Please peruse the presentations to make Renewable Energy Policy sucssful in In

1. A BRIEF JOURNEY
ON
RENEWABLE ENERGY
IN
GERMANY
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2. MAP OF GERMANY
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3. GERMANY AT A GLANCE
Location:
Central Europe
Area:
357,104 km² (about 1/9 of India) 3,287,263 km²
Neighboring countries:
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France,
Luxemburg, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland
Climate:
Average annual temperature: 9 °C
Rivers are navigable:
Rhine 865 km, Elbe 700 km, Danube 647 km
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4. GERMANY AT A GLANCE
Population
2008: 82.2 million (India 1150 million)
Population density: 230 per km² ( India 336 per km² )
Political System
State system: Democratic-parliamentary federal state
Capital city: Berlin
Head of state: Prof. Dr. Horst Köhler
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5. GERMANY AT A GLANCE
Currency: 1 euro = 100 cents (~ Rs. 80)
Gross domestic product (GDP) 2008: EUR
2,489.40 billion (India 762.5 billion euro)
GDP growth 2008: +1.3 %
GDP per person (2008):EUR 30,310
Shares in the GDP: Services 50.9 %, industry
and construction 30.4 %, trade 17.9 %,
agriculture 0.9 %
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6. World Electricity
Growth Projections
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7. World Electric Power Generation Growth
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8. World Electricity Data
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9. JS Arora

10. Power Generation
in
Germany
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11. Germany 2009 : Total Generation=616 BKwH
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12. Germany Electricity Data
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Install 120400 120800 120800 126700 130000
capacity MW
Generation 579.7 594.8 594.8 594.6 616
(Billon Kwh)
Consumption 545.8 549.1 549.1 551 551
(Billon Kwh)
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13. Germany Electricity Policy
The 1935 Energy Industry Act
amended in 1996, provided
for an immediate and full
market opening without
transitional arrangements.
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14. Germany Electricity Policy
The 1991 Act on Feeding Electricity from
Renewable Energies into the Public Grid which
sought to promote the production of electricity
from renewable energy sources had to be
adapted to the liberalized electricity market.
Adequate measures had not been taken to
achieve the government's climate protection
goals: namely, a 25% reduction of CO2 in the
period 1990 to 2005.
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15. Germany Electricity Policy
The focus of energy policy 1998 to 2002
Ending the use of nuclear energy
– On June 11, 2001, the federal government and the
operators of nuclear power plants signed the
agreement that serves as a basis for the orderly
termination of the use of nuclear power in Germany.
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16. Germany Electricity Policy
The focus of energy policy 1998 to 2002
Renewable energies
– EU directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable
energies in the internal market for electricity. For Germany,
a doubling to 12.5% by the year 2010 is aimed, and for the
EU as a whole to 22%.
– The law on renewable sources on energy (Erneuerbare
Energien Gesetz, EEG) requires grid operators to purchase
electricity from renewable sources at fixed prices. Covering,
wind, geothermal, photovoltaics, small hydro (below 5 MW),
biomass and certain forms of waste
– Purchase from Co-generation plants at pre-determined
prices.
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17. Germany Electricity Policy
The focus of energy policy 1998 to 2002
Climate protection
– In October 2000 the German government adopted a
climate protection program to achieve the national target
of a 25% lowering of CO2 emissions by 2005 from 1990
levels.
– On November 9, 2000 German industry and the federal
government concluded a voluntary commitment
agreement for climate protection. By 2005, CO2 emissions
are to be lowered by 28% and by 2012 the greenhouse
gases named in the Kyoto Protocol are to be lowered by
35% (each relative to 1990 levels).
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18. Germany Electricity Policy
Summary
Pre-liberalisation (over 1000 mixed private and state-owned
companies, 9 large vertically integrated firms, regional/local
monopolies)
1996 Directive 96/92/EC (market opening, accounting unbundling,
different options for network access)
1998 Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz, EEG(100% market opening),
2003 Directive 2003/54/EC (legal unbundling, regulator required)
2005 Bundesnetzagentur (regulator for electricity and gas)
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19. Renewable Electricity
Generation
in
Germany
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20. Renewable Energy Sources Act
1991: Energy Feed-In Law (StrEG)
2000: Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)
2004: Optimised new EEG (Amended)
2009: Optimised new EEG (Amended)
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21. What is a Feed-In Tariff?
