1.
1. He used to
smoke.
2. She works in the
market.

2.
3. He is having
supper.

3.
4. He got up at six o’
clock.
5. I‘ve been teaching for a long
time.

4.
6. We’ll travel by
plane.
7. We were out walking when it
started to rain.

5.
8. It’s six o clock now, I
shall have finished by
eight o’clock.
.............. x

6.
THE TENSE
AND ASPECT
SYSTEM

7.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TENSE AND
ASPECT
TENSE- it relates to time (past, present,
future)
ASPECT- it does with the internal
structure of the action occurring at
anytime ( simple, perfect, progressive,
perfect progressive)
TENSE-ASPECT- combination of tense
and aspect

8.
TENSE
 PAST, PRESENT and FUTURE
past present future
yesterday today/ now tomorrow

9.
TENSE AND ASPECT
SIMPLE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
Ø Have+-en Be+-ing Have+-en be+-ing
Present Write/writes Has/have written Am/is/are writing Has/have been writing
Walk/walks Has/have walked Am/is/are walking Has/have been walking
Past Wrote Had written Was/were writing Had been writing
walked Had walked Was/were walking Had been walking
Future Will write Will have written Will be writing Will have been writing
Will walk Will have walked Will be walking Will have been walking

10.
ASPECT
 SIMPLE ASPECT- refers to events
that are conceptualized as complete
wholes. The events are not presented
as allowing for further development
(Hirtle 1967)
 PROGRESSIVE ASPECT- is
imperfective, meaning that it portrays
an event in a way that allows for it to
be incomplete, or somehow limited.

11.

ASPECT
PERFECT ASPECT- the core meaning is
“prior” and it is used in relation to some
other point in time. For instance, present
perfect is used retrospectively to refer to a
time prior to now.
 PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ASPECT-
combines the sense of “prior” of the
perfect with the meaning of
“incompleteness” inherent in the
progressive aspect.

12.
SIMPLE PRESENT
FORM
 Remains in its base form (write, walk) and
the third person singular is made by adding
an –s to the verb (writes, walks)
MEANING
 Conveys immediate factuality (Lewis 1986)
The earth rotates around the sun.
 Habitual action in the present
He walks to school every day.

13.
SIMPLE PRESENT
 General timeless truths, such as
physical laws or customs
Water freezes at 0 degrees centigrade.
 Expresses future (when a schedules event
is involved, usually with a future-time
adverbial)
I have a meeting next Wednesday at that time.

14.
SIMPLE PRESENT
 Present event/action
(usually in sporting events or
demonstrations/procedures of
some sort)
Now I add three eggs to the
mixture.

15.
Time expressions
 always, usually, often, frequently,
normally, sometimes, occasionally,
seldom, rarely, hardly ever, almost,
never
 all the time, most of the time, in
general, generally, every, once a
week, from time to time, now and
then, off and on, once in a while

16.
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS
FORM
 Combines a form of be verb (am, is, are) with
the present participle an “ing” form
 = am/is/are + present participle (V-ing)
MEANING
 Activity in progress
 He is attending the meeting now.

17.
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS
 A temporary situation
Phyllis is living with her parents.
 Repetition or iteration in a series of similar
ongoing actions.
Henry is kicking the soccer ball around
the backyard.
 Expresses future (when event is planned;
usually with a future-time adverbial)
She is coming tomorrow.

18.
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS
 Emotional comment on present habit (usually
co-occurring with frequency adverbs always or
forever)
He is always delivering in a clutch situation.
(approving)
He is forever acting up at these affairs.
( disapproving)
 A change in progress
She is becoming more and more like her
mother.

19.
Time expressions
 now, right now, today, this
year (month, week), at this
moment, these days,
nowadays, currently, at
present, presently.

20.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
a. A habit a. Action happening at the
moment of speaking
 Why do you wear  Why are you wearing
glasses? (habitual) glasses? ( moment of
speech)
b. Permanent situation b. Temporary event
 Linda lives with her  Linda is living with her
parents. (permanent- parents. (temporary-until
she gets a better job)
because it costs her too
c. Specific event
much to live alone)  What are you doing for
c. General situation Thanksgiving? (one
specific Thanksgiving
 What do you do for holiday- the forthcoming
Thanksgiving? (the one)
holiday each year)

21.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
SIMPLE PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

22.
ACTIVITY
 Use either the simple present or the
present progressive to complete the
dialogue between Corky and Borgy.
Example:
Corky and Borgy __________
(prepare) for their Christmas
Party tomorrow.

