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MANTHAN
A journey towards Evergreen Revolution…
Submitted by
Krishak-Mitra
Rahul Saini
Gaurav Kumar
Mayank Lodha
Nilotpal Mukherjee
Vidyarthi Baddireddy
Milk
Largest Producer
128 Mn T
F & V
Rank #2
Food Grains
Rank #2
(218 Mn T)
Cattle / buffaloes
Largest in the world
Tea
Largest Producer
(0.85 Mn T)
Poultry
Over 65 Bn Eggs
Annually
Goat & Sheep
182 million
Fisheries
Aquaculture: 2nd
Mariculture : 8th
INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO
Reduction in per capita
availability of land
Fragmentation due to land
ceiling acts & family disputes
Improper Management of
Irrigation
Inefficient System Management
of Surface water
High rate of Urbanization Urbanization has led to Global
Warming &unproductive lands
Additional jobs in Farming
unavailable
inadequate Processing units,has
restricted jobs to farming
Use of Technology is
inadequate
Due to ignorance, high cost &
impracticality of small land
holdings
MACRO ISSUES
MAJOR PROBLEMS FACED IN INDIA
Land:
 Increasing Salinity,
 Friability of soil
 Reducing fertility,
 Bringing more marginal land under cultivation, while fertile land is
being diverted to non-productive activities
 Average size of operational holding= 1.23 ha, with 83% below 2 ha
India’s Productivity= ¼(World’s highest)
Irrigation:
Still only 35-40% of all arable area
Man-Power:
 In last 15 years, over 3 lakh farmer committ-
ed suicide
Rural labor is shifting to non-agricultural
works, putting pressure on farm wages
 Seed-banks need to be developed and
accessible to the farmers
Climate Change:
 Lower mean rainfall and higher variability
 No single-policy can satisfy all the 15 Agro-
climatic regions of India
 No value-addition in agricultural goods
 Monoculture and nutrient imbalance
 Post-Harvesting losses as high as 25-40% due to shortage of
warehousing and Cold-storage facilities
 Over 17,500 tonnes of food-grain damaged between 2009
and 2012 in FCI godowns , Institutional finance, insurance and
marketing inaccessible
Forestry:
Use JFMC mechanism in coordination with Panchayat bodies
Agro-forestry and Agri-silvi-pastoral farming depending on
slopes
Livestock:
Pasture protection and management
Usufruct sharing with regulated grazing
Involving Dairy cooperatives in breed and feed
issues, revisit breeding strategies and make
fodder-development higher priority in both
animal husbandry and cropping
 Integrate livestock with dry land farming in dry
areas
In humid areas, emphasize more on cross-bred
hybrids
Fishery:
 Diversify to inland areas
 Improve quality seeds at lower prices
 Storage and preservation facilities
 Using GPS-based boats in marine fishing
Irrigation Issues
Failure of PDS System
Opportunity cost in All
India River Linking Plan
ATMA
(Not much Tangible
Impact)
NAFED
(Ill Equipped)
DEMOCRATICSETUP
((Bureaucracy and
lack of Collective
Effort)
S.No. Problems Implementation Plan Impact
1 Poor Soil and soil
management
Topo-Sequencing: 1.Gentle Slope- Agro-Silvi-
Pastoral-Farming
Making the best use of the
sloping surface of the north-east
for sustainable productivity
2.Medium Slope- Silvi-Pastures
3.Steep Slope- Silviculture
2 Over-grazing leading
to soil-erosion
Scientific Regulated Grazing (Stall-feeding) It will allow for the sustainable
quantity of soil-binding grasses
and equitable share for all
3 Frequent floods
leading to crop-loss
Decentralize flood-water management and
integrate with fishing
It will lead to buffer against
water stress/excess in extreme
conditions
4 Low productivity Sericulture, Horticulture, Olericulture,
Floriculture and Herbiculture can be
promoted in the hilly areas
These are high value, low
volume agri-products feasible
for the climatic conditions of the
north-east
5 Supplementary
Income not there
Apiculture is apt for tribal and hilly regions Eco-friendly, women-oriented
way for supplementary income
Implementation Plan: Agricultural productivity in North-eastern India
S.No. Problems Implementation Plan Impact
6 Lack of technological
intervention
Technology like Mist-Formation system and
fertigation for tea, coffee, orchards, herbs,
horticulture, olericulture, etc.
