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Dynamics of Institutional Arrangements and
their Adaptation to Socio-economic and
Ecological Challenges in Pastoral Areas of
Northern Kenya
Caroline Kanyuuru
Livelihood, Gender and Impact Meeting
Nairobi, 1 October 2015
Content
• Introduction – Background, problem statement, objectives
• Methodology
• Results – (per paper)
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
Thesis link
http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11295
/90151/Kanyuuru_Dynamics%20of%20institutional%20arrang
ements%20and%20their%20adaptation%20to.pdf?sequence=
1
Introduction
Background
• Kenyas’ drylands make up 84% of Kenya’s total
terrestrial land surface (Barrow and Mogaka, 2007)
• 80% of the country’s eco-tourism interests, 60% of the
nation’s livestock (Barrow and Mogaka, 2007) and
support about 10million people (CBD/UNEP/IUCN,
2007).
• Management of the environment has rested on
customary institutions to make and uphold rules and
sanction breach of those rules
• The governance approach needs to be flexible and
have the capacity to respond to environmental
feedback (Resilience)
Problem statement
• Customary institutions have weakened (group
ranch sub-division, change from community
to private) a significant threat to sustainable
natural resource management (IUCN, 2011).
• A general lack of understanding of the value
of the rangelands in entirety (Oba and Kotile,
2001).
Objectives
• Overall objective
 To understand dynamics of pastoral IA and how this is
influencing value of ecosystem services benefits
• Specific objective
 Identify existing IA and their change over time
 Measure direct and indirect values of pastoral
ecosystem services benefits in different IA (ESVA)
 Assess how external actors are facilitating IA dynamism
 Assess how IA are adapting to socio-economic and
ecological factors challenging development.
Methodology
Study area
Cont..
• Purposive (IA) and random sampling (Village,
HH)
• Sample size 150 HH- (Israel 2009)
• Data collection - Qualitative (FGDs and KI) and
quantitative (HH survey)
• Data mgt & analysis (MS Access, MS excel,
SNA, STATA, SPSS,)
• Economic valuation (TEV framework)
Paper 1
Existing Pastoralists’ Institutional
Arrangements and their Dynamic State in
the Northern Rangelands of Kenya
• Authors – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John,
Njoka Jesse
Conceptual framework
Exogenous factors
(i.e. Land tenure)
Hybrid institutions
Customary
institutions
IA managing resources 2002
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Forest Mgt Land mgt Livestock & pasture
mgt
Water Mgt Wildlife Mgt
Institutionalarrangements
Resource management
Government &NGOs
Conservancy board
Group Ranch committee
Elders only
IA managing resources 2012
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Kinna
MakurianGR
WambaWest
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Kinna
MakurianGR
WestGateCC
Forest Mgt Land Mgt Livestock & pasture
Mgt
Water Mgt Wildlife Mgt
Institutionalarrangments
Resource management
Government &NGOs
Conservancy board
Group Ranch committee
Elders only
Cont..
Land tenure influence
County Area
(Km2)
Land
tenur
e
CC
(2012)
Laikipia 9,500 GR 4
Sambu
ru
21,00
0
GR 7
Isiolo 25,60
5
Trust
land
3
Principle component analysis
Resource IA mgt
2012
IA mgt
2002
IA mgt
2002
Forest (2002) -0.16 0.398 0.080
Forest (2012) 0.198 0.080 -0.040
Land tenure (2002) 0.137 -0.101 -0.011
Land tenure (2012) 0.219 -0.020 -0.018
Livestock&pasture
(2002)
-0.17 -0.011 0.845
Livestock&pasture
(2012)
0.211 -0.084 0.041
Water (2002) -0.006 0.413 -0.428
Water (2012) 0.212 0.023 -0.030
Wildlife (2002) -0.011 0.397 0.164
Wildlife (2012) 0.182 0.061 0.021
Perceptions on IA performance
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Transparency Participatory Equity Market creation Partnership Effectiveness
Activeinstitutionalarrangements
Socio-economic indicators of a robust institutional arrangement
Elders
Group ranch committee
Conservancy board
Paper 2
Economic Value of Ecosystem Services
Benefits across Different Pastoralist
Institutional Arrangements in the
Northern Rangelands of Kenya
• Authors - Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John,
Njoka Jesse
Conceptual framework (TEV)
Elders
Group ranch committee
Community conservancy board
Indirect
value
Direct
values
Aggregate
value
Sources of household revenue