23.
PRESENT PERFECT
FORM
 Is formed with the verb has(3rd person
singular)/have and the past participle.
 “en” for irregular verb (written)
 “ed” for regular verb (walked)
 = Has/ have + past participle

24.
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING
 A situation that began at a
prior point in time and
continues into the present.
I have been a teacher
since 2007.

25.
PRESENT PERFECT
 A very recently completed action (often with
JUST, RECENTLY, JUST RECENTLY)
Mort has just finished his homework.
 Indicates an action that happened at an
UNSPECIFIED TIME in the past that has
CURRENT RELEVANCE (usually with
ALREADY)
DOH has already warned the people about
dengue fever.
Dengue has already infected millions of people.
Dengue __________ (infect) many Filipino
children in 2004.

26.
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING
 Indicates an action that happened in
the past, and got completed
immediately before or at the time of
speaking (usually with FOR and
SINCE.
For many decades, dengue fever HAS BEEN
one of the most life threatening diseases of
the warmest climates.

27.
PRESENT PERFECT
MEANING
 Indicates a repetitive action BEFORE
NOW (usually with SEVERAL TIMES,
MANY TIMES and REPEATEDLY).
Dengue HAS ATTACKED our community
SEVERAL TIMES.
I HAVE repeatedly CALLED the attention of
our leaders about the dengue epidemic.

28.
Time expressions
 already, just, just recently,
yet, never, still, ever, so, far,
up to now, repeatedly, many
times, several times, twice,
for (+period of time), since,
(+beginning time)

29.
PRESENT PERFECT
FORM
PROGRESSIVE
 Can be seen to be a combination of the perfect
form with have + -en and the progressive form
with be + -ing. In this case the be verb of the
progressive carries the –en perfect ending, it is in
the past participle form been.
 = has/have been + present participle
(-ing)

30.
PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
MEANING
 A situation or habit that began in the past
(recent or distant) and that continues up to
the present ( and possibly into the future)
Burt has been going out with Alice.
 An action in progress that is not yet
completed
I have been reading that book.

31.
PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
 A state that changes over time
The students have been getting better
and better.
 Indicates that an action happened in a
specific duration or time in the past and
continues to occur up to the future time.
Up to now, the Health Department HAS
BEEN TRYING to discover a vaccine for
the disease.

32.
Time expressions
 recently, so, far, up to now,
to date, all day long, all my
life, for (+period of time),
since, (+beginning time),
how long (for questioning)

33.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
PRESENT PERFECT
a. Prior event a. Specific and possibly still
 I have visited my great- ongoing activity
 I have been visiting my
grandmother. (prior
event) great-grandmother.
(possibly still ongoing)
b. Continuation being only
b. Strong implication of
a possibility continuation
 I have taught for 25  I have been teaching for 25
years. (so now, it’s time years. (and I can’t imagine
to think about doing doing anything else)
something else c. Single accomplishment,
c. Completed action incomplete.
 Gail has remodelled her  Gail has been remodelling
home. (complete) her home. (incomplete)

34.
Summary
Legend
 habitual action
Completed action
Continuous action
Repetitive completed action/
recent completed action

35.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
SIMPLE PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE

36.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
PERFECT
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

37.
ACTIVITY:
 Complete the following text
by putting the verbs in the
parentheses in either the
present perfect or present
perfect progressive.

38.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
FORM
 Is formed by using its past form; infliction of
-d/ -ed for regular verbs and definite for
irregular verbs or 0 inflection.
 Remains invariant for all persons and
number, except for past linking verbs, was
and were.
 Walk-walked= regular verb
 Write-wrote= irregular verb

39.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
MEANING
 Notions of completeness and
remoteness in time
a. A definite single completed event/ action
in the past
I attended the meeting of that committee
last week.
b. Habitual or repeated action/ event in the
past
It rained almost every weekend last July.