Low volume high value crops can
utilize these costly interventions
feasibly
7 Supplementary
Income not there
Rural and Plantation Tourism can be
promoted as a subsidiary source of income
This is a new way for reaping
higher incomes
8 Low morale of
farmers for lack of
high remuneration
Low-volume, high-value agro-industries like
pharma,fragnance, food-processing, etc.need
to be developed
These industries can be easily
integrated with the agricultural
output and lead to high value-
addition
9 Jhumming/Shifting
Agriculture
Benefits of Settled agriculture can be
communicated through local Panchayats
This will result in better
agricultural productivity
10 Ignorance about the
use of modern
technology
Extension Services including R&D to be
targeted
Optimum usage of technology
for higher productivity
11 Poor Quality
Livestock
Cross-bred hybrids of Livestock It will lead to better disease-
resistant and high-productivity
cattle
Implementation Plan: Agricultural productivity in North-eastern India
Reasons for selection
Hilly area with high availability of
fog
Wind speed favourable for fog
harvesting
Unaffected by drought
Low project implementation and
maintenance costs
Simple technology and
maintenance
When fog collection is used for
irrigation to increase forested areas
or vegetation coverage, it can help
to counteract the desertification
process
Can be used as Safe drinking
water: Water quality meets WHO
guidelines
Problems
Droughts affect this part of
the country
Hilly area, not economically
and technically viable to
provide water through
regular sources
Rainwater harvesting is
relatively harder in hilly areas
What is fog harvesting?
Collection of water from fog
Principle of condensation:
Atmospheric water vapour from the
air naturally condenses on cold
surfaces into droplets of liquid water
known as dew
Using large pieces of vertical
canvas to make the fog condense
into droplets of water
Mid-1980s: Meteorological Service
of Canada (MSC) began constructing
and deploying large fog collecting
devices on Mount Sutton in Quebec
Irrigation Potential in North-East
Disadvantages of Fog Harvesting Steps which will be followed by us to tackle
Frequent fog presence is needed. Minimum 90%
relative humidity is required
The north-eastern areas have an average humidity of
94%
Vandalism and lack of maintenance, due to the
distance between structures and a population
Installation of fog collectors will be done on hills near
to residential areas
Effects of storm damage due to site and fragility of
nets if maintenance is not performed
Continuous maintenance will be done by institutes in
charge
Relatively small water quantities can be harvested This will be improved by combination of fog
collection and rain-water harvesting
Polypropylene mesh is hard to find in some areas Community participation will help to reduce the
labour cost of building the fog harvesting system
In the hills of
Nepal, water
sources such as
streams and
springs are
generallylocated
at lower
elevations
Only technology
availableto rural
Nepalis is gravity-
flow water
systems. As a
result, villagers
must carry water
up from sources
at lower
elevations.
NEWAH has been
researchingand
developing
practical fog
water collection
systems for rural
communities
since late 1998
Working with
local
NGOs, NEWAH
identifies
potential
communities
through field
studies that
evaluate the
potential for fog
collectionand the
social demand for
water
The Large Fog
Collectors (LFC)
are constructed
using 4 x 8 meter
sheets of
polypropylene
mesh
Warm air from
Bay of Bengal
moves inland
where it
intercepts varied
topology of
Himalayas. As air
moves up into
valleys it mixes
with cooler air
and condenses
Water droplets
cling to the weave
of the mesh, and
filter down into a
discharge system
that stores the
water in 20,000
litre ferro-cement
tanks
Implementation in Nepal
A non-profit, registered
Canadian charity
Dedicated to implementing
water projects for rural
communities in developing
countries
Utilizes innovative fog collectors
as well as effective rainfall
collectors
Makes optimum use of
natural atmospheric sources
of water
Working on projects since
1987
FogQuest Small Fog collectors cost between US$75 and
US$200 each to build
Large 40-m² fog collectors cost between
US$1,000 and US$1,500 and can last for up
to ten years
A village project producing about 2,000 litres of
water per day will cost about US$15,000
(FogQuest, 2011).