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Camels
Cattle
Chicken
Donkeys
Goats
Goat skin
Gum arabica
Maize
Milk
Sheep
Sugar
Tomatoes
Maize flour
Proportion of households trading
Generalsourcesofhouseholdrevenue
No of HH (2002)
No of HH (2012)
Livestock and livestock products sales
(2002, 2012)
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
Kinna Makurian GR West Gate
Livestockandlivestockproductrevenues
Study sites
Livestock & livestock products sales 2012
Livestock & livestock products sales 2002
Households employment revenue
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
Kinna Division Makurian GR West Gate CC
Permanentandcasualemploymentaveragerevenues
Study sites
Average revenue (permanent)
Average revenue (casual)
Direct (HH revenue) and indirect
(communal revenue) values
-
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
Kinna Division Makurian GR West Gate CC
Aggregateeconomicvalues
Study sites
indirect value
Direct value
Effect of IA
Direct value Coef. Std. Err. t P>t [95% Conf. Interval]
Kinna (Elders)
Makurian (Group Ranch) -24095 48252.39 -0.5 0.618 -119640 71449.52
Westgate (Community
Conservancy) -150558 41182.37 -3.66 0.000 -232104 -69013.2
Age -240.857 749.0791 -0.32 0.748 -1724.11 1242.395
Gender -66874.8 28443.76 -2.35 0.0200 -123196 -10553.3
hhsize 8914.272 30191.65 0.3 0.768 -50868.2 68696.76
Paper 3
Assessing External Actors Roles in Facilitating
Institutional Dynamism and Socio- economic
and Ecological Development in the Northern
Rangelands of Kenya
• Author – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John,
Njoka Jesse
Conceptual framework
State and non state actors
Socioeconomic and ecological
factors
Customary
institutions
Hybrid
institutions
External actors present
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Government
NGOs
Private ranches
Private sector
Religious organization
Research institutions
Government
NGOs
Private ranches
Private sector
Religious organization
Research institutions
Government
NGOs
Private ranches
Private sector
Religious organization
Research institutions
EldersonlyGroupranchcommittee
Community
conservancyboard
Level of engagement
Externalactorsoperatingindifferentstudysites
Addressing socio-economic and
ecological factors
Government and NGO support
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
Ecological Economic Social
Actoraddressingchallenges
Category of challenges
Government
NGOs
What government should
prioritize
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Notimportant
Important
VeryImportant
Notimportant
Important
VeryImportant
Notimportant
Important
VeryImportant
Kinna Makurian
GR
West Gate
CC
Categoryofchallenges
What government should prioritize in the study sites
Social
Economic
Ecological
Paper 4
Adaptation of Institutional Arrangements
to Management of Northern Rangelands
of Kenya
• Author – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse
• Published – Environment, Development and
Sustainability
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-015-
9718-y
Conceptual framework
Customary
institutions
Hybrid
institutions
• Co-management
• Livelihood
diversification
Resilience
IA addressing socio-economic and
ecological factors
2002 2012
Difference in IA in 2002 and 2012
(Pearson Chi-square)
Factors challenging development Institutional arrangement
(IA2002, IA2012)
Social
Insecurity, negative politics, cattle rustling, low
education levels, land tenure challenges and negative
culture practices
(χ2=28.567, p=0.001)
Economic
Low infrastructure, low financial services, low
entrepreneurial skills, lack of livestock markets,
middlemen and untapped ecotourism
(χ2=27.6159, p=0.001)
Ecological
droughts, disease, floods, pasture degradation and
water degradation.
(χ2=32.575, p=0.000).
Conclusion
• IAs managing resources in NK are changing and
existing land tenure may have an influence on the
change
• IAs are embracing a co-management approach
overtime
• Number of external actors present were higher
where IA had a semi formal structure (GR&CC)
• Co-management offers pastoralist more
opportunity to diversify livelihood
Recommendations
• In drafting the National land policy-
community land aspect, the government
should consider a co-management approach
• It offers rangeland management capacity
• Provides opportunity for livelihood diversification
• These are two features of resilient
ecosystems.