40.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
c. An event with duration that applied in the past
with the implication that it no longer applies in
the present
Professor Nelson taught at this university for 30
years.
d. With states in the past
He owed me a lot of money.
e. Indicates that the past even has no room for
change
Lowla closed the door.
f. Social distancing
 Did you want to sit down and stay a while?

41.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 last year, last week,
yesterday, last night, a
week (month, year) ago,
in 1750 (any year that
had passed)

42.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
FORM
 Combines the past form of the be verb,
here in two forms- first and third person
singular form was and all the other
persons and numbers with were-
followed by the present participle.
 = was/were + present participle

43.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
MEANING
a. An action in progress at a specific point of time
in the past.
He was walking to school at 8:30 this morning.
b. Past action simultaneous with some other event
that is usually stated in the simple past.
Karen was washing her hair when the phone
rang.
While Alex was travelling in Europe, he ran into
an old friend.

44.
PAST PROGRESSIVE
c. Repetition or iteration of some ongoing
past action.
 Jake was coughing all night long.
d. Social distancing ( which comes from
the past tense and the tentativeness of
the progressive aspect)
 I was hoping you could lend me P10.

45.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 all day (morning, week),
in (during, by), the
summer, just a minute
ago, at that time, during
that time, at this this
time, last month (week,
year)

46.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE
a. Complete action a. Incomplete action
 He was drowning in the
 He drowned in the lake.
lake, so the lifeguard raced
b. Sees the event as a into the water. (incomplete)
totality with no room for b. Indicates that an event has
change. already begun and extends
 He left when I came. the event in time and thus
allows for a change or its
interruption
 He was leaving when I
came in. (and so may have
changed his mind and
stayed)

47.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE
c. Permanent state c. Temporary state
 They lived in Baltimore  They were living in
all their lives. (past Baltimore during the
permanent) seventies. (past
temporary)

48.
Summary
Legend
 habitual action
Continuous action

49.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
SIMPLE PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
NOW
PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE PAST

50.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PAST
PROGRESSIVE

51.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE PAST
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PAST
PROGRESSIVE

52.
Activity
 Read the following text about a
real life embarrassing experience
of some teenagers. Use the verb
in the parentheses in either the
simple past or past progressive.
Show Off
Pole Position
Puberty Patrol

53.
I (1. surf) ______________ at the beach with my friends,
and we (2. have) ______________ a contest to see who could
catch the biggest wave in order to show off in front of this
gorgeous girl lifeguard. I (3. see) ______________a gigantic wave
coming my way so I (4. call) ______________ it, and (5. paddle
out) ______________ for some fun. I didn’t paddle fast enough
and the wave (6. crash down) ______________ on me and
pushed me under. The next thing I (7. know) ______________,
the hot life guard (8. grab) ______________ me from under the
water and (9. pull) ______________ me to shore. All my friends
(10. laugh) ______________ at that time, and I (11. feel)
______________ like an idiot. I (12. thank) ______________ her
for saving me, but then she (13. begin) ______________ to give
me a lecture on being safe at the beach. That was the last time I
(14. risk) ______________ my life for a girl. For my humiliation, I
(15. don't even get) ______________ a mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation.

54.
I (1. have) ______________ a huge crush on a
girl who was completely out of my league. As luck
would have it, I (2. be pair up) ______________
with her for a class project, and we (3. become)
______________ pretty good friends. One day, she
(4. ask) ______________ me to hang out with her
during lunch. I (5. make) ______________ my way
across the quad with her and I (6. notice)
______________ that her friends (7. check)
______________ me out. I (8. try) ______________
to be so cool and nonchalant, I (9. walk)
______________ straight into a pole. Everyone (10.
laugh) ______________ at me including the girl of

55.
When I (1. be) ______________ 15, I (2. work)
______________ in a grocery store and (3. have)
______________to help with all stock – related
questions. One day, I (4. respond) ______________
to a cashier’s price check over the P.A. system when
puberty suddenly (5. kick in) ______________. As I
(6. answer) ______________ on the store speakers,
my voice fluctuated from low to high - it (7. sound)
______________ like I (8. yodel) ______________.
Everyone in the store, including my co – workers (9.
laugh) ______________! I just (10. bolt)
___________to the parking lot to retrieve shopping
carts for the rest of the day.

