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MADE BY LEARNERS, CURATED BY FUTURELEARN
The design of this guide is
Copyright © 2015 FutureLearn Ltd.
The copyright for tips within this guide remains with
the learners who submitted them.
Some tips have been edited for length,
sense or consistency.
Where a tip contains content from a third party,
for example a quote, we have, where possible,
attributed it to that party.
No copyright infringement is intended.
DESIGN TIP
Only read the words highlighted in yellow
for a summary of this guide.
Contents
04
05
09
17
24
31
36
41
49
INTRODUCTION
FOREWORD
WHY DO YOU LEARN?
HOW DO YOU ORGANISE YOUR LEARNING?
WHICH TECHNIQUES HELP YOU LEARN?
HOW DO YOU LEARN WITH OTHERS?
WHAT KEEPS YOU MOTIVATED TO LEARN?
WHAT MAKES YOU A FUTURELEARNER?
WHO CONTRIBUTED?
Introduction
In April 2015, FutureLearn invited people around
the world to share their top study tips with us, to
create The Crowdsourced Guide to Learning.
We asked them why they start and continue
to learn; how they organise their study and
remember what they’ve learnt; how they learn
from and with other people; and what role
learning plays in their lives.
We received hundreds of tips. Many were
motivational, many were organisational and some
were simply bizarre.
What we learnt is that while there are tried and
tested methods for learning effectively, everyone
has their own idiosyncrasies and habits that help
them achieve their goals. So in this guide, we try
to showcase both our favourite tips from learners
and expert advice from the academic and online
learning community.
Wherever you are on your learning journey, we
hope you’ll find something to inspire, inform or
surprise.
Happy learning!
PROFESSOR MIKE SHARPLES, THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
Foreword
We learn by making connections. At the biological
level, the connections are between neurons,
which grow stronger whenever we have a new
experience. At the mental level, the connections
form between concepts, when we associate
one idea with another by memorising, or by
experiencing how objects and actions relate. And
at the social level, the connections take the form
of conversations, as we meet people and share
ideas.
The surprising fact is that we don’t need to push
ourselves to make these connections - they come
naturally. We can’t help learning. We do it all the
time, when we take in something new, or respond
in a different way to people or surroundings. So
why does learning often seem so hard?
Usually, it comes from trying to control that
natural process, when we have to force ourselves
to learn particular topics, such as revising for
exams, or when we are told to learn specific facts
and figures. The brain does not store items like a
filing cabinet, so forcing ourselves to remember
disconnected facts is not a natural way to learn.
Setting up the conditions to learn
We need to set up the conditions for making good
connections. Usually, that means being relaxed
and alert, so that our minds are focused on the
immediate experience, setting achievable goals
for ourselves, and being in a rich environment
where there are plenty of opportunities to make
relevant connections.
That could come from exploring a new city and
meeting people, or from reading a good book or
watching a stimulating video. For example, a good
way to learn a foreign language (if you aren’t able
to live in the country or talk with native speakers)
is not through trying to remember individual
words, but by watching videos with subtitles. The
more we enjoy the process of learning, the more
we make rich and appropriate connections.
What makes us different to other animals is
that not only do we react to the changing world
around us, but we also seek out new opportunities
for learning, then discuss what we learn with
teachers and other learners. It’s by holding
conversations that we make the deeper and more
abstract connections between concepts.
Conversing with ourselves
Conversing with others
We converse with teachers who have greater
knowledge and experience and can share these in
ways that connect with our own understanding.
That can be difficult in a class when the teacher
doesn’t have the opportunity to match the
knowledge to each person. That’s why it seems
like hard work to learn from a teacher or lecturer,
because not only do we need to set up the right
conditions for learning, but also make sense of
information that doesn’t always connect with
We hold conversations with ourselves, when
we watch a video or read a text, then relate
it to our previous knowledge and experience,
finding new information, solving problems, and
being confronted with different and challenging
viewpoints.
Every time we say to ourselves “What does this
mean?” or “Why are they saying this?” we are
learning by reflective conversation. By thinking
about what we have just learnt, focusing on
what’s new and important, we are making the
long-term links between the neurons that form our
memories.
Learning in our own way
what we know and understand.
And most importantly, we learn by holding
conversations with other people who can bring
different but related perspectives. Having
interesting discussions, either spoken or in writing,
allows us to connect and understand at all levels -
of facts, ideas and experiences.
Each of us has a unique way of learning. There is
no universal “best” learning method, but generally
we learn well when we set our own goals; make
active choices about what we do and don’t want
to learn; and think about what we have just learnt
and relate it to our knowledge.
Most importantly, we learn well when we share
and enjoy the experience!
The more courses
I take and
the more I learn,
the hungrier I feel
for more
knowledge…
it’s like
training yourself
to be curious.
“
”
SUBMITTED BY LILI
Why do you learn?
If you think of learning as a means to an end - a
simple stepping stone from school to university
to work to better paid work - then we hope you’ll
think again when you read this chapter.
The tips here show that learning for learning’s
sake is a rewarding experience. And once you
start learning, it’s difficult to stop. The trick is to
choose a subject that you really care about; know
what you want to achieve; and have something or
someone to inspire you.
12
IN THE MIDDLE OF
DIFFICULTY LIES
OPPORTUNITY
QUOTE BY ALBERT EINSTEIN, PHYSICIST. SUBMITTED BY BLAIR BROWN
DARE TO
THINK
YOU
MIGHT
GO WITH
YOUR
INSTINCT
> Go with your inst
inctandtaketheplungeinlearning
somethingnew…Thesheerenjoyme
ntcannotbeunderestimated.Submit
ted
by Gina Wild.
> “If you don’
tdaretothinkyoumight,y
ou
won’t.”QuotebyTerryP
ratchett,Author.Submitted
by Jon Slack.
NEVER
DOUBT
YOUR
GOAL
The Olympian
Michael Johnson
is an amazing role
model - he never
misses a day’s
training, is on the
track on cold rainy
days and never
doubts his goal.
SUBMITTED BY
MANISHA PARMAR
DON’T
GIVE UP
Remember:
“If at first you
don’t succeed,
you’re running
about average.”
Not everything
is achievable
the first time.
SUBMITTED BY
RONALD LOCKLEY
It is pointless to try to
study if it is not fun,
it then becomes a chore.
At that point, you will either
hate your studies
or become afraid of them.
