Module 8-09.ppt

Module 8
Common Emergencies
TR 8-1

Module 8
Common Emergencies
Objectives:
Knowledge Objectives:
After completing this module, participants will be able to -
1. Describe as to the causes, signs and
symptoms, and first aid management of the
following:
TR 8-2
• Environmental Emergencies
• Heat Emergencies

• Medical Emergencies
• Drug and Alcohol Emergencies
• Emergency Childbirth
• Other Common Emergencies
TR 8-3

Environmental Emergencies
HYPOTHERMIA
TR 8-4

HYPOTHERMIA
First Aid Visual Aids
Common Emergencies
TR 8-5
When a person’s body is not able to produce enough
Energy to keep the internal body temperature at a satis-
factory level (below 95oF or 35oC) like prolong exposure to
cold.
The patient will present with cold skin and shivering and
will still be alert and oriented.
1. Early stage

First Aid
• Check responsiveness
• Cover the patient with a warm blanket.
• Apply hot compress.
• Check vital signs.
• Refer to a physician.
TR 8-6
Common Emergencies

2. Late stage
Common Emergencies
TR 8-7
Patients may become unresponsive. This is a true
medical emergency that can lead to death.
First Aid
• Check responsiveness.
• Check ABC, perform CPR if needed.
• Cover the patient with warm blanket
• Quickly replace the wet clothing with warm or
dry garment

• Give warm liquid or chocolate to help re-warm
the patient if conscious.
• Apply warm compress for early stage
• Check vital signs
• Care for shock.
• Do not massage the extremities
• Refer to a physician.
• Move the patient to warm place
Common Emergencies
TR 8-8

TR 8-9
Common Emergencies

Common Emergencies
TR 8-16
A response to heat characterized by extremely high
body temperature and disturbance of sweating
mechanism due to exposure in a hot environment for a
Long period of time.
• Cool the patient.
• Give First Aid for Shock.
First Aid
HEAT STROKE or SUNSTROKE
• Remove patient from hot environment.
• Monitor the patient’s ABC

• Keep the patient cool as you await medical help.
TR 8-17
Common Emergencies
• If the patient starts having seizures, give first aid
for seizures.

 Stroke
 Diabetes
 Seizures
 Febrile Seizures
TR 8-18
Common Emergencies

STROKE
Is a condition that occurs when the blood flow to
the brain is interrupted long enough to cause
damage.
People over age 50 are the common victims, but
younger people can have them too.
TR 8-19
Common Emergencies

Common Emergencies
TR 8-20
1. Thrombus or embolism.
Causes
2. Ruptured artery in the brain.
3. Compression of an artery in the brain.

TR 8-21
Common Emergencies

First Aid
• Check the patient’s ABC.
• Have the patient rest in a comfortable position.
• Seek immediately medical help.
• Do not give the patient anything by mouth.
TR 8-22
Common Emergencies
• If the patient loses consciousness, place him or
her in the recovery position and administer first
aid for unconsciousness

• Continue to monitor ABC’s.
• Stay with the patient until you have medical help.
TR 8-23
Common Emergencies
• Care for Shock

Common Emergencies
TR 8-33
A high temperature does not necessarily mean the
victim is seriously ill. Some children, However, have febrile
seizure when a high fever is rising or falling.
FEBRILE SEIZURES
.

First Aid Management
• After the episode of febrile seizures, take the child’s
temperature.
• It is important to bring the child’s temperature to normal.
• Remove all clothes or bedclothes
• Give the child a sponge bath on a counter with
lukewarm water; and turn on a fan. Stop if the child
shivers (do not place child in a bathtub because he or
she could have another seizures in the water).
TR 8-34
Common Emergencies

TR 8-35
Common Emergencies

Common Emergencies
TR 6-36
Is the self-administration of one or more drugs in a way
that is not in accord with approved medical or social
practice.
DRUG ABUSE

Signs and Symptoms
1. Life-threatening emergency
• Unresponsiveness
• Breathing difficulties or inability to maintain an
open airway.
• Abnormal or irregular pulse.
• Fever
TR 8-37
Common Emergencies

First Aid for Drug Emergencies
1. Establish and maintain an open airway.
2. Monitor the patient’s mental status and vital
signs frequently.
3. Maintain the patient’s body temperature.
4. Take measures to prevent shock
5. Care for any behavioral problem
6. Support the patient.
TR 8-42
Common Emergencies

Signs of Intoxication
Common Emergencies
TR 6-42
Is a powerful Central Nervous System (CNS)
depressant.
ALCOHOL
• Odor of alcohol on the breath.
• Swaying and unsteadiness.
• Slurred speech.
• Nausea and vomiting.