56.
PRESENT PERFECT
 A very recently completed action (often with
JUST, RECENTLY, JUST RECENTLY)
Mort has just finished his homework.
 Indicates an action that happened at an
UNSPECIFIED TIME in the past that has
CURRENT RELEVANCE (usually with
ALREADY)
DOH has already warned the people about
dengue fever.
Dengue has already infected millions of people.
Dengue __________ (infect) many Filipino
children in 2004.

57.
PRESENT PERFECT VS.
SIMPLE PAST
Past with
PRESENT
RELEVANCE/Past
involving the
PRESENT.

58.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST
TEMPORAL SPECIFIC PAST
ADVERBIALS TIME
(since, yet, for ADVERBIALS
already, just) (yesterday, last
 I HAVE JOINED year)
the Olympics  I JOINED the
since 1992. Olympics last year.

59.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST
INDEFINITE DEFINITE
QUESTION
 HAVE you JOINED
QUESTION
the Olympics?  DID you JOIN the
The asker has no Olympics?
idea if the person You said you
she/he is talking to
competed in an
has competed in an
international sports international
competition. sports competition

60.
COMPARISON OF THE USE: 1. continuation
up to the present time
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST
State-up-to-the Indefinite past
PRESENT meaning
Habit-up-to-the
meaning
present meaning  His sister was an
 His sister has been invalid all her
an invalid all her life. life.
(She is still alive) She is now dead.

61.
Comparison on the use
SIMPLE T.E. PRESENT T.E.
PAST PERFECT
I graduated In (year) I have Not specified
from DLSU in graduated in
2009. DLSU.
I submitted Yesterday I have already Already
my submitted my
application application
letter letter
yesterday
I have not Yet
submitted my
letter yet.

62.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE PAST
NOW
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
PERFECT

63.
Activity
 Read the following
article about Dr.
Martina Romero, then
underline the correct
form of the verb in the
parentheses.

64.
PAST PERFECT
FORM
 Is made with the past form of
have which is had followed by
past participle of the main
verb.
 = had+ past participle (-en/
-ed)

65.
PAST PERFECT
MEANING (completed)
a. An action completed in the past prior to some
other past event or time/ Indicates that two past
actions happened SEQUENTIALLY
 He had already left before I could offer him a ride.
 She had worked at the post office before 1962.
b. Indicates an action that was expected to occur in
the past
Mike had expected her to come to the party.

66.
PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
FORM
 Is formed with the past form of the
have verb (had) followed by the past
participle of the be verb (been) and
the present participle of the main
verb.
 = had been+ present participle (-ing)

67.
PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
MEANING (continuous)
a. An action or habit taking place over a
period of time in the past prior to some
other past event or time.
 Carol had been working hard, so her
doctor told her to take a vacation.
 She had been trying to finish her
degree that year.

68.
PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
b. A past action in progress that was interrupted
Generally, for the perfect
by a more recent past action.
 We had been planning to go in Makati, but
aspect, HAD is used on the
changed our minds after receiving the call
action that
from Mr. Dela Cruz.
c. Indicates that an action or habit was taking
occurred first.
place over a period of time.
 He had been longing to be loved by Lea
ever since he met her.

69.
THE USE OF PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
 To say that something had been
happening for a period of time before
something else happened ( Raymond
Murphy, 2004)

70.
Summary
Legend
 habitual action
Completed action
Continuous action
Repetitive completed action/
recent completed action
Sequential actions
Intercepted actions

71.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
SIMPLE PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
NOW
PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE PAST

72.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PAST
PROGRESSIVE

73.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PAST
PERFECT
NOW
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
PERFECT

74.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
PAST PAST
NOW
FUTURE
PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
NOW
PRESENT PAST FUTURE
PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

75.
Activity
 Directions: Read the
following article about
Diana. Then give the
correct form of the verb in
the parentheses using the
simple past, past perfect,
or past perfect progressive.

76.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE : Will
FORM
 Uses the modal will with the base
form of the verb to indicate that
the action takes place in the
future.
 =will + base form of the verb

77.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE:WILL
MEANING
a. An action to take place at some definite
future time
 Joel will take the bar exam next month.
b. In a formal situation, expressing a future
event that will not happen immediately
 Well, Mr. Secretary, the senate will
approve it next week.