FIRST & FOREMOST
HAVE FUN
SUBMITTED BY RONALD LOCKLEY
When you enjoy your work,
information is digested
with relative ease
and it ceases to be “work.”
Instead, it’s more of an excursion
into a mysterious world,
which captures your imagination.
SUBMITTED BY ANTHONY CLARK
EXPERT OPINIONEXPERT COMMENT
PROFESSOR SHIRLEY WILLIAMS, UNIVERSITY OF READING
When starting out on a new course, understanding
why you are learning is important. It isn’t necessary
to tackle all learning in the same way. Instead,
you need to fit the learning to you, not you to the
learning:
If you want to gain a single skill, once you have got
that skill, you can decide to continue or not.
If you are learning for fun, and you find some of the
experience is not enjoyable, skip that bit.
If you have limited time, work out what is the
absolute minimum you need to do and skip the
optional bits.
If you want (or need) the certificate, you will
probably need to spend extra time to understand
everything.
Time is what
we want
most
“
”
but what
we use worst
QUOTE BY WILLIAM PENN, FOUNDER OF PENNSYLVANIA.
SUBMITTED BY REBECCA
How do you organise
your learning?
When William Penn uttered the words across the
page in 1692, status updates and cat memes were
yet to be invented, and even books were in short
supply. Yet in between shaping the development
of early America, Penn clearly still managed to
fritter away his time.
His words remind us that procrastination and
disorganisation are age-old enemies. And if we’re
to learn effectively, we must overcome them. So
in this chapter, we offer tips on how to plan your
learning, find the right time and place, and not get
distracted.
And if you manage that, reward awaits...
Prepare
mentally
Revising in pyjamas sounds like a lovely idea, but I find
getting up and dressed, and washing my face makes me
feel awake and prepared. Therefore the day is much more
productive.
SUBMITTED BY JESS
Before I sleep, when I lay on the bed in the dark, I try to
remember what I learnt that day. I also do that when I
wake up in the morning.
SUBMITTED BY BE THANH TUYEN
Taking short breaks will restore your mental energy. During
those breaks drink plenty of water and juice, and eat fruit to
get energy and refresh your brain.
SUBMITTED BY REENA MITTAL
In the afternoon, I take a siesta - it sharpens the mind.
SUBMITTED BY SYLVA SIMSOVA
Prepare
physically
Cafés are nice and cozy, but if you are an observer, it is easy
to become distracted. Understand what you need and find
your proper place.
SUBMITTED BY JESSICA GRANT
SUBMITTED BY ANA
I make sure that I have everything I need to hand - iPad,
phone, paper, pen, pencil, eraser, sharpener, books, previous
notes, glasses, tissues and water bottle. I go through a sort
of ritual, getting everything ready. The preparation settles
my mind into thinking.
SUBMITTED BY DENISE BOND
Choose a place to always study, where you can really
concentrate. It will make you have more focus because if you
are there, you know that you have to study.
Schedule a chunk of time every week to learn and focus
wholly on that. A lunchtime, an early morning session, or
curled up in the evenings. Make it regular, make it consistent,
make it count.
SUBMITTED BY AUROREANCHRIS
Find short spells to study. 30 minutes to an hour is quite
enough for me, usually after I have checked my emails first
thing in the morning, when my mind has not been cluttered
by other things.
SUBMITTED BY AVRIL
Don’t waste your time with distractions, mainly on the
internet. Don’t open your social media accounts. Set a time
limit for tasks.
SUBMITTED BY REBECCA
Prepare
socially
After having a hard time understanding something or not
finding solution, a ten-minute break helps me to continue
with better effort and better understanding. Just let go and
forget about study for those ten short minutes.
SUBMITTED BY A-IDONTKKNOW
EXPERT COMMENTEXPERT COMMENT
PROFESSOR MIKE SHARPLES, THE OPEN UNIVERSITY
Reward
yourself
Being well-prepared is the most important way to improve
your experience of learning.
Prepare mentally, by setting yourself goals you can achieve,
and then checking how you are performing as the course
progresses. Prepare physically, if you can, by finding a
calm and satisfying place and time to study, with your own
kit such as pen and paper for taking notes. And prepare
socially, by making space in your life away from the
distractions of email and messages.
If you can do all that, then reward yourself! If that’s not
possible in your crowded and busy life, then recognise this
and wait for the opportunity.
“
SUBMITTED BY LORENA
It doesn’t matter
if the recipient
of your question
is older
or younger
than you.
If they know
and you don’t,
then they are
the scholar
and you are
the learner.
”
Which techniques
help you learn?
In this chapter, we get into the nitty-gritty of
learning, with some tips, techniques and tactics
to try. Some are universal - like the importance
of asking questions, which Lorena points out
opposite. Others are more personal - they’re ideas
for you to test out.
Note taking is a great example. It’s a theme that
crops up in learners’ tips a lot, but every learner
has their own way of doing it - with mnemonics or
drawings, in notebooks or on flashcards. So give
these tips a go and see which ones work for you.
Listen carefully
The best way to learn is to listen. Listen so
carefully and attentively that you are able to
grasp every word.
SUBMITTED BY ANJALI
1
Read curiously
The key word is curiosity. If you try to learn
what you are curious about, chances are you will
remember what you read much more easily and
quickly.
SUBMITTED BY ANA MARIA ABELLA
2
Think critically
The sharing of different opinions, theories or
queries can help to develop a deeper critical
thinking around the subject.
SUBMITTED BY TRACIE M
3
Question fearlessly
Never, ever, be afraid to ask questions. There is no
such thing as a silly question, and you will often
find that several other people have been pondering
the same thing. This in itself gives you confidence.
SUBMITTED BY DAWN CRANIE
4
Note actively
Making notes, writing things in a notebook, is not
in itself knowledge. You have to think actively,
work, make connections and remember, in order
to put it in your head. Only then is it something
closer to knowledge.
SUBMITTED BY DON
5
Map mindfully
SUBMITTED BY ANIKA VED
6
Remember regularly
Once you have your subject matter written down on
a flashcard, read it over and over, have a 30-minute
break and without looking at the card, try to
reproduce it.
SUBMITTED BY PAUL
7
Reflect personally
SUBMITTED BY ALISON GRANGE
8
Explain verbally
For me, the best way to establish whether or not
I’ve grasped what I’ve just studied is to verbalise
it - either to the four walls or to my long-suffering
husband.
