Presented by Eduardo A. Vasconcellos of National Public Transport Association (ANTP), Brazil. At www.its.leeds.ac.uk/workshop-transport-equity

1. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Equity analysis – different concepts
Equity: two alternative views
Economic pay and receive
Social receive what is socially needed and do
not endure unjustified externalities

2. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
People
Laws/codes
Infrastructure
Vehicles
Mobility
Consumptions
Space
Time
Energy
Externalities
Pollution
Safety
Congestion
Costs,
efficiency and
equity
Methodological concept

3. Mobility and democracy: challenges Eduardo A
for developing countries VasconcellosUniversity of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Consumption Impact Measurement
Use of the city Trips Mobility
Immobility
Space Use of Territory km roads/km2
Use of roads m2/person/veh.
Space budget Km/day/person
Travel time Travel time budget Hours/day
Travel time per mode Hours/trip
Costs Individual costs $/trip
Burden on income Fare costs/income
Relative costs Costs per mode
Energy Energy by vehicles gep/trip
Age
Income
Gender etc

4. Mobility and democracy: challenges Eduardo A
for developing countries VasconcellosUniversity of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Impact Measurement
Safety injury-deaths/100,000 inhabitants
Pollution air concentration + exposure
Congestion “excess” time
extra operating costs and emissions
impact on public transport vehicles ( 25% $)
impact on NMT (delay + complex routes)
Barrier effect damage to accessibility (longer trips)

5. Mobility and democracy: challenges Eduardo A
for developing countries VasconcellosUniversity of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
175
157
210
134
0
50
100
150
200
250
A (low) B C D E (high)
Increase in trips (income level A = 100)
Family Income level
Mobility and income
S. Paulo
Lima
Santiago
London

6. Mobility and democracy: challenges Eduardo A
for developing countries VasconcellosUniversity of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
24
56
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
A (high) B C D E F (very
poor)
% of immobility
Family income
Immobility and income, São Paulo, 2007
“GAP” 32%

7. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
77
91 87
79
88
79
70
85
74
88
23
10 13
21
12
21
30
15
26
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% of road space
Arterial road space use by main modes, Brazilian cities
Automobiles Buses
Road space

8. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
16
8
5,2
3,9 3,1
26
13
9
6
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5
sqm per passenger
Passengers/vehicle
Road space per passenger, auto and bus
Auto
Bus
110
339
170
113
85
68
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 3 4 5 6
Energy/passenger
Persons/vehicle
Energy per passenger, auto and bus
Auto
Bus
A bus with 2 passengers
is more space-efficient than a
car with one person
A bus with 3 passengers
is more energy-efficient than a
car with one person

9. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
30,5
22,2
38,7
48,2
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
Automobile Motorcycle Microbus Bus
Minutes/trip
Average travel time
Travel time, motorised modes, large Latin American cities
Time Range 5‐40 5‐30 10‐60 20‐90

10. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
% of minimum wage Cost of 50 bus fares x minimum wage
Most cities above 10% level

11. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
Mode Priority(km) % of roads
Buses 410 0.14
Pedestrians 71 0.02
Cyclists 426 0.15
Brazil: road priorities on cities, 2008
(460 cities with more than 60,000 inhabitants)
Road system: 282,000 km

12. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
MODE Impact per passenger (bus values = 1)
Energy Pollutants Cost Road space
Bus 1 1 1 1
Motorcycle 1.8 12.8 0.3 5
Automobile 3.9 5.7 1.5 7.2
Mobility relative impacts, three main modes, Brazil

13. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
325
921
1075
1516
1464
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 to 250 251 to 500 501 to 1000 1001 to 1800 1801 to 3600 3601 or more
Rates (values for lowest income level = 100)
Family income
Mobility metabolism, São Paulo, 2007
Travel time Dynamic distance Energy Pollutants Accidents
Note: in the case of accidents, the index represents the safety risk imposed on others; it considers
that pedestrians are the most vulnerable participants and are protected by the Traffic Code, which
means that pedestrian accidents were attributed to the drivers of the vehicles involved.

14. Mobility subsidies, Brazil
Mode R$ billion/year Share (%)
Autos/Motorcycles 20.1 to 25.7 85
Taxis 0.42 2
Public Transport 3.4 to 3.7 13
Total 23.9 to 29.5 100
University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016

15. University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, ITS Eduardo A. Vasconcellos
Transport Equity in Developing Countries Leeds, June 2016
References
ANTP, Sistema de Informação da Mobilidade Urbana, www.antp.org.br
(reports in Portuguese)
CAF ‐Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina, Observatorio de Movilidad
Urbana – OMU www.caf.com (reports in Spanish)
Vasconcellos, Eduardo A .(2001) Urban transport, environment and equity –
the case for developing countries, Earthscan, UK.
____________________(2015) Transporte urbano y movilidad – reflexiones y
propuestas para países en desarrollo,UNSAM, Argentina.
____________________ (2010) Análisis de la movilidad urbana. Espacio,
medio ambiente y equidad, CAF.