Feed-in Tariff s (FITs) aim to support the market development of renewable
energy technologies, specifically for electricity generation. Fits put a legal
obligation on utilities and energy companies to purchase electricity from
renewable energy producers at a favourable price per unit, and this price is
usually guaranteed over a certain time period.
Tariff rates are usually determined for each renewable technology in order to
take account of their differing generation costs, and to ensure profitability.
Therefore, the FIT rate set by a particular government for solar, wind or
geothermal generated electricity may vary depending on the costs associated
with each of these
technologies.
The guaranteed access to the grid, favorable rate per unit and the tariff term.
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22. The Feed-in- Tariff :
German Success story
The German FIT has been a huge success – and is
generally regarded as the best example of an effective
FIT law.
The first real Feed-In Law in Germany was the
Stromeinspeisungsgesetz (StrEG) introduced in 1991,
otherwise known as the Electricity Feed-In-Law.
This took the form of a simple one-page bill for assisting
producers of electricity from small hydro stations and wind
energy installations.
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23. Renewable Energy Sources Act, main
features
Term of the contracts: maximum 20 years
Planning and investment reliability by guaranteed fixed
prices for RE-power
Returns of 7% taken as the basis for the calculations
Annual decrease of the tariffs
RE-priority for grid access, transmission and distribution
Equalization of additional costs for electricity from RES
between all grid operators and electricity suppliers; Costs paid by
all consumers
All different types of RES are considered
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24. The German Success story
The StrEG was modified in several ways in April
1998 with the adoption of the Energy Supply
Industry Act, and in 2000, the Erneuerbare-
Energien-Gesetz (EEG), otherwise known as the
2000 Renewable Energy Sources Act, was
introduced in response to deregulation of the German
electricity market in 1998, and a number of other
problems with the StrEG. The EEG represented an
update, refinement and replacement of German
renewable energy policy.
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25. The German Success story
The EEG Amendment in 2004 committed Germany to
increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s
total electricity supply to 12.5% by 2010, and to at least
20% by 2020. The tariff rates in the 2004 Amendment
ranged from €0.0539 per kWh for electricity generated
from wind, to €0.5953 for solar electricity from small
facade systems.
The rates at which the guaranteed tariff would reduce
each year (annual digression rates) were also set fairly
high in the amendment, ranging from 1%-6.5% annually
depending on the technology.
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26. Success of the German Renewable
Energy Sources Act
Creation of a large internal market
Creation of more than 250,000 new jobs in Germany
Series of innovative developments in RE technologies
Costs for market introduction of RE considerably lower
than in other countries
Renewable Energy Sources Act is a cost effective
stimulus package
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27. The German Success story
As of 2009, feed-in tariff policies have been
enacted in 63 countries around the world,
including in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada,
China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy,
the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, and in some states in the
United States.
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28. History of the Renewable Energy
Sources Act
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29. Germany Renewable Energy
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30. R.E. sources as a share of gross
electricity consumption in Germany
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31. JS Arora

32. Wind Energy
in
Germany
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35. The EEG – basis of success for German wind energy
For wind energy an ‘initial tariff’ is fixed for at least
5 and up to 20 years.
It is reduced to a ‘basic tariff’ depending on how
local wind conditions compare to a so called
‘reference yield’.
Wind installations on very good sites (reference
yield of 150 %) receive the initial tariff for example
for five years, while for turbines on lesser sites this
period can be extended.
The tariffs are altogether paid for 20 years.
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36. The EEG – basis of success for German wind energy
As of 1 January 2009 the initial tariff for onshore wind
energy was increased to 9.2 cent/kWh.
The basic tariff is set at 5.02 cent/kWh. There will be
an annual degression of 1 % for new installations
every year.
The tariff for offshore wind energy got increased to 13
cent/kWh plus an additional ‘sprinter bonus’ of 2
cents/kWh for projects which will come into operation
before the end of 2015.
The initial 15 cents/kWh will be paid for a period of 12
years. After that, the tariff will decrease to 3.5
cents/kWh.