SUBMITTED BY ALISON MCKENNA
9
Log thoroughly
I write up a learning log on what l learnt; what the
value of the learning was to me and my job; why it
was valuable; what else I need to learn in support;
and where I will find the learning, with
references and URLs.
SUBMITTED BY DAVE YOUNG
10
Mind maps are the best tool that I ever learnt to
use. A great way to start off a new piece of writing,
to generate ideas or to prepare for an exam.
My tip would be to ensure that you take time to
reflect on what you are learning. How does it relate
to you? How can it make your life better?
For organising information, a great
technique is to create a structured outline
of what you are learning. The focus should
not be on writing down each detail, but
rather using indenting and grouping, to
visually organise the different concepts.
CHARLIE CHUNG, CLASS CENTRAL
EXPERT TIPS FROM CLASS CENTRAL
A technique to help with synthesis is to
pause between each major module of the
course and to write down the three most
important points you learnt in the module.
This can be entirely personal, it is for you
to reflect on and summarise.
1
2
3
Organise
Synthesise
Apply
A technique to help with application is to
take something you’ve learnt and apply
it to a novel example from outside of the
course. Take a moment to think about how
well your example works or doesn’t work,
and then post it in the discussion board
and ask your peers what they think.
EXPERT OPINIONEXPERT COMMENT
DR KATHERINE STEVENS, THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD
One of the best ways to check you understand
something is to explain it to someone else. So
imagine you need to teach someone else the
material you have just been learning. Perhaps you
could find a friend or fellow learner who would
be willing to listen and collaborate with you. See
if you can teach them the subject you have been
learning. Encourage them to ask questions. Discuss
the materials together. Explaining something to
someone else can often increase your learning too.
Discuss your
knowledge with
others to learn
new things.
“
”
SUBMITTED BY SHUBHAM GUPTA
How do you learn
with others?
In the foreword, we discussed the vital role
conversation plays in learning. While conversation
with yourself is important, conversation with
others is better. And in our age of online learning,
we have more and more ways to discuss our ideas
with other people.
In this chapter, the tips all share a common
message: “You get out what you put in.”
Don’t just be a bystander - join the conversation.
And don’t just learn from other people - once you
discover something, pass it on. Explaining what
you’ve learnt is one of the best ways to remember.
I learn best by discussing a topic, usually
with someone who knows more about it
than me. Joining a class helps me more
than reading does.
SUBMITTED BY AMAN
I find peer discussion groups helpful -
questions can be explored, worries shared
and strategies agreed.
SUBMITTED BY TRACIE M
If a discussion forum seems daunting for
the first timers, we have all been there.
Just join in. There isn’t anything to be
worried about. Trust me, I was one of the
most timid people on the planet. And now I
thoroughly enjoy joining in the discussions.
SUBMITTED BY CAROLYN URQUHART
DISCUSS
O
N
LIN
E
IN
PERSO
N
DISCUSS
EXPERT COMMENT
DR LISA HARRIS, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
We can all benefit from sharing our “stories” with other
learners from a wide range of backgrounds and from all over
the world. Interacting with others, sharing our experiences
and building our networks are central means of learning on
(and beyond) the course itself.
W
HAT
YO
U
LEARN
SUBMITTED BY ARJAN TUPAN
Teach part of what you have learnt to
others and make notes. Processing the
study material further will help you
to understand and retain information
better.
SUBMITTED BY TARANNUM
Try to teach or communicate what you want
to learn, even if not fully understood, to
someone else or a group of others - they
will learn from you, and you will learn by the
transmission of your own understanding.
SUBMITTED BY PETER WHITELEY
SHARE
TAKE
O
N
LIN
E
DISCUSSIO
N
S
O
FFLIN
E
EXPERT COMMENT
DR MOMNA HEJMADI, UNIVERSITY OF BATH
If you’re taking an online course,
organise a MOOC meetup to learn
together with others. It’s an amazing
experience, it helps you to dig
deeper and look further.
Forming a peer study group is one way of keeping the
motivation going. You could form a course club offline,
and arrange a regular time to meet up or chat. If possible,
connect with people in the local area doing the same course,
and you could arrange to meet socially at regular intervals
(in a coffee shop, for instance) to motivate each other.
“
”SUBMITTED BY JADE
Learning gives
knowledge,
knowledge gives
confidence,
confidence gives
character
and character
creates a person.
What keeps you
motivated to learn?
So far we’ve looked at how to organise your
learning, some useful tips for studying and
the importance of conversing with others. But
what happens when you hit the wall? When
you get bored, it gets too hard or you lose your
confidence?
In this chapter, we offer up some advice for turning
those conversations into supportive relationships;
remembering why you started learning in the first
place; and reflecting on just how far you’ve come.
Establish a good relationship with the teacher and other
students. This can help keep you motivated and improve
your confidence.
SUBMITTED BY AY DAMIRAH
SUBMITTED BY EMMA
SUBMITTED BY JEREMY LEE
The better the engine, the more efficient my learning is. If
spiced with additional motivation, like planning trips or jobs,
the result is absolutely great. The learning is fast, pleasant
and practically non-stop!
SUBMITTED BY HALYNA BORTAKOVA
Get support and ask for help
Don’t be scared to have fun
If the problem is the understanding or the difficulty of the
work, please please please, do ask for help from your tutor
or co-learners without embarrassment. You are a student
and that implies that you are not expected to know that
which you strive to learn.
Play. Just as children play with toys, play with statistics,
literature, geometry, topology, networks, or any other topic;
this frees you from an unconscious fear of failure.
Reflect on what you’ve learnt
SUBMITTED BY PAMELA COREN
Studying new subjects is like going to the gym. It improves
your overall feeling of wellbeing and also your mental
health. Learning will make you think about the world
differently.
SUBMITTED BY ABDELLATIF BOUHID
EXPERT COMMENTEXPERT COMMENT
DR EMMA EMANUELSSON PATTERSON, UNIVERSITY OF BATH
The key thing is to have a real interest for the subject area -
choose something that you find really interesting.
The next step is to keep up with your enthusiasm throughout
the course - and to put time aside in your busy schedule.
Note that you don’t need to read everything - if you don’t
have the time, be selective and don’t worry if you miss some
information.
Finally, don’t be scared or nervous to share your opinion
- you’ll find it motivating to have people responding to or
agreeing with your comments.
Students working on their own need some self-awareness,
some way of keeping an internal monitor on their approach.