78.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE WILL
c. Expressing strong predictions
 You will definitely pass your exam.
 You will surely reap the fruit of your
labor eventually.
d. Expressing future plans or intentions
(decisions was made at the time of
speaking)
 I will decide on it then and there.
 The phone is ringing. I will answer it.

79.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 Tomorrow, next week
(day, month, year), in the
future, from now on,
tonight, next time, next
semester, in a minute.

80.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE : BE GOING TO
FORM
 Uses the PHRASAL modal BE
GOING TO with the base form of
the verb to indicate that the action
takes place in the future.
 =BE GOING TO + base form of
the verb

81.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE:BE GOING TO
MEANING
a. Expressing future plans or intentions
(decision was made before speaking)
 In March, I am going to visit my
hometown.
b. Predicting and expressing expectations
about the future
 Our team is going to win the game.

82.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE: BE GOING TO
c. Expressing an action that will
happen very soon / immediately
 Be careful! That building is going to
collapse.
d. Expressing expectations that are
NOT 100 PERCENT SURE (with
probably)
 They are probably going to visit us
next week.

83.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 This afternoon
(weekend, evening), later
tomorrow, tonight, soon,
now, in a few minutes,
next month

84.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE :
SIMPLE PRESENT
FORM
 Uses the PHRASAL modal BE
GOING TO with the base form of
the verb to indicate that the action
takes place in the future.
 =BE GOING TO + base form of
the verb

85.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE:BE GOING TO
MEANING
a. Expressing future plans or intentions
(decision was made before speaking)
 In March, I am going to visit my
hometown.
b. Predicting and expressing expectations
about the future
 Our team is going to win the game.

86.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE: BE GOING TO
c. Expressing an action that will
happen very soon / immediately
 Be careful! That building is going to
collapse.
d. Expressing expectations that are
NOT 100 PERCENT SURE (with
probably)
 They are probably going to visit us
next week.

87.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 This afternoon
(weekend, evening),
later, tomorrow, tonight,
soon, now, in a few
minutes, next month

88.
FUTURE TENSE:
SIMPLE PRESENT
FORM
 Remains in its base form (write, walk)
and the third person singular is made by
adding an –s to the verb (writes, walks)
MEANING
 Expresses future (when a schedules event
is involved, usually with a future-time
adverbial)
 I have a meeting next Wednesday at that
time.

89.
SIMPLE FUTURE
TENSE: SIMPLE
PRESENT
Expressing a future habitual
action or state
 My father goes to office at 9
am everyday. (the statement
was made before the actual
action happens, maybe at 7

90.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 Tomorrow, next week
(day, month, year), in the
future, from now on,
tonight, next time, next
semester, in a minute

91.
SIMPLE FUTURE:
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS
FORM
 Combines a form of be verb (am, is, are) with
the present participle an “ing” form
 = am/is/are + present participle (V-ing)
MEANING
 Expresses future (when event is planned;
usually with a future-time adverbial)
She is coming tomorrow..

92.
SIMPLE FUTURE:
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS
MEANING
 Expresses future MEANING with
verbs of MOVEMENT OR
TRANSPORTATION such as come,
go, leave, drive and fly.
I am leaving in a few minutes.
How about Jacky?

93.
SIMPLE FUTURE:
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS
MEANING
 Expresses future plans that are not
100 percent sure. (usually with
PROBABLY)
My parents are PROBABLY
attending the PTA. How about you?
Mother is PROBABLY not coming.

94.
SIMPLE FUTURE:
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS
Note: Sometimes the present progressive
and BE GOING TO hava a similar
meaning. However, you have to use BE
GOING TO (not present progressive) for
predictions or guesses about the future.
 Correct: Mother is going to win the lottery
next week
 Wrong: Mother is winning the lottery next
week.

95.
FUTURE
PROGRESSIVE
FORM
 Forms by the modal will
followed by present
progressive
 = will + be + present participle
(-ing)
.

