1. * Blood*
PAGE
funehion of the circulotory system
The ciralotorysystem is onsist of the Heart,blood
Nessel< and bloac.The tetm Cardio vascular System
reers only to the heart and vessels.
The study of blod specially .called Heamatalogy
The fundamental purpase of 4he circulatory system
is to transport substances fzom place to place in
the body Blod is the liguid medium bin hich ther
Imaterials travels blood vessels. ensure the proper
routin of blood toito destinations_ and the heart is
# Trans part
more
iThe bload Carries Oe from the Lung to all of the bod
tissues , hile picks up Co2 ftom those tissuesand
Cartiesit to the lungs to be removed from Hhe body
i lt piak up nutricnts from the digeitive trat and
delivers them to allof the body' tissues
ii HConties metabalic astes to the kidoey for romaval
thepumpthat kecp the functian blasd flaseing
specificially the jundions of the cireulatory system
lare as follo

2. il! canzies havmanes fromendockine cellk to their
DATE
v1Htransports o vaxiety of temdella fom the
bone marrou)and otherDriginsl to the issues hore
isLIBCadestrayed
PAGE
The blead plays beyeral roles in inflamatian a
mechàoismfor Linniig the spread of Ingetans
micro-0rqanisn and cancer icells.
iAtibedies aadother blosd prodien neutraliae toxins
and helpto destsy pathgens.
Platelek secrede factors thot iohi blasd clotting
Rgulation
butferi
absorbing or giuing of fluidunder d/E
ond he brood Capilarie help to slabilize fluid
dstribution in the body
Laids and base blos d material helh
to stabilizo the fH of the extta Cellular fluid
inshËt in blood fla) help to rcqulate hody temp
by rauting blaod to the skin for heat lass o
reanin 4 deeper in the body to Conserve het
Hhey lodse and mure.

3. DATE
PAGE
Composs
ed
of
a
clear.
stras
caloured.,
oatery
>Blaadis
a
liquid
/cluid
Connective
ti'ssueit
is
1called
General
praparties
of
bload
William
Harvey
The
blood
is
discovered
by
bave
abot
to
4
to
6
ltr.
4-os
ltr
male
genarly
s-6
ltr.
and
infant
odal!
blaad,
female
In
averje
in
olkaline
7.55
to
7:
-
45
stightly
The
pl
of
blood
is
7:
3s
to
7
4s
iscosity
(Thickness
nature.
The
The
normal
colour
of
blood
is
red;
but
in
deoxyqeneted
blood
is
purple
red.
slightly
S
mearS
1:045
to
l-06s
The
temperature
of
blood
i's
body
tomp
blood
demp
msmk
is
280to
236
moh
Plasma:
of'
blood
is
make
than
Water
the
water
iscosityis
l:0o16
milli
pascal
at
2o°c
The
specific
gravit
of
blood
is
Dsmo
lari

4. fluid+ ti'ssuel
Blood
81
Buffy f
t Composition af Blocd #
SS.
Plasrma
Bloodcell
4sf.
31 ater
74- Protien
2f oher
Albumin (s4%1
lobumin(381-)
Paberajen (41]
Lfrothrombin (41)
InOrgan ic - Na", cl ,R",Pot, Ha
Allo to lot for 1hr at room.
DATE
PAGE
UrganicGasesCreatinin.
om f Elood ilL be callected in plain vatl
The Llood body
help to sto bleedigi.
Harmones , Urine
entrity tor 1o min.ot oppraxinmately
tem (29'c)
Ten the plasma and Blood cells seperate 9
hio within Layer. called as Butfy clottis 1
of total blood.
Tbis layer Cantain leuco ytes.the aAC tbat at in
Various wway to protect.
and flatelets, cel|L ftayments thats

5. Hemetoarit
Erythrscytes normally Constitute bout 4s of the
total valume ot a blood.this . is knouin
ineludit
Plasma pretien
k Blood Plasmak
of
Inorganic SalBe leleetrslytea)
Nutrients
Laste products
Harmones
’The main Constituent ofblasnmais dater(9b to g:)
Carrinf a ronge of disselver and subspended sabtance
Gasess
DATE
PAGE
are
plasma Protein - Plosma frotiens, hich make up about
7 of plasma.. normally retained within the blacd
because the are too bi to ecape thraugh the
apillary porcs into the tssue.
as
Albumin also responsibleto Carry
Spleen to liver.
Albuminpraleinis mastabundent plasma pratein it is
obout s4 kof total plasma. protein
It is responsible to maintain Dsmotic pressure.
Albumin also act as Carrier malecules for free faty
ads some drygs ond steriads Harmanes:
Bitrakiafrom