Ask yourself: “Why do I think that? Why do I feel like that
about this area of history or thought? If I always judge X
adversely, why? Do I have real grounds?” It is all summed
up in a single question: “Where did what is in my mind come
from?”
“
”
SUBMITTED BY BOGDANA YAKOVENKO
For me,
learning is for life.
What makes you
a FutureLearner?
At FutureLearn, we like to call the millions of
people who take free online courses with us
“FutureLearners.” But this isn’t just a synonym for
“users” - it’s a state of mind.
We know that every FutureLearner loves learning
for learning’s sake. They’re juggling professional
and personal commitments just to discover
something new. And whether they’re 13 or 93, they
know there will always be something new out
there for them to learn.
In this chapter, we discover what makes a learner
a FutureLearner.
I WANT TO
UNDERSTAND
THE WORLDIt may sound simple, but it is basically my curiosity and the need
to understand, as best as I can, the world that surrounds me.
SUBMITTED BY LUISA GONZÁLEZ PINTO
SUBMITTED BY RADU LAURA
Learning different things is a good way to understand the world.
People, especially young people, should try to study all kinds of
interesting things they’re really interested in according to their own
personality.
SUBMITTED BY SUE ETHERINGTON
Why do I study? Well, simply for the joy of learning something new.
I have a passion for education. As a language teacher of many
years, I have seen first hand what learning can do for people, it
raises their expectations and raises their self-esteem.
If something excites you, everything you read, you watch or
you write, will be a learning experience that you love.
SUBMITTED BY PEIO
I GET JOY
FROM
LEARNING
NEW THINGS
MY
BRAIN
IS A MUSCLE
THAT NEEDS
SUBMITTED BY GARY ABRAHAMS
I am a keen sportsman and enjoy being fit. I use this as a motivating
factor. I think of my brain as a muscle that needs to be exercised. I
would not let my physical self become unfit and so I apply the same
philosophy to my work. Train hard, get results. Work hard, get re-
sults. I apply the same discipline from my sports life to my work life.
TO BE FLEXED
For me, thinking is as important to my wellbeing as physical exercise
and courses are a bit like the exercise bike down at the gym. I can
sit down at the computer, concentrate for an hour or so, usually first
thing in the morning, and then go off and do other stuff, feeling that
I have done something useful.
SUBMITTED BY KEITH MUIR
I’LL NEVER
BE TOO OLD
SUBMITTED BY NASREEN AHSAN
I am still learning from my own grandchildren as I’m curious
about the skills they have, and keep asking them to teach
me some of those.
TO LEARN
Remember that you are never too old to study and that by doing
so, you will gain a better understanding of the world around you.
Its wide range of cultural differences will begin to make sense.
SUBMITTED BY SUE CAMPBELL
EXPERT OPINIONEXPERT COMMENT
DR KARSTEN ØSTER LUNDQVIST UNIVERSITY OF READING
The famous Danish philosopher Grundtvig once
said: “Man has not lived, before he learns about the
things he once did not appreciate.” Although this
is an extreme statement, I think that there is a lot
of wisdom to it. If we learn to see life from other
viewpoints, experience issues that others are facing,
and enhance our lives by increasing our knowledge
and skills, then many of us will grow as people, and
we might learn to see opportunities in diversity and
difference.
HANKS
Thankstoeveryonewhosubmittedatip
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THE CROWDSOURCED GUIDE TO LEARNING

  • 1. MADE BY LEARNERS, CURATED BY FUTURELEARN
  • 2. The design of this guide is Copyright © 2015 FutureLearn Ltd. The copyright for tips within this guide remains with the learners who submitted them. Some tips have been edited for length, sense or consistency. Where a tip contains content from a third party, for example a quote, we have, where possible, attributed it to that party. No copyright infringement is intended. DESIGN TIP Only read the words highlighted in yellow for a summary of this guide.
  • 3. Contents 04 05 09 17 24 31 36 41 49 INTRODUCTION FOREWORD WHY DO YOU LEARN? HOW DO YOU ORGANISE YOUR LEARNING? WHICH TECHNIQUES HELP YOU LEARN? HOW DO YOU LEARN WITH OTHERS? WHAT KEEPS YOU MOTIVATED TO LEARN? WHAT MAKES YOU A FUTURELEARNER? WHO CONTRIBUTED?
  • 4. Introduction In April 2015, FutureLearn invited people around the world to share their top study tips with us, to create The Crowdsourced Guide to Learning. We asked them why they start and continue to learn; how they organise their study and remember what they’ve learnt; how they learn from and with other people; and what role learning plays in their lives. We received hundreds of tips. Many were motivational, many were organisational and some were simply bizarre. What we learnt is that while there are tried and tested methods for learning effectively, everyone has their own idiosyncrasies and habits that help them achieve their goals. So in this guide, we try to showcase both our favourite tips from learners and expert advice from the academic and online learning community. Wherever you are on your learning journey, we hope you’ll find something to inspire, inform or surprise. Happy learning!
  • 5. PROFESSOR MIKE SHARPLES, THE OPEN UNIVERSITY Foreword We learn by making connections. At the biological level, the connections are between neurons, which grow stronger whenever we have a new experience. At the mental level, the connections form between concepts, when we associate one idea with another by memorising, or by experiencing how objects and actions relate. And at the social level, the connections take the form of conversations, as we meet people and share ideas. The surprising fact is that we don’t need to push ourselves to make these connections - they come naturally. We can’t help learning. We do it all the time, when we take in something new, or respond in a different way to people or surroundings. So why does learning often seem so hard? Usually, it comes from trying to control that natural process, when we have to force ourselves to learn particular topics, such as revising for exams, or when we are told to learn specific facts and figures. The brain does not store items like a filing cabinet, so forcing ourselves to remember disconnected facts is not a natural way to learn.
  • 6. Setting up the conditions to learn We need to set up the conditions for making good connections. Usually, that means being relaxed and alert, so that our minds are focused on the immediate experience, setting achievable goals for ourselves, and being in a rich environment where there are plenty of opportunities to make relevant connections. That could come from exploring a new city and meeting people, or from reading a good book or watching a stimulating video. For example, a good way to learn a foreign language (if you aren’t able to live in the country or talk with native speakers) is not through trying to remember individual words, but by watching videos with subtitles. The more we enjoy the process of learning, the more we make rich and appropriate connections. What makes us different to other animals is that not only do we react to the changing world around us, but we also seek out new opportunities for learning, then discuss what we learn with teachers and other learners. It’s by holding conversations that we make the deeper and more abstract connections between concepts.
