There are many and varied opinions on whether there were early visitors to the North Ameri

1. Atlantic Continuum:A Look at DNA & Ancient Human Migration Patterns - by Karl Hoenke for AAPS 6th Annual International Conference on Ancient America C A D X X X B X B B B B October 11, 2010 1

2. Atlantic Continuum Presented by Karl Hoenke to Ancient Artifact Preservation Society 17 September 2010 Marquette, Michigan

3. Overview High-level observations about DNA Revisit Haplogroup X Assemble some interesting scraps Suggest hypothesis to fit these together Duck

4. Usefulness of DNA Determine relationships Estimate timing of divergences Estimate locations of divergences mtDNA = Mitochondrial DNA follows female line Y chromosome DNA = follows male line

6. Mutation rates: Constant, Only once, not reversed

7. Degree of isolation

8. Degree of inbreeding/outbreeding

9. Shared ancestry

10. Sampling is “random”, not “convenience”

12. Haplogroup X -- Updated

13. Haplogroup X Note 1: Inland “footprints” of X absent in both Asia and Europe. It is present in populations associated with coastal regions and history Note 2: Haplotype X occurs as X1 and X2. X1 only in North Africa. X2 dispersed ~20,000 ybp. X2 not in Asia. X2a & X2g in North America, not Central America. X2 in Sioux (15%), Navajo (7%), Yakima (5%), Nuu-Chah-Nulth (12%) Note 3: Haplotype X is 12-36,000 years old, must be among founding populations of North America

14. Outlier Haplotypes in Cherokees52-member study group Sampling of Central Band of Cherokees; published in Ancient American

15. European Pattern of SpreadingGenetics & Farming ~5,000 BC ~6,000 BC

16. BASQUE mtDNA FREQUENCIES mtDNA “J” originated in Mid-East mtdDNA “K” originated in Levant ~10,000 ybp mtDNA “V” believed to be recent SW Europe development

17. Maritime Cultures

19. Dominated Mediterranean commerce

20. Characterized by Haplogroup T

21. Called themselves Cana'ni or KHNAI

22. Many American towns & Conoy Indians considered cognates

23. William Penn around 1700 described Conoy Indians as resembling Italians, Jews and Greeks

24. Phoenicians visited England

26. Coincidence? Poverty Point mounds date from 1.650 to 700 BC Thornborough Henge dates from 3,500 to 2,500 BC

28. Pattern of continuous Atlantic rim coastal culture

29. Delayed spread of farming & genetics support identity of separate coastal culture

31. Passed megalithic tradition to Mediterranean

32. Evolved into traders of Mediterranean (who visited North America for 5,000 years)