Material: Polypropylene mesh per 1 m2 (Peru
and Chile): US$ 0.25
Labour: construction and installation of large
fog collectors, reservoir tanks and taps:
• Skilled labour: 140 man days (Nepal): US$4
per day
• Unskilled labour: 400 man days (Nepal):
US$2.75 per day
All inclusive (materials, labour):
• Fog collectors including building
materials: US$100 - 200
• 48 m2 fog collector providing 3
l/m2/day: US$378
• Cost per m2 (Nepal, including
reservoir and tap): US$60
Costs
depend
on
Size of
the fog
catchers
Quality
of
material
s
Access
to
material
s
Labour
Locatio
n of the
site
Implementation Financial Feasibility
• Topo sequential cropping
– most economical with effective soil and water conservation measure
– integrate different components of ecosystem
– sustained production from waste, rainfed and degraded lands
– Selection is critical
• Cultivation of crops in topo-sequences is useful on hill slopes
• Slopy land  crop growth affected by excess moisture.
• Not congenial for cotton crop  lower part of topo sequence with soybean in kharif & chickpea in rabi by
replacing cotton on 30 per cent area (refer to pic)
• yields of soybean and chickpea - higher under lower topo-sequence as compared to cotton.
• Monetary returns of different topo-sequence show higher values for soybean- chickpea double cropping
as compared to cotton under lower topo-sequence.
– Reduced run-off
– Minimized soil tablet
– Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral land use
• Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral land use
– horticulture in the mid portion
– silvi-pastoral crops in top portion
• Contour bunds, bench terrace, half moon terrace,
grassed ways
• mixed land use with agri-horti-silvi-pastoral system with appropriate topo sequence has been found to be
one of the most sustainable means to provide an alternative farming system to replace Jhumming
• micro watershed based namely Agri-Horti-Silvi Pastoral System established on 1.58 ha land
Integrated Farming System Approach- Topo Sequencing
Micro
watershed
based namely
Agri-Horti-
Silvi Pastoral
System
established
on 1.58 ha
land
Provides an
alternative
farming
system to
replace
Jhumming
Mixed land
use with agri-
horti-silvi-
pastoral
system with
appropriate
topo
sequence
Contour
bunds, bench
terrace, half
moon
terrace, grass
ed ways
• horticulture
in the mid
portion
• silvi-pastoral
crops in top
portion
Agri-horti-
silvi-pastoral
land use
Micro
watershed
based namely
Agri-Horti-
Silvi Pastoral
System
established
on 1.58 ha
land
Provides an
alternative
farming
system to
replace
Jhumming
Mixed land
use with agri-
horti-silvi-
pastoral
system with
appropriate
topo
sequence
Contour
bunds, bench
terrace, half
moon
terrace,
grassed ways
• horticulture
in the mid
portion
• silvi-pastoral
crops in top
portion
Agri-horti-
silvi-pastoral
land use
Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral land use
Top-5 challenges in Food Processing identified by FICCI survey 2010 (250 companies, 125 respondents from food organizations)
44.25%
34.46%
28.51%
28.08%
25.03%
Inadequate infrastructural facilities
Comprehensivenational level policy
on food processing sector
Food safety Laws
Inconsistency in central and state
policies
Availabilityof trained manpower
Weighted % of respondents
Long and fragmented supply chain, lack of integrated cold chain
solutions, last mile connectivity, technology adoption and govt. support
An effective policy should be comprehensive and adopt a number of
legislative, administrative, promotional measures (tax waivers)
Multiplicityof ministries and administrative authorities at central and state
level has resulted in a complex unintegrating regulatory system
Shortage of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers due to demand-supply
mismatch, impacting competitiveness of the industry
Driver5: Government’s vision of increasing level of processing to 25% by 2015 drives new players*
Source: http://www.investmentcommission.in/food_&_agro_products.htm andKPMG Analyses
Product Key Segments
Market growth
rate
Extent of
processing
Share of organized
sector
Unprocessed
unorganized sector
growth
Scope for Enhancement
Dairy
Value added milk products like
Butter, Cheese and Ghee
15% 37% 15% 8% Moderately High
F&V
Raw F&V, Fruit Pulps, Canned Fruits
& Pickles
20% 2% 48% 10% Moderately High
Meat & Poultry
processing
Cattle, Buffalo & Poultry 10% 1% 5% 9% Moderately High
Fisheries
Marine Fisheries, Frozen Products
and Minced Fish Products
20% 12% 0% 18% Very High
Packaged Foods Noodles/Vermicelli 8% 0% 80% 2% Extremely Low
Beverages
Fruit-based Drinks and Carbonated
Drinks
27% 0% 77% 6% High
Staple Foods Sugar, Wheat Flour and Salt 85% 0% 50% 43% Moderately High
*Products which meet the needs of convenience, health & variety
will drive the demand in high value processed products.