  • 7. Conversing with ourselves Conversing with others We converse with teachers who have greater knowledge and experience and can share these in ways that connect with our own understanding. That can be difficult in a class when the teacher doesn’t have the opportunity to match the knowledge to each person. That’s why it seems like hard work to learn from a teacher or lecturer, because not only do we need to set up the right conditions for learning, but also make sense of information that doesn’t always connect with We hold conversations with ourselves, when we watch a video or read a text, then relate it to our previous knowledge and experience, finding new information, solving problems, and being confronted with different and challenging viewpoints. Every time we say to ourselves “What does this mean?” or “Why are they saying this?” we are learning by reflective conversation. By thinking about what we have just learnt, focusing on what’s new and important, we are making the long-term links between the neurons that form our memories.
  • 8. Learning in our own way what we know and understand. And most importantly, we learn by holding conversations with other people who can bring different but related perspectives. Having interesting discussions, either spoken or in writing, allows us to connect and understand at all levels - of facts, ideas and experiences. Each of us has a unique way of learning. There is no universal “best” learning method, but generally we learn well when we set our own goals; make active choices about what we do and don’t want to learn; and think about what we have just learnt and relate it to our knowledge. Most importantly, we learn well when we share and enjoy the experience!
  • 9.
  • 10. The more courses I take and the more I learn, the hungrier I feel for more knowledge… it’s like training yourself to be curious. “ ” SUBMITTED BY LILI
  • 11. Why do you learn? If you think of learning as a means to an end - a simple stepping stone from school to university to work to better paid work - then we hope you’ll think again when you read this chapter. The tips here show that learning for learning’s sake is a rewarding experience. And once you start learning, it’s difficult to stop. The trick is to choose a subject that you really care about; know what you want to achieve; and have something or someone to inspire you.
  • 12. 12 IN THE MIDDLE OF DIFFICULTY LIES OPPORTUNITY QUOTE BY ALBERT EINSTEIN, PHYSICIST. SUBMITTED BY BLAIR BROWN
  • 13. DARE TO THINK YOU MIGHT GO WITH YOUR INSTINCT > Go with your inst inctandtaketheplungeinlearning somethingnew…Thesheerenjoyme ntcannotbeunderestimated.Submit ted by Gina Wild. > “If you don’ tdaretothinkyoumight,y ou won’t.”QuotebyTerryP ratchett,Author.Submitted by Jon Slack.
  • 14. NEVER DOUBT YOUR GOAL The Olympian Michael Johnson is an amazing role model - he never misses a day’s training, is on the track on cold rainy days and never doubts his goal. SUBMITTED BY MANISHA PARMAR DON’T GIVE UP Remember: “If at first you don’t succeed, you’re running about average.” Not everything is achievable the first time. SUBMITTED BY RONALD LOCKLEY
  • 15. It is pointless to try to study if it is not fun, it then becomes a chore. At that point, you will either hate your studies or become afraid of them. FIRST & FOREMOST HAVE FUN SUBMITTED BY RONALD LOCKLEY When you enjoy your work, information is digested with relative ease and it ceases to be “work.” Instead, it’s more of an excursion into a mysterious world, which captures your imagination. SUBMITTED BY ANTHONY CLARK
  • 16. EXPERT OPINIONEXPERT COMMENT PROFESSOR SHIRLEY WILLIAMS, UNIVERSITY OF READING When starting out on a new course, understanding why you are learning is important. It isn’t necessary to tackle all learning in the same way. Instead, you need to fit the learning to you, not you to the learning: If you want to gain a single skill, once you have got that skill, you can decide to continue or not. If you are learning for fun, and you find some of the experience is not enjoyable, skip that bit. If you have limited time, work out what is the absolute minimum you need to do and skip the optional bits. If you want (or need) the certificate, you will probably need to spend extra time to understand everything.
  • 17.
  • 18. Time is what we want most “ ” but what we use worst QUOTE BY WILLIAM PENN, FOUNDER OF PENNSYLVANIA. SUBMITTED BY REBECCA
  • 19. How do you organise your learning? When William Penn uttered the words across the page in 1692, status updates and cat memes were yet to be invented, and even books were in short supply. Yet in between shaping the development of early America, Penn clearly still managed to fritter away his time. His words remind us that procrastination and disorganisation are age-old enemies. And if we’re to learn effectively, we must overcome them. So in this chapter, we offer tips on how to plan your learning, find the right time and place, and not get distracted. And if you manage that, reward awaits...
  • 20. Prepare mentally Revising in pyjamas sounds like a lovely idea, but I find getting up and dressed, and washing my face makes me feel awake and prepared. Therefore the day is much more productive. SUBMITTED BY JESS Before I sleep, when I lay on the bed in the dark, I try to remember what I learnt that day. I also do that when I wake up in the morning. SUBMITTED BY BE THANH TUYEN Taking short breaks will restore your mental energy. During those breaks drink plenty of water and juice, and eat fruit to get energy and refresh your brain. SUBMITTED BY REENA MITTAL In the afternoon, I take a siesta - it sharpens the mind. SUBMITTED BY SYLVA SIMSOVA
  • 21. Prepare physically Cafés are nice and cozy, but if you are an observer, it is easy to become distracted. Understand what you need and find your proper place. SUBMITTED BY JESSICA GRANT SUBMITTED BY ANA I make sure that I have everything I need to hand - iPad, phone, paper, pen, pencil, eraser, sharpener, books, previous notes, glasses, tissues and water bottle. I go through a sort of ritual, getting everything ready. The preparation settles my mind into thinking. SUBMITTED BY DENISE BOND Choose a place to always study, where you can really concentrate. It will make you have more focus because if you are there, you know that you have to study.