This work is financed by The Nature Conservancy
It is implemented in a partnership with University of Nairobi,
Northern Rangelands Trust
Acknowledgements
The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
better lives through livestock
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Dynamics of institutional arrangements and their adaptation to socio-economic and ecological challenges in pastoral areas of northern Kenya

  • 1. Dynamics of Institutional Arrangements and their Adaptation to Socio-economic and Ecological Challenges in Pastoral Areas of Northern Kenya Caroline Kanyuuru Livelihood, Gender and Impact Meeting Nairobi, 1 October 2015
  • 2. Content • Introduction – Background, problem statement, objectives • Methodology • Results – (per paper) • Conclusions • Recommendations Thesis link http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11295 /90151/Kanyuuru_Dynamics%20of%20institutional%20arrang ements%20and%20their%20adaptation%20to.pdf?sequence= 1
  • 3. Introduction Background • Kenyas’ drylands make up 84% of Kenya’s total terrestrial land surface (Barrow and Mogaka, 2007) • 80% of the country’s eco-tourism interests, 60% of the nation’s livestock (Barrow and Mogaka, 2007) and support about 10million people (CBD/UNEP/IUCN, 2007). • Management of the environment has rested on customary institutions to make and uphold rules and sanction breach of those rules • The governance approach needs to be flexible and have the capacity to respond to environmental feedback (Resilience)
  • 4. Problem statement • Customary institutions have weakened (group ranch sub-division, change from community to private) a significant threat to sustainable natural resource management (IUCN, 2011). • A general lack of understanding of the value of the rangelands in entirety (Oba and Kotile, 2001).
  • 5. Objectives • Overall objective  To understand dynamics of pastoral IA and how this is influencing value of ecosystem services benefits • Specific objective  Identify existing IA and their change over time  Measure direct and indirect values of pastoral ecosystem services benefits in different IA (ESVA)  Assess how external actors are facilitating IA dynamism  Assess how IA are adapting to socio-economic and ecological factors challenging development.
  • 7. Cont.. • Purposive (IA) and random sampling (Village, HH) • Sample size 150 HH- (Israel 2009) • Data collection - Qualitative (FGDs and KI) and quantitative (HH survey) • Data mgt & analysis (MS Access, MS excel, SNA, STATA, SPSS,) • Economic valuation (TEV framework)
  • 8. Paper 1 Existing Pastoralists’ Institutional Arrangements and their Dynamic State in the Northern Rangelands of Kenya • Authors – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse
  • 9. Conceptual framework Exogenous factors (i.e. Land tenure) Hybrid institutions Customary institutions
  • 10. IA managing resources 2002 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Forest Mgt Land mgt Livestock & pasture mgt Water Mgt Wildlife Mgt Institutionalarrangements Resource management Government &NGOs Conservancy board Group Ranch committee Elders only
  • 11. IA managing resources 2012 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Kinna MakurianGR WambaWest Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Kinna MakurianGR WestGateCC Forest Mgt Land Mgt Livestock & pasture Mgt Water Mgt Wildlife Mgt Institutionalarrangments Resource management Government &NGOs Conservancy board Group Ranch committee Elders only
  • 12. Cont.. Land tenure influence County Area (Km2) Land tenur e CC (2012) Laikipia 9,500 GR 4 Sambu ru 21,00 0 GR 7 Isiolo 25,60 5 Trust land 3 Principle component analysis Resource IA mgt 2012 IA mgt 2002 IA mgt 2002 Forest (2002) -0.16 0.398 0.080 Forest (2012) 0.198 0.080 -0.040 Land tenure (2002) 0.137 -0.101 -0.011 Land tenure (2012) 0.219 -0.020 -0.018 Livestock&pasture (2002) -0.17 -0.011 0.845 Livestock&pasture (2012) 0.211 -0.084 0.041 Water (2002) -0.006 0.413 -0.428 Water (2012) 0.212 0.023 -0.030 Wildlife (2002) -0.011 0.397 0.164 Wildlife (2012) 0.182 0.061 0.021
  • 13. Perceptions on IA performance 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Transparency Participatory Equity Market creation Partnership Effectiveness Activeinstitutionalarrangements Socio-economic indicators of a robust institutional arrangement Elders Group ranch committee Conservancy board
  • 14. Paper 2 Economic Value of Ecosystem Services Benefits across Different Pastoralist Institutional Arrangements in the Northern Rangelands of Kenya • Authors - Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse
  • 15. Conceptual framework (TEV) Elders Group ranch committee Community conservancy board Indirect value Direct values Aggregate value
