COMPARISON OF MOBILE GENERATIONS
MOBILE & WIRELESS NETWORKS
ENGR. SHAHZAIB MALIK
HOD ELECTRONICS
GCT BHAKKAR

WIRELESS NETWORK’S GENERATIONS
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) : 1G (FDMA)
• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) : 2G (TDMA)
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) : 3G (CDMA)
• Long-term Evolution (LTE): 4G (OFDMA)
• LTE-A , etc. : 5G (NOMA, MIMO etc.)

FIRST MOBILE RADIO TELEPHONE - 1924

FIRST GENERATION – 1G CELLULAR
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
• US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
• 800 MHz band – two 20 MHz bands
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
• Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
• Launched 1981;
• 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
• Total Access Communications System (TACS)
• British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985

SECOND GENERATION – 2G
• Digital systems to increase capacity
• Digital signal processing
• Utilized “Intelligent Network” concepts
• Added new services, Wide diversity of 2G systems
• IS-54/ IS-136 North American CDMA; (Hong Kong , Korea)
• PDC (Japan)
• iDEN (Motorola proprietary system, 800 MHz private mobile radio (PMR) spectrum,
• DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephony) and PHS (Personal Handiphone Service, Japan &
China)
wide bandwidth (32 Kbps channels), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
• IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
• GSM (Groupe Special Mobile, latter change to Global System for Mobile)
• Time division multiple access (TDMA)
• 3 calls per radio channel using repeating time slices
• Deployed 1993
• IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US

CDMA
GSM
TDMA
PHS
(IP-Based)
64 Kbps
GPRS
115 Kbps
CDMA 1xRTT
144 Kbps
EDGE
384 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
Over 2.4 Mbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Up to 2 Mbps
2G
2.5G
2.75G 3G
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
1G
1984 - 1996+
2003 - 2004+
TACS
NMT
AMPS
GSM/
GPRS
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
PDC
Analog Voice
Digital Voice
Packet Data
Intermediate
Multimedia
Multimedia
PHS
TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
(Overlay)
iDEN
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
MIGRATION TO 3G

TERMINOLOGY USE FOR BASE STATION

2G GSM
Mobile Switching Centre

3G ARCHITECTURE

EUTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network EPC: Enhanced Packet Core
MME: Mobility Management Entity HSS: Home Subscriber Server
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function IMS: IP Multimedia System
S1 interface for EPC X2 interface for inter base connections

ARCHITECTURE OF 5G (SBA-SERVICES BASED ARCHITECTURE)
NSSF: Network Slicing Selection Function (assign a slice of BW to user) NEF: Network Exposure Function (Deploy on
demand service for certain users)
NRF: Network Repository Function (for implementing new services) PCF: Policy Control Function (QoS policy and
charging control)
UDM User Data Management (like HSS, home location) AF: Application Function (Provide
application services to users like video streaming)
NSSAAF: Network Slice Specific Authentication and Authorization Function AUSF: Authentication Service Function
(Authentication and Encryption)
AMF: Access and Mobility Function SMF: Session Management Function UPF: User Plan Function

AIR INTERFACE DESIGN 6G

COMP

COMP

Technologies/Feature 2G / 2.5G - GSM 3G - UMTS 4G - LTE 5G
Evolution 1980 1990 2000 2010
Deployment 1999 2002 2010 2020
Data Rate 14.4-64 kbps 2 Mbps
200 Mbps to 1 Gbps for
low mobility
10 Gbps to 100 Gbps
Famous Standards
2G: GSM, CDMA
2.5G: GPRS, EDGE,
1xRTT
WCDMA, CDMA-2000 LTE-A, WiMAX Not yet defined
Technology Behind Digital cellular technology
Broad bandwidth CDMA,
IP technology
Undefined IP and
seamless combination of
broadband.
LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN
Undefined IP and
seamless combination of
broadband.
LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN
Service
2G: Digital Voice, SMS
2.5G: Voice+Data
Integrated high-quality
audio, video, and data
Dynamic information
access, wearable devices
Dynamic information
access, wearable devices
with AI capabilities
Multiplexing TDMA, CDMA CDMA O-FDMA / OMA NOMA, MIMO
Type Of Switching
2G: Circuit
2.5G: Circuit and packet
Packet Packet Packet
Handoff Horizontal (Same wireless) Horizontal Horizontal and Vertical Horizontal and Vertical
Core Network PSTN Packet network Internet Internet

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