  • 22. Schedule a chunk of time every week to learn and focus wholly on that. A lunchtime, an early morning session, or curled up in the evenings. Make it regular, make it consistent, make it count. SUBMITTED BY AUROREANCHRIS Find short spells to study. 30 minutes to an hour is quite enough for me, usually after I have checked my emails first thing in the morning, when my mind has not been cluttered by other things. SUBMITTED BY AVRIL Don’t waste your time with distractions, mainly on the internet. Don’t open your social media accounts. Set a time limit for tasks. SUBMITTED BY REBECCA Prepare socially
  • 23. After having a hard time understanding something or not finding solution, a ten-minute break helps me to continue with better effort and better understanding. Just let go and forget about study for those ten short minutes. SUBMITTED BY A-IDONTKKNOW EXPERT COMMENTEXPERT COMMENT PROFESSOR MIKE SHARPLES, THE OPEN UNIVERSITY Reward yourself Being well-prepared is the most important way to improve your experience of learning. Prepare mentally, by setting yourself goals you can achieve, and then checking how you are performing as the course progresses. Prepare physically, if you can, by finding a calm and satisfying place and time to study, with your own kit such as pen and paper for taking notes. And prepare socially, by making space in your life away from the distractions of email and messages. If you can do all that, then reward yourself! If that’s not possible in your crowded and busy life, then recognise this and wait for the opportunity.
  • 24.
  • 25. “ SUBMITTED BY LORENA It doesn’t matter if the recipient of your question is older or younger than you. If they know and you don’t, then they are the scholar and you are the learner. ”
  • 26. Which techniques help you learn? In this chapter, we get into the nitty-gritty of learning, with some tips, techniques and tactics to try. Some are universal - like the importance of asking questions, which Lorena points out opposite. Others are more personal - they’re ideas for you to test out. Note taking is a great example. It’s a theme that crops up in learners’ tips a lot, but every learner has their own way of doing it - with mnemonics or drawings, in notebooks or on flashcards. So give these tips a go and see which ones work for you.
  • 27. Listen carefully The best way to learn is to listen. Listen so carefully and attentively that you are able to grasp every word. SUBMITTED BY ANJALI 1 Read curiously The key word is curiosity. If you try to learn what you are curious about, chances are you will remember what you read much more easily and quickly. SUBMITTED BY ANA MARIA ABELLA 2 Think critically The sharing of different opinions, theories or queries can help to develop a deeper critical thinking around the subject. SUBMITTED BY TRACIE M 3 Question fearlessly Never, ever, be afraid to ask questions. There is no such thing as a silly question, and you will often find that several other people have been pondering the same thing. This in itself gives you confidence. SUBMITTED BY DAWN CRANIE 4 Note actively Making notes, writing things in a notebook, is not in itself knowledge. You have to think actively, work, make connections and remember, in order to put it in your head. Only then is it something closer to knowledge. SUBMITTED BY DON 5
  • 28. Map mindfully SUBMITTED BY ANIKA VED 6 Remember regularly Once you have your subject matter written down on a flashcard, read it over and over, have a 30-minute break and without looking at the card, try to reproduce it. SUBMITTED BY PAUL 7 Reflect personally SUBMITTED BY ALISON GRANGE 8 Explain verbally For me, the best way to establish whether or not I’ve grasped what I’ve just studied is to verbalise it - either to the four walls or to my long-suffering husband. SUBMITTED BY ALISON MCKENNA 9 Log thoroughly I write up a learning log on what l learnt; what the value of the learning was to me and my job; why it was valuable; what else I need to learn in support; and where I will find the learning, with references and URLs. SUBMITTED BY DAVE YOUNG 10 Mind maps are the best tool that I ever learnt to use. A great way to start off a new piece of writing, to generate ideas or to prepare for an exam. My tip would be to ensure that you take time to reflect on what you are learning. How does it relate to you? How can it make your life better?
  • 29. For organising information, a great technique is to create a structured outline of what you are learning. The focus should not be on writing down each detail, but rather using indenting and grouping, to visually organise the different concepts. CHARLIE CHUNG, CLASS CENTRAL EXPERT TIPS FROM CLASS CENTRAL A technique to help with synthesis is to pause between each major module of the course and to write down the three most important points you learnt in the module. This can be entirely personal, it is for you to reflect on and summarise. 1 2 3 Organise Synthesise Apply A technique to help with application is to take something you’ve learnt and apply it to a novel example from outside of the course. Take a moment to think about how well your example works or doesn’t work, and then post it in the discussion board and ask your peers what they think.
  • 30. EXPERT OPINIONEXPERT COMMENT DR KATHERINE STEVENS, THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD One of the best ways to check you understand something is to explain it to someone else. So imagine you need to teach someone else the material you have just been learning. Perhaps you could find a friend or fellow learner who would be willing to listen and collaborate with you. See if you can teach them the subject you have been learning. Encourage them to ask questions. Discuss the materials together. Explaining something to someone else can often increase your learning too.
  • 31.
  • 32. Discuss your knowledge with others to learn new things. “ ” SUBMITTED BY SHUBHAM GUPTA
  • 33. How do you learn with others? In the foreword, we discussed the vital role conversation plays in learning. While conversation with yourself is important, conversation with others is better. And in our age of online learning, we have more and more ways to discuss our ideas with other people. In this chapter, the tips all share a common message: “You get out what you put in.” Don’t just be a bystander - join the conversation. And don’t just learn from other people - once you discover something, pass it on. Explaining what you’ve learnt is one of the best ways to remember.
  • 34. I learn best by discussing a topic, usually with someone who knows more about it than me. Joining a class helps me more than reading does. SUBMITTED BY AMAN I find peer discussion groups helpful - questions can be explored, worries shared and strategies agreed. SUBMITTED BY TRACIE M If a discussion forum seems daunting for the first timers, we have all been there. Just join in. There isn’t anything to be worried about. Trust me, I was one of the most timid people on the planet. And now I thoroughly enjoy joining in the discussions. SUBMITTED BY CAROLYN URQUHART DISCUSS O N LIN E IN PERSO N DISCUSS EXPERT COMMENT DR LISA HARRIS, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON We can all benefit from sharing our “stories” with other learners from a wide range of backgrounds and from all over the world. Interacting with others, sharing our experiences and building our networks are central means of learning on (and beyond) the course itself.
  • 35. W HAT YO U LEARN SUBMITTED BY ARJAN TUPAN Teach part of what you have learnt to others and make notes. Processing the study material further will help you to understand and retain information better. SUBMITTED BY TARANNUM Try to teach or communicate what you want to learn, even if not fully understood, to someone else or a group of others - they will learn from you, and you will learn by the transmission of your own understanding. SUBMITTED BY PETER WHITELEY SHARE TAKE O N LIN E DISCUSSIO N S O FFLIN E EXPERT COMMENT DR MOMNA HEJMADI, UNIVERSITY OF BATH If you’re taking an online course, organise a MOOC meetup to learn together with others. It’s an amazing experience, it helps you to dig deeper and look further. Forming a peer study group is one way of keeping the motivation going. You could form a course club offline, and arrange a regular time to meet up or chat. If possible, connect with people in the local area doing the same course, and you could arrange to meet socially at regular intervals (in a coffee shop, for instance) to motivate each other.