  • 16. Sources of household revenue 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Camels Cattle Chicken Donkeys Goats Goat skin Gum arabica Maize Milk Sheep Sugar Tomatoes Maize flour Proportion of households trading Generalsourcesofhouseholdrevenue No of HH (2002) No of HH (2012)
  • 17. Livestock and livestock products sales (2002, 2012) - 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 Kinna Makurian GR West Gate Livestockandlivestockproductrevenues Study sites Livestock & livestock products sales 2012 Livestock & livestock products sales 2002
  • 18. Households employment revenue - 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 Kinna Division Makurian GR West Gate CC Permanentandcasualemploymentaveragerevenues Study sites Average revenue (permanent) Average revenue (casual)
  • 19. Direct (HH revenue) and indirect (communal revenue) values - 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 Kinna Division Makurian GR West Gate CC Aggregateeconomicvalues Study sites indirect value Direct value
  • 20. Effect of IA Direct value Coef. Std. Err. t P>t [95% Conf. Interval] Kinna (Elders) Makurian (Group Ranch) -24095 48252.39 -0.5 0.618 -119640 71449.52 Westgate (Community Conservancy) -150558 41182.37 -3.66 0.000 -232104 -69013.2 Age -240.857 749.0791 -0.32 0.748 -1724.11 1242.395 Gender -66874.8 28443.76 -2.35 0.0200 -123196 -10553.3 hhsize 8914.272 30191.65 0.3 0.768 -50868.2 68696.76
  • 21. Paper 3 Assessing External Actors Roles in Facilitating Institutional Dynamism and Socio- economic and Ecological Development in the Northern Rangelands of Kenya • Author – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse
  • 22. Conceptual framework State and non state actors Socioeconomic and ecological factors Customary institutions Hybrid institutions
  • 23. External actors present 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Government NGOs Private ranches Private sector Religious organization Research institutions Government NGOs Private ranches Private sector Religious organization Research institutions Government NGOs Private ranches Private sector Religious organization Research institutions EldersonlyGroupranchcommittee Community conservancyboard Level of engagement Externalactorsoperatingindifferentstudysites
  • 24. Addressing socio-economic and ecological factors Government and NGO support 0.00% 5.00% 10.00% 15.00% 20.00% 25.00% 30.00% 35.00% 40.00% Ecological Economic Social Actoraddressingchallenges Category of challenges Government NGOs What government should prioritize 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% Notimportant Important VeryImportant Notimportant Important VeryImportant Notimportant Important VeryImportant Kinna Makurian GR West Gate CC Categoryofchallenges What government should prioritize in the study sites Social Economic Ecological
  • 25. Paper 4 Adaptation of Institutional Arrangements to Management of Northern Rangelands of Kenya • Author – Kanyuuru Caroline, Mburu John, Njoka Jesse • Published – Environment, Development and Sustainability http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-015- 9718-y
  • 27. IA addressing socio-economic and ecological factors 2002 2012
  • 28. Difference in IA in 2002 and 2012 (Pearson Chi-square) Factors challenging development Institutional arrangement (IA2002, IA2012) Social Insecurity, negative politics, cattle rustling, low education levels, land tenure challenges and negative culture practices (χ2=28.567, p=0.001) Economic Low infrastructure, low financial services, low entrepreneurial skills, lack of livestock markets, middlemen and untapped ecotourism (χ2=27.6159, p=0.001) Ecological droughts, disease, floods, pasture degradation and water degradation. (χ2=32.575, p=0.000).
  • 29. Conclusion • IAs managing resources in NK are changing and existing land tenure may have an influence on the change • IAs are embracing a co-management approach overtime • Number of external actors present were higher where IA had a semi formal structure (GR&CC) • Co-management offers pastoralist more opportunity to diversify livelihood
  • 30. Recommendations • In drafting the National land policy- community land aspect, the government should consider a co-management approach • It offers rangeland management capacity • Provides opportunity for livelihood diversification • These are two features of resilient ecosystems.
  • 31. This work is financed by The Nature Conservancy It is implemented in a partnership with University of Nairobi, Northern Rangelands Trust Acknowledgements
  • 32. The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI. better lives through livestock ilri.org

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