Offshore tariffs will annually decrease at 5 % for new
installations starting from 2015. JS Arora

37. The EEG – basis of success for German wind energy
Grid operators are obliged to feed in electricity
produced from renewable energy and buy it at a
minimum price within their supply area.
Furthermore, the new EEG requires of grid
operators not only that they extend the grid, but
also that they optimise and enhance the existing
grid.
Failure to comply with this can lead to claims for
damages by anyone willing (but unable) to feed in.
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41. Wind Energy Technology
What works & what doesn’t
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42. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
Wind Energy in Germany by 2020
The domestic market has been very stable in recent years and will even
rise again once the administrative hurdles such as general distance
regulations and height limits have been overcome and construction can
continue. This is mainly a political issue. National and Federal State
targets for renewable electricity require a growing contribution of wind
energy in Germany.
According to calculations from BWE the overall German onshore
capacity could be at 45,000 MW, with an additional 10,000 MW offshore
wind. With a generation of approximately 150 TWh/year wind energy
could deliver 25 % of the German electricity consumption by this time.
Future challenges include a speedy grid expansion with also using
underground cable in critical areas.
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44. Wind industry gears up for high level participation in Copenhagen
climate talks
“Wind power will play a key role in combating climate
change, but we need a clear framework and a price on
carbon for the sector to reach its full potential,”
“All analyses show that the largest contribution to solving
the climate issue must come from the private sector, and we
stand ready to contribute, but we need a clear, robust and
legally binding international framework to do so.”
Industry scenarios demonstrate that wind energy can save
as much as 10 bn tons of CO2 by 2020.
Steve Sawyer, GWEC Secretary General.
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45. Solar Energy
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46. Source: Aleo
Why do we need Photovoltaics?
Source: Solarwatt
PV is the most fascinating way
to produce electricity
Advantages
PV can be used everywhere worldwide
PV can be used grid connected and off-
grid
PV can be used in every size Source: Phönix
PV needs only one initial investment
PV does not harm the environment
PV has the biggest potential among all
RES
Source: SMA
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
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47. Why do we need Photovoltaics?
Challenge: Today, PV is often the most expensive way
to produce electricity using RES
However: PV has the highest cost reduction potential
PV has to be developed today in order to have
(1) enough solar capacity available in one decade
(2) at a competitive price
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48. Solar Photo Voltaic
Solar photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a
material that converts solar radiation into direct current
electricity. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include
amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline
silicon, cadmium telluride,
Photovoltaic production has been doubling every 2 years,
increasing by an average of 48 percent each year since 2002,
making it the world’s fastest-growing energy technology. Solar
PV power stations today have capacities ranging from 10-60
MW although proposed solar PV power stations will have a
capacity of 150 MW or more
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49. Solar PV
Advantages
The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface is plentiful -
almost 6,000 times more than the 15 terawatts of average electrical
power consumed by humans. This natural resource can be utilised
by by using Solar PV
Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and
emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-
use recycling technologies are under development.
PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or
intervention after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of
building any solar power plant, operating costs are extremely low
compared to existing power technologies.
Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid
connection or fuel transport is difficult, costly or impossible. Long-
standing examples include satellites, island communities, remote
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locations and ocean vessels.

50. Solar PV
Advantages
When grid-connected, solar electric generation replaces some or all
of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand (in
most climatic regions). This can reduce grid loading, and can
eliminate the need for local battery power to provide for use in times
of darkness. These features are enabled by net metering. Time-of-
use net metering can be highly favorable, but requires newer
electronic metering, which may still be impractical for some users.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing
transmission/distribution losses (transmission losses in the US were
approximately 7.2% in 1995).
Compared to fossil and nuclear energy sources, very little research
money has been invested in the development of solar cells, so there
is considerable room for improvement. Nevertheless, experimental
high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% and
efficiencies are rapidly rising while mass-production costs are
rapidly falling.
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51. Solar PV
Disadvantages
Photovoltaics are costly to install. While the modules are often
warranted for upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a
home-mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and
the buyer puts less value on the system than the seller.
Solar electricity is not available at night and is less available in
cloudy weather conditions from conventional silicon based-
technologies. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system
is required.