  • 36.
  • 37. “ ”SUBMITTED BY JADE Learning gives knowledge, knowledge gives confidence, confidence gives character and character creates a person.
  • 38. What keeps you motivated to learn? So far we’ve looked at how to organise your learning, some useful tips for studying and the importance of conversing with others. But what happens when you hit the wall? When you get bored, it gets too hard or you lose your confidence? In this chapter, we offer up some advice for turning those conversations into supportive relationships; remembering why you started learning in the first place; and reflecting on just how far you’ve come.
  • 39. Establish a good relationship with the teacher and other students. This can help keep you motivated and improve your confidence. SUBMITTED BY AY DAMIRAH SUBMITTED BY EMMA SUBMITTED BY JEREMY LEE The better the engine, the more efficient my learning is. If spiced with additional motivation, like planning trips or jobs, the result is absolutely great. The learning is fast, pleasant and practically non-stop! SUBMITTED BY HALYNA BORTAKOVA Get support and ask for help Don’t be scared to have fun If the problem is the understanding or the difficulty of the work, please please please, do ask for help from your tutor or co-learners without embarrassment. You are a student and that implies that you are not expected to know that which you strive to learn. Play. Just as children play with toys, play with statistics, literature, geometry, topology, networks, or any other topic; this frees you from an unconscious fear of failure.
  • 40. Reflect on what you’ve learnt SUBMITTED BY PAMELA COREN Studying new subjects is like going to the gym. It improves your overall feeling of wellbeing and also your mental health. Learning will make you think about the world differently. SUBMITTED BY ABDELLATIF BOUHID EXPERT COMMENTEXPERT COMMENT DR EMMA EMANUELSSON PATTERSON, UNIVERSITY OF BATH The key thing is to have a real interest for the subject area - choose something that you find really interesting. The next step is to keep up with your enthusiasm throughout the course - and to put time aside in your busy schedule. Note that you don’t need to read everything - if you don’t have the time, be selective and don’t worry if you miss some information. Finally, don’t be scared or nervous to share your opinion - you’ll find it motivating to have people responding to or agreeing with your comments. Students working on their own need some self-awareness, some way of keeping an internal monitor on their approach. Ask yourself: “Why do I think that? Why do I feel like that about this area of history or thought? If I always judge X adversely, why? Do I have real grounds?” It is all summed up in a single question: “Where did what is in my mind come from?”
  • 41.
  • 42. “ ” SUBMITTED BY BOGDANA YAKOVENKO For me, learning is for life.
  • 43. What makes you a FutureLearner? At FutureLearn, we like to call the millions of people who take free online courses with us “FutureLearners.” But this isn’t just a synonym for “users” - it’s a state of mind. We know that every FutureLearner loves learning for learning’s sake. They’re juggling professional and personal commitments just to discover something new. And whether they’re 13 or 93, they know there will always be something new out there for them to learn. In this chapter, we discover what makes a learner a FutureLearner.
  • 44. I WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLDIt may sound simple, but it is basically my curiosity and the need to understand, as best as I can, the world that surrounds me. SUBMITTED BY LUISA GONZÁLEZ PINTO SUBMITTED BY RADU LAURA Learning different things is a good way to understand the world. People, especially young people, should try to study all kinds of interesting things they’re really interested in according to their own personality.
  • 45. SUBMITTED BY SUE ETHERINGTON Why do I study? Well, simply for the joy of learning something new. I have a passion for education. As a language teacher of many years, I have seen first hand what learning can do for people, it raises their expectations and raises their self-esteem. If something excites you, everything you read, you watch or you write, will be a learning experience that you love. SUBMITTED BY PEIO I GET JOY FROM LEARNING NEW THINGS
  • 46. MY BRAIN IS A MUSCLE THAT NEEDS SUBMITTED BY GARY ABRAHAMS I am a keen sportsman and enjoy being fit. I use this as a motivating factor. I think of my brain as a muscle that needs to be exercised. I would not let my physical self become unfit and so I apply the same philosophy to my work. Train hard, get results. Work hard, get re- sults. I apply the same discipline from my sports life to my work life. TO BE FLEXED For me, thinking is as important to my wellbeing as physical exercise and courses are a bit like the exercise bike down at the gym. I can sit down at the computer, concentrate for an hour or so, usually first thing in the morning, and then go off and do other stuff, feeling that I have done something useful. SUBMITTED BY KEITH MUIR
  • 47. I’LL NEVER BE TOO OLD SUBMITTED BY NASREEN AHSAN I am still learning from my own grandchildren as I’m curious about the skills they have, and keep asking them to teach me some of those. TO LEARN Remember that you are never too old to study and that by doing so, you will gain a better understanding of the world around you. Its wide range of cultural differences will begin to make sense. SUBMITTED BY SUE CAMPBELL
  • 48. EXPERT OPINIONEXPERT COMMENT DR KARSTEN ØSTER LUNDQVIST UNIVERSITY OF READING The famous Danish philosopher Grundtvig once said: “Man has not lived, before he learns about the things he once did not appreciate.” Although this is an extreme statement, I think that there is a lot of wisdom to it. If we learn to see life from other viewpoints, experience issues that others are facing, and enhance our lives by increasing our knowledge and skills, then many of us will grow as people, and we might learn to see opportunities in diversity and difference.
  • 49.