6. Hydrastatie fressure skpa.(ssmay)).3kpa (25 mmty)
"0smatic fressureSkpa (2smmH¡)2kpa (1Smn
Osmoticfressure Usmotie pressure is the minmum
Pressure ahich needs tobeapblied to a solution
to prevent the indord flow of its pure solvent
a semipermeable membranes.
a
2Glabulin pratein is Several abundant protein orblsod
it is abaurt s8. of total plasma protein.
funetion'
As Anlibodies (immunoglabulin coamplet prateinlproduce.
by lymphayte play an imbartant part in immunity
Transport of some Harmones and mineral salt.for
Thytoglobubin is thyraxine ( Ta) and transterin is
iron
nhabitionLor Same prolenlytia enzyme. e O2
lmacrsglobulin inhibits trj psin acieity
Note

7. 3. brinogen is absut 4 of Te.eit is let blood
clatin fackor Itis made in the liver Gnd lorns
ibrin fibrin is the main protein in a blood clot that
helps stop bleeding and heal wounds. tt is knoon
qs a dotting protein44. (abouk)
DATE
PAGE
4.rothrombin -is obout 4 oË I:Rf. t'salso a
blood coti facor t is convert into thrombin hen
-* Other oubstance of Plasma *
Iooraonic bubstante
bodium (Nat) It is mojor extra cellular catain
185 to 45
H is fesponsible for acid.base balance trans mission
Nerve impulses and normal cell function
e.fotassium (kt)ismajor nteracellular Cation
is abOut 35 to SL
tts main role in the bodyistohelp maintainnarmal
levels o luid inside
4 i's alsorespansible for action potential of cell.
3.alcium- is 2nd major extracellular Cation
It is re sponsible to blaod choting helping muscles to
Contrat ond reulatig natmal <Heal! rythm ana
nerre fun ctton
blosd cleti

8. in female
tt is resþansihle
for kl
s
ad uckion
inmale
, soto
8.Iron-is
about6sto 70m ldl
or Metabolicl Alkalosis
metabolic octosis
65
bl
o
od
to maitaio
pH a
HCoa (sicarbanate)
- 22toa1
m t is ible
tis abet
e6 to 2-6mg
dl
6.mneiumlm)is2
n
d maj
o
r intra
cel lulax tian.
PASE
DATE
t is about27to 4-s mdl
Phosphorus
(er)
is maj
o
r intra callular anioni
g
t is about 97to l
o
7
chloride(ar)
is maj
o
r extra cellular aoi
o
n
5
4
l H0alevel
in chease
or decrease woi
t
hpH ate

9. Gasestt
02mostly bind ith Hb and transporl:
’Oz ie not verybaluble in
be transþort ed disolved
is
PAGE
boluble in ter lo> 21
þlasnma.
Converted to bi carbonate ions inRBcs
Gndthen transported in the plasma:
Thrombo qles (elateletsl
Cellulor Content of blood ormed elenent op blod.
The are three types lof blood cell
trythracyte (Rec)
Leukocytes
Han to blood is produced
Can
The production of blaod cell. especailly il formed
elements is called Heamepoiesis
The tiss ue that produceblood cells a
Hesmopietic tissue.
are alled
lstHeamo pietic issues of the hunman
ed enbroye
lembroye form
form in. the qalk Sac, a membrane
auoated all Vertebrate embrays

10. Cell clustens called blood
bere by the third leek
They produce
mirate inta the embroye
bone marro Liver, spleen
Yolksac produze klaod cell in embroynic life then after
Hliver produce blood cel| kill Birth
The sleen stores pradacky Raca Soon after
Bitth, But it contineaus to produce Lymphoctes for Life
infancy on 2ard, the RBrM produce all Seven kind
formed element
from
Hemopietie stem cell formerly calleda Hemocyta
-blast
(pfn form
hurman delelotment.
primitive stem cella that
prafer and colanies the
and rhymu
Lo the bone marrovd all blood cellsOriginate from
pluripatent[capable of develofing into one of a
of cells typerlstem cellk
RBM stem cell
rythyablast ayclablast
(RB)Erytho Cyte
Neutapill. fsinaphilk
Granutagte
Monsblat
onoyte
Bazophill:
ytaplasma
ymphablaz mga
ymphoyekaryablat
cplas me
cyte
(Plat ekt

11. frythrocytes lRed Blod cell4] -t
DATE
RBc are byfor the mast abondent ty of bloodcell.
tt is about 90/ of cell blood ond 2sf of total
body cellk
PAGE
They are bicancave dises shaped with no. nucleus cells
and thak didmeter is about um and 2t 2um thic
’Their charecteristis shapeis suited to their puzþase.
the bitonauity increase their sufface avea forqas
exchange and the thio central portion alloso fast
oder Cells qre
’Se million Reein Averg_ehuman body and it mainly
Aver
destroyed daily and 24 million New P8e
phasfhate dehydroqena
RBC Surface contoin too enzymes st is glucose-k
secondis pyrovase. These
maiotain shape of RBc
The life span of RBC is t20
90 daysin a full term
preterm infant
day in adult ond &o to
infant or ss to so days in
he pracess af erythrosgte deelapment from stem cells
Hakes about 7daye gnd isl called eythroþoien tk.
is
and ext of gases
0re praduced por Second in Human adult
se and
enzymeis responsible to