Apart from their own efficiency figures, PV systems work within the
limited power density of their location's insolation.
Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid
tie inverter) when used in current existing distribution grids. This
incurs an energy loss of 4-12%
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52. Solar power in Germany
Germany is the world's top photovoltaics (PV) installer,
accounting for almost half of the global solar power
market in 2007.
Out of the 20 biggest photovoltaic plants, 15 are in
Germany,
Germans installed about 1,300 megawatts of new PV
capacity in 2007, up from 850 megawatts in 2006, for a
cumulative total exceeding 3,830 megawatts.
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53. Solar power in Germany
Germany added a further 2 GW in 2008 and 2.5 GW in
2009 taking the total to 8.3 GW by end of 2009.
As capacity has risen, installed PV system costs have
been cut in half between 1997 and 2007.
Solar power now meets about 1 percent of Germany's
electricity demand, a share that some market analysts
expect could reach 25 percent by 2050.
The country has a feed-in tariff for renewable electricity,
which requires utilities to pay customers a guaranteed
rate for any solar power they feed into the grid.
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54. Germany's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
DC Peak Location Description MW Hr per
Power year
40 MW Muldentalkreis 550,000 thin-film 40,000
modules
12 MW Arnstein 1408 SOLON mover 14,000
10 MW Pocking 57,912 Solar madules 11,500
6.3 MW Muenhausen 57,600 solar modules 6,750
5 MW Buerstadt 30,000 BP Solar 4,200
modules
5 MW Espenhain 33,500 Shell Solar 5,000
Modules JS Arora

55. Germany's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants
DC Peak Location Description MW Hr per year
Power
4 MW Merseburg 25,000 BP Solar modules 3,400
4 MW Gottleborn 50,000 solar modules 8,200
4 MW Hemaau 32,740 solar modules 3,900
3.3 MW Dingolfing Solara Sharp solar modules 3,050
1.9 MW Guenching Sharp solar modules -
1.9 MW Minihof Sharp solar modules -
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56. Why Germany is adding large Solar
Power capacities
The reason is not a breakthrough in the economics or technology
of solar power but a law adopted in 2000. It requires the country's
huge old-line utility companies to subsidize the solar upstarts by
buying their electricity at marked-up rates that make it easy for
the newcomers to turn a profit. Their cleanly created power
enters the utilities' grids for sale to consumers.
The law was part of a broader measure adopted by the German
government to boost production of renewable energy sources,
including wind power and biofuels. As the world's sixth-biggest
producer of carbon-dioxide emissions, Germany is trying to slash
its output of greenhouse gases and wants renewable sources to
supply a quarter of its energy needs by 2020.
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57. Solar Energy : Installed capacity
In the Year 2000 Install Capacity was 44 MW
In 2003 Some 20,000 solar electricity
systems yielding an output of about 145
Megawatts (MW) were installed. Germany
saw slow growth in 2006, but still remains by
far the largest PV market in the world. 968
MW of PV were installed in Germany in
2006. In 2008 total Capacity is 5351 MW.
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58. German Solar Energy
Germans installed about 1,300 megawatts of new PV capacity in
2007, up from 968 megawatts in 2006, for a cumulative total
exceeding 3,830 megawatts.
Germany added a further 1.5 GW in 2008 and 2.5 GW in 2009
taking the total to 8.0 GW by end of 2009.
As capacity has risen, installed PV system costs have been cut in
half between 1997 and 2007.
Solar power now meets about 1 percent of Germany's electricity
demand, a share that some market analysts expect could reach 25
percent by 2050.