  • 51. A-idontkknow Abdellatif Bouhid Abigail Agnesdale Black Aileen Wilson Alan Alan Britton Alan Doyle Alan Shanks Alana Medouze Alber Alex AG Taub Ali Aydın Ali Sulaiman Aliaa Farouk Alina Bakunovich Alison Grange Alison McKenna Aljona Allan Fisher Amal Aman Ana Ana García de Vinuesa Ana Maria Abella Anastasia Griffiths André Angela Severn Anika Ved Anja Nohlen Anjali Ann Abbey Ann Norman Ann-Louise Beaumont Anna-Liisa Ikart Anne Maguire Anthony Clark Anthony Grosvenor Anthony King Anthony Shields Anuja Halder Ariunaa Arjan Tupan Arpana Artformedicalhumanities Arthur Griffin Ashagi Hetigge Auroreanchris Avril Ay Damirah Ayat Ayesha Ayesha Firdose Bae-utiful69 Be Thanh Tuyen Beatriz Zelaya Ben Fast Bernie Pentony Bill Bill Jarrard Blair Brown Bogdana Yakovenko Brabrabra Brian Knowles Brun Marielle Carl Roodnick Carlos Nunes Carlos Pessoa Carlota Brito Carol Carolyn Urquhart Catherine Peat Celeste Whitlow Ceren Chandrani Mukherjee Charley Bayley Charlie Barrett Charlotte Houlgate Chloe Wong Chris
  • 52. Chris Herrin Chris Markley Chris Storey Christian Christina Berchini Christine Raithby Christine Wozniak Cindy Claudia Colin Colin Evans Coral D Birchall Dana Rice Dave Young David Coates David Holding David Hughes David Williams Dawn Cranie Deanna Franklin Debbie Deborah Neyle Deborah O’Neill Deirdre Macintyre Denise Bond Diana Castle DJ Friederichs 55 Don Don McPhee Dorotea EMG Saukas Dr Onwuka Athanasius Dr RJ Stansfield Edward Tanguay Eileen Jacqueline Elena Ella Arnold Emma Erimma Evelyn Fareed Ali Federica Felicia Blanaru Fernando Trucco H Fiona Frank McClure Gary Abrahams Ged Parker Geoffrey Birchall Geoffrey Jacobs George Vallance Geraldine Cowan Gerry Jones Gill Levick Gilly Skeemer Gina Wild Glyn Jones Gonzalo Gordon Craig Gordon Hodgson Graeme Inglis Grecia Amaya Guillermo Rene Guy Mundy Gyaneshwar Habiba Jahan Seam Halyna Bortakova Hannah S Wiseheart Harry Hatrick Heather Browncliffe Henry Iain Dommisse Ibrahima Ngom Imam Saktiwy Imraan Raghubar Irene McMillan Irene Wyndham Sweeney Isabel Nicholson Ivan Brown Ivanova Casal
  • 53. Jacki Hart Jade Jake E Dean James Gerard McGinley Jan Jan Russell Jane Giffould Jane Pennington Jayne Jean Jeff Cullinan Jennie Jennifer Goddard Jeremy Lee Jess Jessica Jessica Grant Jfitzgenius Jill Cowley Joan Matthews Joanna Joanne Green Jody Jackson Bererra Joe Orsi John Damerham John McEvoy Johnnie Lawson Jon Slack Jonathan F Vernon Jonathan Laverick Judy Rapp Julia Balazs Julie Goodway Julz Wileman Junaid Ibrahim K McGraw Karen Fisher Kathleen Barrett Kathryn Palos Keith Muir Ken Johnson Ken Rotheram Kevin Kevin Tuhey Krisztina Krystsina Maroz L Farah Les Wood Lili Linda Heywood Lisbeth Ekelof Liz Delahunty Lorena Lorena Jiménez Lorna Phillips Lorna-Jane Murray Lorne Parker Lorraine Kerr Louise Turner Lucinda Nolan Luisa González Pinto Lynda Lynn Eleen Ma Elena Delgado Mª Eugenia Iborra Ivars Maggie Saliva Mallika Perera Manisha Parmar Manuela Costa Margaret Maynard Margaret Mills Margarita Rodríguez Maria Marian Marianne Hopwood Mario Black Mark Bond Martin Martina Jones Mary Ann Chamberlain
  • 54. Mary Schaeffer Matt Gaffney Meir Geva Michael Michael Bolen Michael Kelleher Michael Major Michael Webb Mike Baker Mike Edwards Molly Monika Cleary Myat Myra Sampson N McKeone Nadezhda Nancy Brownlee Graver Nasreen Ahsan Natalia Ezerskaya Natalie Dunn Neil Doherty Neil Mousseau Nena Nhungdoan Nick Moon Nicolas Franklin-Woolley Nikos Bak Nilofar Shamim Haja Nina Battleday Nur A’isyah Yusof Oba Olusegun Ajiboye Pamela Coren Pamela Johnson Pat Fletcher Patricia Patricia Anne Welton Patricia Casey Patricia Miller Patricia Nuñez Patrick Lowe Paul Paul Coleman Paul Kent Paul Rochmis Pauline Smith Peio Penny Beale Penny Perkin Penny Shaw Pertti Jalasvirta Peter Peter Langton Peter Perkins Peter Richardson Peter Sinclair Peter Trueman Peter Whiteley Pham Thi Minh Phuong Philip Lake Philippa Gray Phillip Round Phuong Pippa Marshall Rachelle Hughes Radu Laura Raghda Taghlebi Rainie Randliz Ravi Soni Rebecca Reena Mittal Renata Resende Pizzarino Renate Richard Connell Richard Emerson Richard Kefford Rita Tackie Manieson RN Parry Rockson Ankomah
  • 55. Roland Rolf Pfotenhauer Ronald Lockley Ronie De Brun Rosaleen Hunt Rosemary Graham Rosemary Norton Roy Jackson Ruud Van Dam Sabrina Leeper Saif Sandra Rafferty Sara Sarah Chu Sarah Dana Saraha8 Serene Sheila Laurens Shireen Shubham Gupta Siham Bouzourene Sillysuitprose Siobhan O’Neill Sophie Stephen Albers Stephen Greene Stephen Roesner Steve Steve Whalley Suada Sue Campbell Sue Etherington Sue Wilkins Sue Yearley Suganya Balasubramanian Susan Susan Brett Susan Woolard Suzanne Devine Sylva Simsova Tanja Ellen Sleeuwenhoek Tapas Pandey Tarannum Tatiana Tatjana Jancic Teresa Fearn Tom Craig Tom Locke Tom Worthington Tony Hand Tracie M Trisha Uma Ayer Veronica Beytia Vickibreads Victoria Austin Vivian Kerry Waqar Wendy Davies Will Wissam Adawi Wu Huanggang Wud-wurks Yenny Yumtumbl Zehra Ztokengraphics
  • 56. We couldn’t include everyone’s advice here, but you can check out all of the tips and submit your own at: learning-guide.futurelearn.com THIS GUIDE WAS DESIGNED AND EDITED BY FUTURELEARN