Krishak-Mitra

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Krishak-Mitra

  • 1. MANTHAN A journey towards Evergreen Revolution… Submitted by Krishak-Mitra Rahul Saini Gaurav Kumar Mayank Lodha Nilotpal Mukherjee Vidyarthi Baddireddy
  • 2. Milk Largest Producer 128 Mn T F & V Rank #2 Food Grains Rank #2 (218 Mn T) Cattle / buffaloes Largest in the world Tea Largest Producer (0.85 Mn T) Poultry Over 65 Bn Eggs Annually Goat & Sheep 182 million Fisheries Aquaculture: 2nd Mariculture : 8th INDIAN AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO Reduction in per capita availability of land Fragmentation due to land ceiling acts & family disputes Improper Management of Irrigation Inefficient System Management of Surface water High rate of Urbanization Urbanization has led to Global Warming &unproductive lands Additional jobs in Farming unavailable inadequate Processing units,has restricted jobs to farming Use of Technology is inadequate Due to ignorance, high cost & impracticality of small land holdings MACRO ISSUES
  • 3. MAJOR PROBLEMS FACED IN INDIA Land:  Increasing Salinity,  Friability of soil  Reducing fertility,  Bringing more marginal land under cultivation, while fertile land is being diverted to non-productive activities  Average size of operational holding= 1.23 ha, with 83% below 2 ha India’s Productivity= ¼(World’s highest) Irrigation: Still only 35-40% of all arable area Man-Power:  In last 15 years, over 3 lakh farmer committ- ed suicide Rural labor is shifting to non-agricultural works, putting pressure on farm wages  Seed-banks need to be developed and accessible to the farmers Climate Change:  Lower mean rainfall and higher variability  No single-policy can satisfy all the 15 Agro- climatic regions of India  No value-addition in agricultural goods  Monoculture and nutrient imbalance  Post-Harvesting losses as high as 25-40% due to shortage of warehousing and Cold-storage facilities  Over 17,500 tonnes of food-grain damaged between 2009 and 2012 in FCI godowns , Institutional finance, insurance and marketing inaccessible Forestry: Use JFMC mechanism in coordination with Panchayat bodies Agro-forestry and Agri-silvi-pastoral farming depending on slopes Livestock: Pasture protection and management Usufruct sharing with regulated grazing Involving Dairy cooperatives in breed and feed issues, revisit breeding strategies and make fodder-development higher priority in both animal husbandry and cropping  Integrate livestock with dry land farming in dry areas In humid areas, emphasize more on cross-bred hybrids Fishery:  Diversify to inland areas  Improve quality seeds at lower prices  Storage and preservation facilities  Using GPS-based boats in marine fishing Irrigation Issues Failure of PDS System Opportunity cost in All India River Linking Plan ATMA (Not much Tangible Impact) NAFED (Ill Equipped) DEMOCRATICSETUP ((Bureaucracy and lack of Collective Effort)
  • 4. S.No. Problems Implementation Plan Impact 1 Poor Soil and soil management Topo-Sequencing: 1.Gentle Slope- Agro-Silvi- Pastoral-Farming Making the best use of the sloping surface of the north-east for sustainable productivity 2.Medium Slope- Silvi-Pastures 3.Steep Slope- Silviculture 2 Over-grazing leading to soil-erosion Scientific Regulated Grazing (Stall-feeding) It will allow for the sustainable quantity of soil-binding grasses and equitable share for all 3 Frequent floods leading to crop-loss Decentralize flood-water management and integrate with fishing It will lead to buffer against water stress/excess in extreme conditions 4 Low productivity Sericulture, Horticulture, Olericulture, Floriculture and Herbiculture can be promoted in the hilly areas These are high value, low volume agri-products feasible for the climatic conditions of the north-east 5 Supplementary Income not there Apiculture is apt for tribal and hilly regions Eco-friendly, women-oriented way for supplementary income Implementation Plan: Agricultural productivity in North-eastern India