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59. Photovoltaic World Market addition during 2008
Italy France
220 MWp; 4% 150 MWp; 3%
Portugal
42 MWp; 0.7% New installed
Belgium
PV Power
20 MWp; 0.3% 2006: 1600 MWp
Czech Republic
20 MWp; 0.3%
Spain RO Europe 2007: 2650 MWp
2600 MWp; 43% 53 MWp; 0.9% (+66%)
USA 2008: 6000 MWp
USA Canada
500 MWp; 8%
342 MW 20 MWp; 0.3% (+126%)
Japan
230 MWp; 4%
China Red Letters:
50 MWp; 0.8% Countries with
Germany
1500 MWp; 25% South Korea Feed-in tariff
290 MWp; 5% schemes
India
70 MWp; 1.2%
RO World Australia Source: Preliminary figures of
195 MWp; 3% 40 MWp; 0.7% National PV Associations,
Stryi-Hipp, Feb 26th 2009
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
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© BSW-Solar 2009

60. World Largest Thin-Film PV
Waldpolenz Solar Park, which is the world’s largest thin-film
photovoltaic (PV) power system, was built by German
developer and operator at a former military air base to the east
of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40 MW solar power
system using state-of-the-art thin film technology, and was fully
operational by the end of 2008. 550,000 First Solar thin-film
modules are being used, which supply about 40,000 MWh of
electricity per year.
The installation is located in the Muldentalkreis district in the
state of Saxony in eastern Germany, built on half of the
location’s 220 hectares in the townships of Brandis and
Bennewitz. The investment costs for the Waldpolenz solar park
amount to some Euro 130 million.
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61. World Largest Thin-Film PV
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62. Development of the German PV market
1500
5500
Total installed PV power in MWp
PV Market Data 2008
5000
Newly installed power 1 500 MWp
Total installed power 5 334 MWp 1100
4500
No. of total systems installed 500 000 4000
Turnover 2008 6 Bln € / 8.1 Bln $
850 850 3500
Employees 45 000
3000
Milestones 600 2500
1991: First Feed-in Law (FIT with low tariffs) 2000
1991-1995: 1 000 roofs program (grants)
estimation
1500
1999-2003: 100 000 roofs program (loans)
2000: Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) (FIT) 1000
150
2004: Amendment of EEG (FIT)
78 80 500
10 12 40
3 3 3 3 4 7 12
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
annually installed PV power in MWp total installed PV power in MWp
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
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© BSW-Solar 2009

63. The differentiation of tariffs create different market segments
in Germany.
2. Size of 3 main PV market segments
PV installation
1. Retail market
> >
Feed-in < 30 > 30
100 1000
tariff kWp kWp 2. Project
kWp kWp
market
€ € 3. BIPV
46.75 44.48 € 43.99 ct market
On ct ct
PV installation
1. Location of
buildings -8% -10% -25%
€ € € €
43.01 40.91 39.58 33.00
ct ct ct ct
Free land /
ground € 35.49ct -10% € 31.94ct
mounted JS Arora
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens 63

64. Germany: Market Segments of on-grid PV Systems
Image: Sharp
Image: Sharp
Effort of mounting
BIPV
<1%
Image: Schüco
Image: Grammer
residential homes 1-10 kWp
multi family houses, public + Large and very large
social buildings, farms, commercial > 100 kWp
Roof top
commercial plants
10-100
kWp
37%
55%
Image: Solarwatt
Image: Solarwatt Image: BP
mounted
Ground
Est. market shares 8%
in 2010
Size of the system Image: Geosol Image: Geosol
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
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© BSW-Solar 2009

65. Amendment of the EEG from June 2008:
Feed-in Tariffs for PV will be reduced faster as of 2009
2500
Degression rate of feed-in tariffs +1%
2250
annually installed PV power in MWp
Up to 2008: 5% / 6.5% (roof top/ground) +1%
2009/2010: 8% / 10% (< / >100 kWp) 1900
2000
2011/2012: 9% +1%
Below/above corridor: -1%/+1% 1700
1750
1500
9%
9%
1500 1350 8%/
est
8%/ 10%
1250
1100 10%
1200
1000 1100
850 850
1000
-1%
750
600 -1%
-1%
500
Degression rate 5%/6.5%
250 150
80
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
annually installed PV power in MWp upper limit lower limit
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
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© BSW-Solar 2009

66. PV Solar in Some EU
Country Consumption 2005 2006 2007 2008
W/capita PV(MW) PV(MW) PV(MW) PV(MW)
(2008)
Germany 65 1910 3063 3846 5351
Spain 75 58 118 733 3405
Luxexbour 50 24 24 24 24
g
Belgium 6.7 2 4 22 71
France 1.4 26 33 47 91
UK 0.4 11 14 19 22
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67. Solar PV
Photovoltaics has a great potential worldwide
– but it is necessary to build up market and industry today
The German PV market is growing continously
Driver of the market is the feed-in tariff system (EEG)
There are already more than 40.000 jobs created
in the PV sector in Germany
Prices for PV modules were reduced significantly in the last 6
months, therefore investments in PV systems are much more
attractive today
Solar Markets Germany, September 15, 2009, Athens
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68. Solar Thermal
Solar heating is the usage of solar energy to provide
space or water heating.