96.
FUTURE
PROGRESSIVE
MEANING
a. An action that will be in progress at a
specific time in the future.
 He will be taking the test at 8 A.M
tomorrow
b. Duration of some specific future
action
 Mavis will be working on her thesis for
the next three years.

97.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 At 5 pm, at this
tomorrow, at that time,
the day after tomorrow, a
week (month, year) from
today, this weekend, for
the next two (three, etc)
years

98.
FUTURE
FORM
PERFECT
 Forms by the modal will and
followed by the present
perfect (have + past participle)
 = will + have + past participle
(-en)

99.
FUTURE
MEANING
PERFECT
a. A future action that will be completed
prior to a specific future time
 I will have finished all this word
processing by 5 P.M.

100.
FUTURE
MEANING
PERFECT
b. A state or accomplishment that will be competed
in the future prior to some other future time or
event
 At the end of the summer the Blakes will have
been married for 10 years.
 By the end of the year, you will have
accomplished a major project that will prove
them wrong.

101.
TIME
EXPRESSIONS
 By next week (month,
year, etc), when time
comes, when someone
arrives or comes, when I
reach 60 (any age)

102.
FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
FORM
 Forms by the modal will
followed by present perfect
progressive.
 = will + have + been +
present participle (-ing)

103.
FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
MEANING
 Durative or habitual action that is taking
place in the present and that will
continue into the future up until or
through a specific future time.
 On Christmas Eve we will have been
living in the same house for 20 years.
 He will have been keeping a journal for
10 years next month.

104.
FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
MEANING
 Indicates that a future action is
INTERCEPTED by another future
action.
 As she will teach me the vocal
techniques, I will have been
singing my favorite song.

105.
Summary
Legend
 habitual action
Completed action
Continuous action
Sequential actions
Intercepted actions

106.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
SIMPLE PAST FUTURE
FUTURE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
SIMPLE PAST

107.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
FUTURE
PROGRESSIVE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PAST
PROGRESSIVE

108.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
NOW
PAST FUTURE
FUTURE
PERFECT
NOW
PAST FUTURE
PAST
PERFECT

109.
COMPARISON OF THE USE
FUTURE PAST
NOW
FUTURE
PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
NOW
PAST PAST FUTURE
PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

110.
SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) VERSUS OTHER
WAYS OF INDICATING FUTURITY
a. Will is used for the following:
1. Future predictions
 Belinda will be 40 next year.
2. Spontaneous decision when the person
has control over the action:
 I will get the phone.

111.
SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) VERSUS OTHER
WAYS OF INDICATING FUTURITY
b. Be going to is used for the following:
1. Future predictions (more informal than will);
 Belinda is going to be 40 next year.
2. Future intensions (based on prior decisions)
 Randy and Joyce are going to get married in
October.
3. Future certainty based on current condition or
present evidences;
 Pauline is going to have a baby.
 It is going to rain today.

112.
SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) VERSUS OTHER
WAYS OF INDICATING FUTURITY
c. Present progressive is used for the future
plans that have already been made.
 I am marching the parade next week.
d. Simple present is used for:
1. Fixed scheduled events:
 We get paid next Friday.
2. Subordinate clauses of time (i.e., those
beginning with when, after, before, etc.) or
condition (i.e., provided that, if as long as, etc.)
 If the train arrives on time, we will beat rush
hour getting home.

113.
DISTINCTIONS IN SIMPLE FUTURE
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Scheduled events and future plans
Formal and impersonal Less formal
For travel arrangements and fixed For arrangements
timetables
Aunt Jeanne arrives today. Aunt Jeanne is arriving today.
BE GOING TO PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Focuses more on the speaker’s Emphasizes that the arrangements
plans or intensions have already been made
I am going to stay at the Marriott. I am staying at the Marriott.
BE GOING TO WILL
Expresses the speaker’s certainty Used to make strong prediction
Especially when there is evidence Not necessarily
in the present to support the
prediction.
Mark is going to be tall like his dad. Mark will be tall like his dad. (?)

114.
DISTINCTIONS IN SIMPLE FUTURE
BE GOING TO WILL
Expresses the speaker’s certainty Used to make strong prediction
Especially when there is evidence Not necessarily
in the present to support the
prediction.
Mark is going to be tall like his dad. ?Mark will be tall like his dad.
Used with more premeditated ones Used for quick, “on –the-spot”
decisions
What can I give Jill for her birthday?
Oh! I know. ? I am going to get her Oh! I know. I will get her that new
that new novel. novel.

