8. Imaging
Ground-glass opacification with or without consolidative
abnormalities, consistent with viral pneumonia, minimal or no pleural
effusions.
In ICU avoid it! (risk to other patients and healthcare workers during
the process of patient transport and time spent in the CT room)
Just in case you think that may it change your management (PE)
bedside lung ultrasound : thickening of the pleural line and B lines
supporting alveolar consolidation. Pleural effusions are unusual.
13. Diagnostic testing Actions Explanatory notes
Nasopharyngeal swab Perform SARS-CoV-2
(COVID-19) test
Test for influenza if
prevalent in the
community
Do NOT obtain viral
cultures
Oropharyngeal swab is an alternative if
nasopharyngeal swab is not available.
In intubated patients, tracheal aspirates and
nonbronchoscopic alveolar lavage ("mini-BAL")
are also acceptable.
Bronchoscopy is only performed for this
indication when upper respiratory samples and
mini-BAL are negative.
Other microbiology Obtain the
following:Blood cultures
Sputum culture, if
clinically indicated (avoid
induced sputum)
Urinary antigen
for Legionella, Pneumoco
ccus, if clinically
indicated
14. ECG
Baseline at admission
Subsequent daily ECG for patients on medications that can prolong
QTc
Medications that can prolong QTc include (among others):
azithromycin, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir , phenothiazine's ,
quetiapine.
15. Flexible bronchoscopy
• Avoid bronchoscopy to prevent aerosol spread
• If necessary, perform in airborne infection isolation room
• Bronchoscopy, should only be performed for the diagnosis of COVID-
19 when upper respiratory samples and mini-BAL are negative or
when indicated for another reason (eg, infection in an
immunosuppressed patient; life-threatening hemoptysis or airway
obstruction).
16. Supportive care
Management is largely supportive with surveillance for common
complications including ARDS, acute kidney injury, elevated liver
enzymes, and cardiac injury.
All co-infections and comorbidities should be managed.
Patients should be monitored for prolonged QTc interval and for any
drug interactions
17. SUPPORTIVE CARE
Vascular access , fluid management and nutrition
Vascular access Place central venous catheter
Place arterial line if frequent need for ABGs anticipated (eg,
ventilated patient with ARDS)
Intravenous
fluids and
nutrition
Conservative approach. Use vasopressors preferentially
rather than large volume (>30 mL/kg) IV fluid
resuscitation.
Follow standard ICU protocols for nutritional support
18. SUPPORTIVE CARE
Pharmacological treatment
Sedation as needed (no different from other patient).
Analgesia (don’t use NSAID) use paracetamol (if needed up to
4g/day)
nutritional support is the same like other ICU patient
Glucose control is like other ICU patient (we suggest a blood glucose
target of 140 to 180 mg/dL) – use short acting insulin
Stress ulcer prophylaxis: (15-50% ICU patients)
PPI is better than H2 blocker
alternative H2 blocker , sucralfate , antacid.
19. SUPPORTIVE CARE
continue..
Venous thromboembolism prevention:
VTE prophylaxis is warranted in all ICU patient.
USE preferably with low molecular weight heparin, unless there is a
contraindication (eg, bleeding, severe thrombocytopenia)
Enoxaparin 4000 IU or 40mg once daily
Other measures like hemodynamic monitoring , fever management ,
early physical therapy , ventilator associated pneumonia precaution is
the same like other ICU patient.
20. Supportive care ..
Surveillance
• Look for complication
• We suggest that daily laboratory studies include complete blood count with
differential, chemistries, liver function and coagulation studies, arterial
blood gases, ferritin level, D-dimer level, and lactate dehydrogenase.
• Serial measurement of cardiac troponins and bed side transthoracic
echocardiogram may be helpful to evaluate for suspected cardiac injury.
• Daily chest x ray not recommended (do it if necessary like central IV
cannula , ETT placement , relevant clinical change)
• CT scan – just if you think it will change your management ( PE)
21. Supportive care
continue..
• Corticosteroid: Systemic glucocorticoids generally not advised for COVID-19 infection,
unless needed for other indication (eg, asthma, COPD)
• If taking as outpatient: Adjust dosing to prevent adrenal insufficiency If asthma/COPD
flare: Use per usual indications.
• ICS :
• For asthma, continue usual dose
• For COPD without asthmatic component or clear prior benefit, hold ICS
• For COPD with asthmatic component or clear prior benefit, continue ICS
• Nebulized medication:
Avoid nebulizers whenever possible to prevent aerosol spread
Use MDIs for inhaled medications (including patients on mechanical ventilation)
When required for some patients with asthma and COPD exacerbation, give nebulizers in
an airborne infection isolation room
22. Supportive care
continue..