  • 5. S.No. Problems Implementation Plan Impact 6 Lack of technological intervention Technology like Mist-Formation system and fertigation for tea, coffee, orchards, herbs, horticulture, olericulture, etc. Low volume high value crops can utilize these costly interventions feasibly 7 Supplementary Income not there Rural and Plantation Tourism can be promoted as a subsidiary source of income This is a new way for reaping higher incomes 8 Low morale of farmers for lack of high remuneration Low-volume, high-value agro-industries like pharma,fragnance, food-processing, etc.need to be developed These industries can be easily integrated with the agricultural output and lead to high value- addition 9 Jhumming/Shifting Agriculture Benefits of Settled agriculture can be communicated through local Panchayats This will result in better agricultural productivity 10 Ignorance about the use of modern technology Extension Services including R&D to be targeted Optimum usage of technology for higher productivity 11 Poor Quality Livestock Cross-bred hybrids of Livestock It will lead to better disease- resistant and high-productivity cattle Implementation Plan: Agricultural productivity in North-eastern India
  • 6. Reasons for selection Hilly area with high availability of fog Wind speed favourable for fog harvesting Unaffected by drought Low project implementation and maintenance costs Simple technology and maintenance When fog collection is used for irrigation to increase forested areas or vegetation coverage, it can help to counteract the desertification process Can be used as Safe drinking water: Water quality meets WHO guidelines Problems Droughts affect this part of the country Hilly area, not economically and technically viable to provide water through regular sources Rainwater harvesting is relatively harder in hilly areas What is fog harvesting? Collection of water from fog Principle of condensation: Atmospheric water vapour from the air naturally condenses on cold surfaces into droplets of liquid water known as dew Using large pieces of vertical canvas to make the fog condense into droplets of water Mid-1980s: Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) began constructing and deploying large fog collecting devices on Mount Sutton in Quebec Irrigation Potential in North-East
  • 7. Disadvantages of Fog Harvesting Steps which will be followed by us to tackle Frequent fog presence is needed. Minimum 90% relative humidity is required The north-eastern areas have an average humidity of 94% Vandalism and lack of maintenance, due to the distance between structures and a population Installation of fog collectors will be done on hills near to residential areas Effects of storm damage due to site and fragility of nets if maintenance is not performed Continuous maintenance will be done by institutes in charge Relatively small water quantities can be harvested This will be improved by combination of fog collection and rain-water harvesting Polypropylene mesh is hard to find in some areas Community participation will help to reduce the labour cost of building the fog harvesting system In the hills of Nepal, water sources such as streams and springs are generallylocated at lower elevations Only technology availableto rural Nepalis is gravity- flow water systems. As a result, villagers must carry water up from sources at lower elevations. NEWAH has been researchingand developing practical fog water collection systems for rural communities since late 1998 Working with local NGOs, NEWAH identifies potential communities through field studies that evaluate the potential for fog collectionand the social demand for water The Large Fog Collectors (LFC) are constructed using 4 x 8 meter sheets of polypropylene mesh Warm air from Bay of Bengal moves inland where it intercepts varied topology of Himalayas. As air moves up into valleys it mixes with cooler air and condenses Water droplets cling to the weave of the mesh, and filter down into a discharge system that stores the water in 20,000 litre ferro-cement tanks Implementation in Nepal
  • 8. A non-profit, registered Canadian charity Dedicated to implementing water projects for rural communities in developing countries Utilizes innovative fog collectors as well as effective rainfall collectors Makes optimum use of natural atmospheric sources of water Working on projects since 1987 FogQuest Small Fog collectors cost between US$75 and US$200 each to build Large 40-m² fog collectors cost between US$1,000 and US$1,500 and can last for up to ten years A village project producing about 2,000 litres of water per day will cost about US$15,000 (FogQuest, 2011). Material: Polypropylene mesh per 1 m2 (Peru and Chile): US$ 0.25 Labour: construction and installation of large fog collectors, reservoir tanks and taps: • Skilled labour: 140 man days (Nepal): US$4 per day • Unskilled labour: 400 man days (Nepal): US$2.75 per day All inclusive (materials, labour): • Fog collectors including building materials: US$100 - 200 • 48 m2 fog collector providing 3 l/m2/day: US$378 • Cost per m2 (Nepal, including reservoir and tap): US$60 Costs depend on Size of the fog catchers Quality of material s Access to material s Labour Locatio n of the site Implementation Financial Feasibility