115.
DISTINCTIONS IN SIMPLE FUTURE
 Finally, when they occur together, the be
going to tends to come first, to introduce
the event, with details supplied with will.
 Tomorrow night we are going to have a
cookout. Our guests will bring something
to grill, and we will supply the rest.

116.
USE OF THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
Allows for the possibility of change with regard to
some future event.
 We will be offering that class next semester.
(more tentative in that it allows to change)
 We will offer hat class next semester. (more
definite)
To say you will be in the middle of doing it in the
future. (R. Murphy, 2004)
 This time next week I’ll be on holiday. I will be
lying on the beach or swimming in the sea.

117.
TENSE – ASPECT SYSTEM
Prior past perfect
Past incomplete past progressive
- (event is subject to change)
Complete simple past
(event is conceived of as a whole)
remoteness
Prior present perfect
Present incomplete present progressive
Complete; simple present
immediate factuality
Prior future perfect
Future incomplete future progressive
Complete; simple future
strong prediction

118.
THE LEXICAL ASPECT OF VERBS
FOUR CATEGORIES OF VERBS BASED ON INHERENT LEXICAL
ASPECT
ACTIVITY ACCOMPLISHMENT ACHIEVEMENT STATE
(PUNCTUAL)
Run Paint (a picture) Recognize Have
(something)
Walk Make (a chair) Realize Contain
(something)
Swim Build (a house) Lose (something) Seem
live Write (a novel) Find (something) Want
study Grow up Win the race like

119.
THE LEXICAL ASPECT OF VERBS
ACTIVITY VERBS
 Are durative and describe an ongoing
action
 Have an undefined beginning and end
point
ACCOMPLISHMENT VERBS
 Share with activity verbs their durativity but
each as well-defined end point, when the
particular action described in the verb
phrase is – or is not-completed.

120.
THE LEXICAL ASPECT OF VERBS
ACHIEVEMENTS VERBS
 Have a well defined end point; no
duration; and punctual.
STATIVE VERBS
 Do not involve change; depict a stable
situation that is assumed to last more or
less definite.

121.
SUBCATEGORIES OF STATIVE VERBS
SENSORY MENTAL POSSESS- EMOTIONS, MEASURE- RELATION- DESCRIPT-
PERCEPT- PERCEPT- ION ATTITUDES MENTS SHIP ION
ION ION AND
OPINIONS
Smell Know Possess Like Equal Contain Be
See Believe Have Love Measure Entail Resemble
Hear Think Own Hate Weight Consist of Sound
Taste understand Belong Dislike cost Appear
feel Mean Want Seem
doubt Desire look
Need
Prefer
Appreciate
wish

122.
INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES
OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECT
 It has been said that stative verbs do not
normally take the progressive because
of a fundamental semantic conflict
between a grammatical aspect that
denotes a limited duration and lexical
aspect that expresses a stable state.
(Murcia 2008)
 I am knowing the answer. I know the
answer.

123.
INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES
OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECT
However, such an unqualified generalization
discounts the frequently observation that
the progressive can occur with stative
verbs to achieve certain effects (Kesner
Bland 1988).
a. Intensify the emotion expressed by the
verb:
 I am hating this assignment.
 I hate this assignment.
b. Indicate current behavior as opposed to
general description:
 He is being rude. (cf) He is rude.

124.
INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES
OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECT
c. introduce change in states by focusing on
differences in degree across time:
 I am understanding less and less about life,
the older I get.
Other uses of progressive statives found by
Gavis (1997)
d. show limited duration
 Are you understanding this?
e. Emphasize conscious involvement:
 What we are seeing is a red dwarf star.

125.
INTERACTION OF FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES
OF VERBS WITH THE ASPECT
f. Show vividness
 One night in the middle of the night, I am
hearing dripping.
g. Express politeness
 Are you liking it?
h. Mitigate criticism
 I like the first piano notes, I am not liking
it where the strings come in.

126.
thank you!