• Management of co-infections and comorbidities:
• Empiric antibiotic therapy : For suspected bacterial co-infection (eg,
elevated WBC, positive sputum culture, positive urinary antigen,
atypical chest imaging), administer empiric coverage for community-
acquired or healthcare-associated pneumonia.
23. Adjustments to outpatient medication
• Assess and seek expert consultation to manage comorbid conditions
(asthma, COPD, sickle cell disease, immunocompromised , pregnancy)
• ICS : we mentioned above
• Oral corticosteroid : we mentioned above
• NSAIDs :Acetaminophen is preferred antipyretic
• There are minimal data informing the risks of NSAIDs in the setting of
COVID-19. Given the uncertainty, we use acetaminophen as the preferred
antipyretic agent.
• ACEI/ARB: Continue if there is no other reason for discontinuation (eg,
hypotension, acute kidney injury
• Statins: Patients taking a statin at baseline should continue
24. Reference
• 1. George L Anesi , MD, MSCE, MBE. UPTODATE. [Online] April 15,
2020. [Cited: April 17, 2020.]
• 2. Davud H cennimo, MD, FAAP,FACP,AAHIVS et al. Medscape .
www.medscape.com. [Online] 4 8, 2020. [Cited: 4 18, 2020.]
47. Resistance is determined by auto peep or intrinsic PEEP by holding the
expiratory pause
should be less than 5cmH2O
48. Volume control VS pressure control
• For volume control: check the peak pressure and plateau pressure
• For pressure control : check the tidal volume and minute ventilation
51. Set mode to volume assist-control
• Set initial tidal volume to 6 mL/kg PBW
• Set initial ventilator rate ≤35 breaths/min to match baseline minute ventilation
• Subsequent tidal volume adjustment:
• Plateau pressure goal: Pplat ≤30 cm H2O
• Check inspiratory plateau pressure with 0.5 second inspiratory pause at least
every four hours and after each change in PEEP or tidal volume.
• If Pplat >30 cm H2O, decrease tidal volume in 1 mL/kg PBW steps to 5 or if
necessary to 4 mL/kg PBW.
• If Pplat <25 cm H2O and tidal volume <6 mL/kg, increase tidal volume by 1 mL/kg
PBW until Pplat >25 cm H2O or tidal volume = 6 mL/kg.
• If breath stacking (auto PEEP) or Pao2 drop , tidal volume may be increased to 7
or 8 mL/kg PBW if Pplat remains ≤30 cm H2O.
62. Reference
1. George L Anesi, MD, MSCE, MBE. up-to-date. www.uptodate.com.
[Online] 4 20, 2020. [Cited: 4 22, 2020.] htt://www.uptodate.com.
2. Dana P. Edelson, MD, MS1.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During the COVID-19 Pandemic:
A View from Trainees on the Frontline.
AHA.journals.org. [Online] American heart association , 4 2020.
[Cited: 4 22, 2020.] http://www.aha.journal.org.
66. Priority CDC guidance IDSA guidance
First Hospitalized patients
Symptomatic health care
workers
Critically ill patients receiving ICU-level care with unexplained viral
pneumonia or respiratory failure (regardless of travel or exposure history)
Any individual (including health care workers) with fever or features of a
lower respiratory tract illness and close contact with patients with
laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 within 14 days of symptom onset
(including all residents of long-term care facilities with a confirmed case)
Individuals with fever or features of a lower respiratory tract illness who
are also immunosuppressed (including patients with HIV), older, or have
underlying chronic health conditions
Individuals with fever or features of a lower respiratory tract illness who
are critical to the pandemic response, including health care workers,
public health officials, and other essential leaders
Second Patients in long-term care
facilities with symptoms
Patients 65 years of age and
older with symptoms
Patients with underlying
conditions with symptoms
First responders with symptoms
Non-ICU hospitalized patients and long-term care residents with
unexplained fever and features of a lower respiratory tract illness
67. ادامه.....
•
Third Critical infrastructure workers with
symptoms
Individuals who do not meet any of the
above categories with symptoms
Health care workers and first responders
without symptoms
Individuals with mild symptoms in
communities experiencing high COVID-19
hospitalizations
Outpatients who meet criteria for influenza testing (eg,
symptoms such as fever, cough, and other suggestive
respiratory symptoms plus comorbid conditions, such as
diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,
congestive heart failure, age >50 years,
immunocompromising conditions); testing of outpatient
pregnant women and symptomatic children with similar
risk factors is also included in this priority level*
Fourth Individuals without symptoms (non-priority) Community surveillance as directed by public health and/or
infectious diseases authorities