Worldwide the use was 88 GW thermal (2005). Growth
potential is enormous.
At present the EU is second after China in the
installations. If all EU countries used solar thermal as
enthusiastically as the Austrians, the EU’s installed
capacity would already be 91 GWth
In 2005 solar heating in the EU was equivalent to more
than 686,000 tons of oil.
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69. Solar Thermal
Solar thermal applications cover 0.6 % of the
total heating demand in Germany in 2010
and 2.6 % in 2020.
In 2008, the solar thermal share was 0.4 %.
The forecast predicts an increase in the
installed collector area per year to more than
6 million m2 by 2020 - three times the
amount of 2008.
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70. Functions of Solar Thermal
In the simplest solar thermal application, a discrete solar collector gathers
solar radiation to heat air or water for domestic, commercial or industrial
use. The solar panel is usually a flat plate collector that consists of a metal
box with a glass or plastic cover and a black absorber plate at the bottom.
Absorber plates are usually painted with selective coatings that absorb
and retain heat better than ordinary black paint. They are normally made
of metal, typically copper or aluminium, because it is a good conductor of
heat. Copper is more expensive, but it is a better conductor and is less
prone to corrosion than aluminium. The sides and bottom of the collector
are usually insulated to minimize heat loss.
In locations with average available solar energy, flat plate collectors are
sized at approximately 0.5 to 1 square foot per gallon of daily hot water
use. Evacuated tube collectors have absorber plates that are metal strips
running down the center of each tube.
Convective heat losses are reduced by virtue of the vacuum in the tube.
For swimming pool heating, plastic or rubber are used to make low-
temperature absorber plates.
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71. When will solar power become competitive?
From 2018, solar power will be cheaper than conventional power
The German renewable energy sources act envisages a reduction of 5-6.5% per annum in
refunds for solar power fed into the grid. The average price of one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of
solar
power will decrease nominally at 5% per annum from 49 cents today to 23 cents in 2020.
Conventional power on the other hand will become dearer. At a minor increase of 2.5% per
annum, the price of power will rise for the private consumer from 19.6 cents/kWh today to
28
cents/kWh in 2020. This way, solar power for the private customer will be cheaper from
2018
than obtaining conventional power.
Solar power systems today are more than 60% cheaper than 1990
The theory of the learning curve shows that every doubling of photovoltaic output leads to a
20% fall in price. This has also been confirmed in Germany: since 1990 the price of
photovoltaic systems has fallen over 60% from EUR 13,500 to about EUR 5,000 today.
Between 1999 and 2003, the fall in price was 25% in the 100,000-roofs scheme.
By way of international comparison, prices of solar power modules show a continual
downward
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72. Solid Biomass
Solid biomass as energy source:
– long tradition in Germany
– German companies are the
world leaders
a) Heating systems
b) Combined Heat & Power plants Market facts Germany:
(CHP): Heat and Electricity – 160 electricity plants (960 MW)
Solid biomass: – 1.000 biomass heating plants
– 70.000 pallet boilers and ovens in
– agricultural and forestry produce
homes
– in Germany: wood pellet
– Potential in EAGA: residues
from agriculture / forestry !