• Flushed face.
• Drowsiness.
• Violent, destructive, or erratic behavior.
• Self-injury, usually without realizing it.
TR 8-43
Common Emergencies

First Aid for Alcohol Emergencies
1. Give the same attention as you would to any
patient with an illness or injury.
2. Monitor the patient’s vital signs constantly.
Provide life support when necessary.
3. Position the patient to avoid
aspiration of vomitus.
4. Protect the patient from
hurting him or herself.
TR 8-44
Common Emergencies

TR 8-48
Common Emergencies
•Fever
•Headache
•Abdominal pain
•Vomiting and Diarrhea
•Toothache
•Fish Hook
•Migraine
•Hyperventilation
•Asthma
•Hiccups

Common Emergencies
TR 8-49
• Make the patient comfortable in cool surroundings,
preferably in bed with a light cover. Allow her to rest.
First Aid
FEVER
• Give the patient plenty of cool, bland drinks to replace
lost fluids.
Is a sustained body temperature above the normal level
of 37C.

• An adult may take two paracetamol tablets. Give a
child the recommended dose of paracetamol syrup
(not aspirin).
• If you are worried about the patient’s condition, call a
doctor.
TR 8-50
Common Emergencies

HEADACHE
May accompany any illness, particularly a feverish
ailment such as flu, but it may be the most
prominent symptom of a serious condition, such as
meningitis or stroke.
TR 8-53
Common Emergencies

First Aid
• Help the patient to sit or lie down comfortably in a
quite place.
• An adult may take two paracetamol tablets or her
own painkillers. Give a child recommended dose of
paracetamol syrup (not aspirin).
• If in doubt or if the pain does not ease within two
hours, call a doctor.
• Apply cold compress on the patient’s head.
TR 8-54
Common Emergencies

Common Emergencies
TR 8-55
ABDOMINAL PAIN
Often has a relatively minor cause, but can indicate
serious disease, such as perforation or obstruction of
the intestine.

First Aid
• Make the patient comfortable, and prop him/her
up if breathing is difficult. Giving her a container
to use if vomiting.
• Give patient a covered hot-water bottle place
against the abdomen.
• If the pain is severe, or does not ease within 30
minutes, call a doctor.
TR 8-56
Common Emergencies

Common Emergencies
TR 8-57
VOMITING & DIARRHEA
Are most likely to be caused by food poisoning,
contaminated water, allergy, or unusual or exotic foods.

First Aid
• Reassure the patient while he or she is being sick.
Afterwards, give the patient a warm damp cloth
which to wash him- or herself.
• Give the patient lots of bland fluids to sip slowly
and often. If the appetite returns, give him only
bland, starchy or sugar food for the first 24 hours.
• If you are worried about the patient’s
condition, particularly if it is persistent, call a
doctor.
TR 8-58
Common Emergencies

Hiccups
• This condition is caused by repeated spasms in which the
diaphragm ( the sheet of muscle that separates the chest
cavity from the abdominal cavity) contracts suddenly and, at
the same time, the windpipe partially closes.
• Hiccups is a common problem. Attacks usually last for only
a few minutes, but occasionally they may be prolonged,
tiring and painful. To relieve hiccups, you need to raise the
level of carbon dioxide in the blood for a few moments; this
should cause normal breathing to resume.
TR 8-66
Common Emergencies

First Aid Management
 Advise the patient to sit quietly and hold his breath
for as long as possible.
 If the hiccups persist, advise the patient to place a
paper (not plastic) bag over his nose and mouth and
no re-breathe the expired air for a few minutes.
 If the patient’s hiccups continue for more than a few
hours you should call a doctor for advice.
TR 8-67
Common Emergencies

Module 8-09.ppt

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