12. 1 Both vitamin B2 and folie acid
Red blood cell synthesis They are absorbed in the
Smallintestioe
for absorption
*Life cyde of R8e
dietary folie aad and
B2 Promote maturti'on
Ore
DATE
PASE
boundedoith (z) intrinsic fator
to hemalyis
requiredfok
to cell membrone be Comes fraile
bi Pietory 1ron as.
essentia eonstituent
of Hb
Retdoyte
(mature in clvulat'on for 7day:)
Erythroblatin Ram
Mature erythroyte live for 120 day aud due
te Susccplible
So more
rhasoyfic Retieuo-endathelial cells in all tissue
But specai lly inspleen. Bone &liwer that raponsihle
for Hemoysis
RBC immereSed hy potonie saline by osmosis
Water enter in the cells R cell is Braf on Hb
is telensed.

13. Toaord
ferus
Make tansferin
form and transfer
to the Liver
L
Hemo
Memaglabin.
in RBM
Bilverdin
In liver Iron fromis
feritin Btoa form)
feritio Bird uth sr2
and ayan wseotk forn
of new hemo globin
Sterobilinggcn.
DATE
PAGE
and exretedot by body in
the fokm ot stoo
Globis
t is protein So Retym bat
Brown colout of stoo due
to strcobìlineen
for vesynthei's or
Bilirubin
yelgo, Bile Piqment
andJoie c
Joie T erythropoitie
Hily toxie end Not soluble in w
ater
In Bone m
qrro
enzyme
or reuse
fo Liver uridindythosphate
Convert -the Bllivubin
to Les toxie and'water
Soluble nd mix T 4he bile
Bilirabin traals i 8ile duet
Comman Bile duet due donum
Jerusum od ehtery in illum
Bin the ilium bilirubin.
Present in t0o form
H
is mi weith intestine asteis traved in systemic
LUrobilinogn.
circulati'on d er reted
Bykidng
to he form of urine
ad change urine calaur
Umber olou.

14. LErythra þaiesis
3is pracess of RBc preductisn
RBC production in fetad ife is mainly in ivr
o to a. month infatad life is mesen chymal celle et
yolk sac (mesodorm) 3tos menth in Liver ond leen
then after lae bone
’
>stenum is main and
Site in Adult
Durig ny
)Ater Bith to yrs of agc Re< i praduce by
of all bone butin
Ey
prod uced by Spleen
JaA elle
erythrapoein
bones
mayimurn
disease Cond of bone ecs ar
Harmo ne
lia
’A Gythroþoelin Harmene is es ponsibleto
erythro peiesis i seareted by Jurta glumeralsr
aFpuatw Nebhron of Kidney
Red Bone marro
pradure by Pern
se blaod oxyaen Level
RBe breductian
measure 02level and Secrets
(stem
þroduetion of RBc
cclls)

15. 1
increase blood02evel
The erythraþactin.
hormone s mauntain by ve leedback mechanisa
tncrease andde crease level of
Transpartation of o2 and the
hemoglabia maleale, each Rec antain abaut 2so to
Goo million Hb molecules.
2.RBC Carry the blood
of hunman.
akout antgen and anlibody
RA blood group.
factor lhich help to determininj
DATE
PAGE
ome units of RBC
gassby
Packed cell valunme (pv Hemiato ret value (Hev
S- ()
Volume bu) of RBe in blood perl liter.itis
42 to 44 t of Blood
perRBe
2.lMean cell volome (McvThe valume of an aversge
cell measured in femtolitre lufl= to1 t). 4
s.ea cel Hemolobin (r1tH) Avory
s 27 to 32 Deastured Lin piagn)
about &o to g6 fl

16. 5.
Mean calLHemoglabin Concentraton (tacHo)
wbikt of hemoglobin in tao.mLof red cells.
tisabout
The
Hemaylabin (Hs- The
sleod measured ingram fiooml of blod.
ln
&in gkam toem op blerde
t isabaut
eiht of hemoge bin in white
43to
male - 14 to l6 dl
female-12 to
New Born- 8 to 2o
gla
dl
Hemaglabin
PAGE
>Hb is colouriga matter of b
lodared colour
blocd due topres ence of hemoglobin.
Each Hh contain 4 molezules of Hemeliron)
and 4 moleules of globin
Eoch atom of Iron
Eachontain 4 malecules of n.
- Hee is responsible to Cavry O and
obin arry Coe.
Contain 1 molecales of O2
qtom
of
Hemoglabin bjnd a O2 knoon as Ong hemaglahin

17. Hemolabin bindz
200
o known
Hemoglabin bindz Coag knouon
20 time more than
DKTE
PAGE
time more than De.
a s
2
Corbory hemglahin
Garbaminohemoglasin