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73. Biogas
Biogas industry in Germany
– Power generation from
gaseous biomass is Facts:
greatly expanding in 650 new systems
Germany
– clear trend towards larger,
installed Electrical
high-capacity systems capacity: 1.100 MW
– German companies offer a agricultural residues
wide range of building, and energy plants
operating and maintaining
services/products applicable
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74. Geothermic Power
“Geothermal sources could
supply
Germany's electricity needs
600
times over” – 2007: 130.000 heat
Construction boom of GP pumps and 4 geothermal
plants due to a new energy electricity plants installed
law in Germany – investments of 4 BN Euro
– geothermic electricity in 150 geothermal power
is supported by the projects
government
– heat and electricity
generation
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75. Emissions for Electricity Generation in
Germany (Grams per MWh)
Generation type SO2 NOx Particulates CO2
Nuclear 32 70 7 19,700
Coal 326 560 182 815,000
Gas 3 277 18 362,000
Oil 1,611 985 67 935,000
Wind 15 20 4.6 6,460
PV (Home
Application) 104 99 6.1 53,300
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76. No. of Players in the Market
Contribution to Total Electricity Generation (%)
10% 10%
80%
850 Municipal Utilities 6 Supra regional companies
80 Regional companies
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77. No. of Players in the Market (cont)
6 Largest co. % of 80% of market
E.on (VIAG &VEBA)
4%3% REW AG (RWE &
9% VEW)
37% EnBW/EdF
13%
VEAG
HEW
34%
BEWAG
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78. Orientation
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on
the orientation of the rotor
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis
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79. Vertical Axis Turbines
Disadvantages
Advantages Rotors generally near ground
Omnidirectional where wind poorer
– Accepts wind from any Centrifugal force stresses
angle blades
Components can be Poor self-starting capabilities
mounted at ground level Requires support at top of
– Ease of service turbine rotor
– Lighter weight towers Requires entire rotor to be
removed to replace bearings
Can theoretically use less Overall poor performance and
materials to capture the reliability
same amount of wind
Have never been commercially
successful
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80. Horizontal Axis
Wind Turbines
Rotors are usually
Up-wind of tower
Some machines
have down-wind
rotors, but only
commercially
available ones are
small turbines
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81. JS Arora

82. Active vs. Passive Yaw
Active Yaw (all medium &
large turbines produced today,
& some small turbines from
Europe)
– Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point
rotor into the wind
– Yaw drive turns gears to point
rotor into wind
Passive Yaw (Most small
turbines)
– Wind forces alone direct rotor
Tail vanes
Downwind turbines
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83. Number of Blades – One
Rotor must move more rapidly to
capture same amount of wind
– Gearbox ratio reduced
– Added weight of counterbalance
negates some benefits of lighter
design
– Higher speed means more noise,
visual, and wildlife impacts
Blades easier to install because
entire rotor can be assembled on
ground
Captures 10% less energy than
two blade design
Ultimately provide no cost savings
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84. Number of Blades - Two
Advantages &
disadvantages similar to
one blade
Need teetering hub and
or shock absorbers
because of gyroscopic
imbalances
Capture 5% less energy
than three blade
designs
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85. Number of Blades - Three
Balance of gyroscopic
forces
Slower rotation
– increases gearbox &
transmission costs
– More aesthetic, less
noise, fewer bird strikes
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86. Blade Composition
Wood
Wood
– Strong, light weight,
cheap, abundant,
flexible
– Popular on do-it
yourself turbines
Solid plank
Laminates
Veneers
Composites
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87. Blade Composition
Metal
Steel
– Heavy & expensive
Aluminum
– Lighter-weight and easy to
work with
– Expensive
– Subject to metal fatigue
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88. Blade Construction
Fiberglass
Lightweight, strong,
inexpensive, good fatigue
characteristics
Variety of manufacturing
processes
– Cloth over frame
– Pultrusion
– Filament winding to produce
spars
Most modern large turbines
use fiberglass
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89. Hubs
The hub holds the rotor
together and transmits
motion to nacelle
Three important aspects
How blades are attached
– Nearly all have cantilevered
hubs (supported only at
hub)
– Struts & Stays haven’t
proved worthwhile
Fixed or Variable Pitch?
Flexible or Rigid Attachment
– Most are rigid
– Some two bladed designs
use teetering hubs
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90. Towers
Monopole (Nearly all
large turbines)
– Tubular Steel or Concrete
Lattice (many Medium
turbines)
– 20 ft. sections
Guyed
– Lattice or monopole
3 guys minimum
– Tilt-up
4 guys
Tilt-up monopole
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91. THANK YOU
Ex Director HRD
Damodar Valley Coporation
(DVC)
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