  • 9. • Topo sequential cropping – most economical with effective soil and water conservation measure – integrate different components of ecosystem – sustained production from waste, rainfed and degraded lands – Selection is critical • Cultivation of crops in topo-sequences is useful on hill slopes • Slopy land  crop growth affected by excess moisture. • Not congenial for cotton crop  lower part of topo sequence with soybean in kharif & chickpea in rabi by replacing cotton on 30 per cent area (refer to pic) • yields of soybean and chickpea - higher under lower topo-sequence as compared to cotton. • Monetary returns of different topo-sequence show higher values for soybean- chickpea double cropping as compared to cotton under lower topo-sequence. – Reduced run-off – Minimized soil tablet – Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral land use • Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral land use – horticulture in the mid portion – silvi-pastoral crops in top portion • Contour bunds, bench terrace, half moon terrace, grassed ways • mixed land use with agri-horti-silvi-pastoral system with appropriate topo sequence has been found to be one of the most sustainable means to provide an alternative farming system to replace Jhumming • micro watershed based namely Agri-Horti-Silvi Pastoral System established on 1.58 ha land Integrated Farming System Approach- Topo Sequencing
  • 10. Micro watershed based namely Agri-Horti- Silvi Pastoral System established on 1.58 ha land Provides an alternative farming system to replace Jhumming Mixed land use with agri- horti-silvi- pastoral system with appropriate topo sequence Contour bunds, bench terrace, half moon terrace, grass ed ways • horticulture in the mid portion • silvi-pastoral crops in top portion Agri-horti- silvi-pastoral land use Micro watershed based namely Agri-Horti- Silvi Pastoral System established on 1.58 ha land Provides an alternative farming system to replace Jhumming Mixed land use with agri- horti-silvi- pastoral system with appropriate topo sequence Contour bunds, bench terrace, half moon terrace, grassed ways • horticulture in the mid portion • silvi-pastoral crops in top portion Agri-horti- silvi-pastoral land use Agri-horti-silvi-pastoral land use
  • 11. Top-5 challenges in Food Processing identified by FICCI survey 2010 (250 companies, 125 respondents from food organizations) 44.25% 34.46% 28.51% 28.08% 25.03% Inadequate infrastructural facilities Comprehensivenational level policy on food processing sector Food safety Laws Inconsistency in central and state policies Availabilityof trained manpower Weighted % of respondents Long and fragmented supply chain, lack of integrated cold chain solutions, last mile connectivity, technology adoption and govt. support An effective policy should be comprehensive and adopt a number of legislative, administrative, promotional measures (tax waivers) Multiplicityof ministries and administrative authorities at central and state level has resulted in a complex unintegrating regulatory system Shortage of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workers due to demand-supply mismatch, impacting competitiveness of the industry Driver5: Government’s vision of increasing level of processing to 25% by 2015 drives new players* Source: http://www.investmentcommission.in/food_&_agro_products.htm andKPMG Analyses Product Key Segments Market growth rate Extent of processing Share of organized sector Unprocessed unorganized sector growth Scope for Enhancement Dairy Value added milk products like Butter, Cheese and Ghee 15% 37% 15% 8% Moderately High F&V Raw F&V, Fruit Pulps, Canned Fruits & Pickles 20% 2% 48% 10% Moderately High Meat & Poultry processing Cattle, Buffalo & Poultry 10% 1% 5% 9% Moderately High Fisheries Marine Fisheries, Frozen Products and Minced Fish Products 20% 12% 0% 18% Very High Packaged Foods Noodles/Vermicelli 8% 0% 80% 2% Extremely Low Beverages Fruit-based Drinks and Carbonated Drinks 27% 0% 77% 6% High Staple Foods Sugar, Wheat Flour and Salt 85% 0% 50% 43% Moderately High *Products which meet the needs of convenience, health & variety will drive the demand in high value processed products.