The document discusses the impact of sports in reconciliation efforts after post-election violence in Kenya's Rift Valley region. It presents a case study on a Child Friendly Space program and survey of 50 youth that found sports helped heal trauma and rebuild relationships between communities. The document also outlines the 3R's theory of reconstruction, reconciliation, and resolution and how sports can contribute to all three stages by building relationships and facilitating social inclusion, integration, and change.

1. The contribution of sport within the process
of peace and reconciliation.
From trauma healing toward social integration
Case study: The impact of sports in Rift
Valley-Kenya, after post election violence
Power of Sport Summit - 9-12 June 2010
BORSANI SERENA
!"#$%&'
! Conflict transformation
and sport: 3R’s theory
! Sport and reconciliation
! Why - benefits
! How - process
! What - resilience, rebuilding
relationships, social change
! Case study: Kenya PEV
! From the field
! Survey on Child Friendly
Space
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2. CONFLICT
SCHOOLS OF THOUGH
CONFLICT CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION:
MANAGEMENT ! based on the basic human needs theory,
unless you satisfy all these needs
conflicts will erupt.
! transformation of norms, society and
social relationship more in general, in
different order to satisfy all those needs aiming at
CONFLICT schools reaching peace and stability.
RESOLUTION of ! it’s also a peace-building approach
thought ! Galtung 3R’s theory
CONFLICT PREVENTION
! is for conflict not to happen
! attempts to tackle the erupting conflict
CONFLICT through early warning signs.
MITIGATION
Conflict transformation and sport
GALTUNG 3Rs THEORY
! Reconstruction of people
and places,
! Reconciliation of
relationships,
! and Resolution of issues
and animosities.
If you do only one of these three
without the other two you will not
even get that one’
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3. 3R AFTER FEATURES CONTRIBUTION OF SPORT
VIOLENCE
RESOLUTION • Building relationships
HOLISTIC APPROACH, WIDE
• Creating favourable condition for peaceful
Of the underlying, AND COMPREHENSIVE
solution
The time to start is always and
root conflict • Increasing possibilities of success through
the time to end is never.
building relationship
CLOSURE+HEALING • Mental and physical rehabilitation, trauma
RECONCILIATION Establish reasonable working healing
relations • Building relationships
Of the parties (TRUST AND JUSTICE) • Helping people to break the vicious circle of
FORGIVENESS hate and revenge
REHABILITATION • Healing trauma and building relationships
Healing of trauma among “others” projects
REBUILDING
Physically repairing or making • Building Sport infrastructure
new building
RECONSTRUCTION RECULTURATION • Bridge to approach youth involved in sport
introducing practical conflict activities encouraging them to attend training
After the violence knowledge and skills about HR and conflict knowledge
RESTRUCTURATION
Democratization
Eliminating social exclusion Building relationship facilitating social inclusion
strengthening the local
community
Conflict transformation and sport
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4. SPORT IN RECONCILIATION
WHAT
RECONCILIATION it’s a long process of social change, of
rebuilding relationships, of finding a way to live with
hope for a peaceful future, of forgiveness and
achievement of justice.
PREDISPONE FORGIVENESS
BREAK DOWN BARRIERS
INCREASE TOLERANCE
REBUILD RELATIONS
SOCIAL CHANGE
FOSTER RESILENCE
CREATE DIALOGUE
BUILD EMPATHY
HEAL TRAUMA
SPORT
TIME LINE
SPORT IN RECONCILIATION - HOW
Sport its self is not good or bad, it is just an
Empty
empty and neutral box to be filled in and a
Box
tool to be used with values, ideas, meaning,
dependent on the cultural context in which
takes place and people who take part
INGREDIENTS
B
E
Peer S
educators T
process T P
context O R
O A
meaning L C
T
ideas I
C
value E
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5. EXAMPLE OF SPORT PROJECT CYCLE
" Identification of local community conditions
and resources
" Formulation of programme aims and
objectives
" Training of peer leaders/coaches
" Program content and provision
" Sporting inclusion and nature of participant
" Process of providing the programmes
" Measuring sporting outcomes through
indicators
" Assessing the personal and social impact on
participants
" Assessing the non-sporting outcomes
EXAMPLE OF NON SPORTING OUTCOME
"to develop citizenship values and commitment to
collective responsibility,
"to heal psychosocial trauma,
"to address gender-related issues,
"to build relationships among different communities,
"to development a commitment to education,
"to develop conflict resolution and conflict
management skills,
"to reduce social isolation and tension,
"to provide opportunities to empower participants,
"to address health-related issues, including
HIV/AIDS
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6. Governments, Ministers
WHO
of youth, education and
sport: establishment of
Actors in sport
nat. and int.l policies to for reconciliations
favour the use of sport in
the process of
reconciliation
TOP
LEVEL
MIDDLE-LEVEL,
SPORT
AMBASSADORS,
NGO’s, ELITE
Coordination of wide ATHLETES
projects, creation of
social network, GRASSROOTS AND CIVIL
spreading of best SOCIETY, CBO’S, SOCIAL
SPACE WHERE TO
practice and toolkits, to
IMPLEMENT SPORT
improve accountability PROJECTS
and quality
MECHANISM FOR SOCIAL CHANGE
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7. KENYA PEV
Figures Jan 2008
Conteste presidential result
quickly took on an ethnic
dimension
•IDP’s: 347,000
•Deaths: 1001
•Affected: more than
500,000
•Refugees in Uganda:
12,000
DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF THE USE OF
SPORT IN HEALING AND RECONCILIATION
Even here in Kenya, as in other post conflict
situations, it is possible to identify :
1. Single events with different possible organisers like
local NGO’s, famous runners, INGO’s (Shoe4Africa,
Tegla Loroupe Peace Run)
2. Sport leagues as single project of a program (World
Vision, Global Peace Game)
3. Sport based projects (Sport-Based Child Protection,
Peace and Reconciliation Projects by Kesofo, Kenya
Youth Sports4Peace & Reconciliation Projects by Care
International)
4. Sport activities as part of a wider project (Amani Cup by
IOM, CFS by IOM)
5. Combinations of the above
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8. CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS)
AN EARLY EVALUATION
! Questionnaire 50 youth
respondents on questionnaire
about the impact of sport in
their life after PEV
CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS)
AN EARLY EVALUATION
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9. CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS)
AN EARLY EVALUATION
CHILD FRIENDLY SPACE (CFS)
AN EARLY EVALUATION
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10. CONCLUSION
! Recommendations
"Understand the conflict.
"Do not harm
"Base the activities on mutual interest;
"Use a participatory approach
"Use of Peer educators and train them with sport, peace
building and conflict management skills;
"Focus on daily activities
"Promote fair play rather then win at all costs.
"Create a social network
"Focus on the process of healing, building relationship and
empathy rather than sport itself;
"Develop best practices
"Develop a monitoring and evaluation mechanism
CONCLUSION
! The holistic approach must be used not only in
peace building process but also in sport programs
themselves.
! Healing is the first step to re-build relationship in
order to achieve a social change. Sport is proofed
to be a very feasible tool to achieve this
progressive outcome.
! Favourable government policies and
development of best practices allow the
contribution of sport to be much more significant.
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