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Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Ruminants:
the Basics and Dynamics of the Disease
Professor John B. Kaneene
DVM, MPH, PhD, FAES
Center for Comparative Epidemiology
Michigan State University
Workshop: An Integrated Approach to Controlling
Brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, 29-31 January
2013
 Basic Epidemiology of Brucellosis
 Reservoirs and Routes of Transmission
 Outbreak Investigations
 Surveillance and Control Programs
 Summary
2
Presentation Outline
 Host-Agent-Environment
 Host species: most mammals
Hoofstock: cattle, goats, sheep
Swine and other mammals
 Agents: Brucella spp.
Host preferences, but not specific
 Environmental conditions:
Allows direct contact with materials contaminated
when Brucella are shed
3
Basic Epidemiology of Brucellosis
 Reservoir hosts:
 Host allows pathogen to survive, grow, and
multiply without compromising significantly
reproduction and survival
 Maintains infection within their species
population
 Capable of transmitting infection to other species
4
Reservoirs of Brucellosis
 Wildlife Reservoir of Brucella in Africa
 Primary Livestock Reservoirs of Brucella
5
Reservoirs of Brucellosis
 B. abortus:
Cattle, Buffalo
 B. melitensis
Goats
Sheep
 B. abortus:
African Buffalo
 B. ovis
Sheep
 B. suis
Swine
 Brucella in Africa Wildlife
6
Reservoirs of Brucellosis
 Bovidae*
 African buffalo*
 Bushbuck
 Eland
 Impala
 Kob
 Lechwe
 Bovidae (cont).
 Waterbuck
 Wildebeeste
 Others:
 Giraffe
 Zebra
 Hippopotamus
* - high potential for reservoir status
 Primary Routes of Shedding for Brucellosis
 Urogential system
Uterine discharges: HIGHLY INFECTIOUS
Milk
Semen
 Shedding not constant, consistent
7
Routes of Transmission
 Routes of Transmission for Brucellosis
 Ingestion of contaminated materials
 Contact through
Mucous membranes
Open wounds
Conjunctiva
 Vertical transmission – questionable
8
Routes of Transmission
 Shedding
 Abortion – reproductive fluids
 Milk
After abortion
Continue through life of the animal
 Transmission
 Ingestion of milk
 Ingestion of contaminated materials
9
Maintenance of Brucellosis
 Steps for conducting outbreak investigations
 Establish and verify existence of outbreak
Reported cases
Routine surveillance
 Define and identify cases
Consistent case definition
Laboratory confirmation
10
Outbreak Investigations
 Steps for conducting outbreak investigations
 Epidemiological Investigation
Data collection: demographics, clinical data, risk
factors
Examination of cases and premises
Characterize outbreak
 Populations affected
 Geographic extent
 Dates and Trends over Time
11
Outbreak Investigations
 Steps for conducting outbreak investigations
 Formulate & evaluate hypotheses
Source of infection
 Primary case
 Imported cases
Modes of Transmission and Exposures
 ‘Abortion storms’
 Venereal exposure
12
Outbreak Investigations
 Outbreak Control
 Control measures
Control source of pathogen – Identify infected animals
Interrupt transmission – Quarantine, culling
Control host response to exposure – vaccination
 Monitoring to evaluate effectiveness of control
measures
Directed Surveillance
 Passive and Active Surveillance
13
Outbreak Investigations
1. Brucella spp. have many domestic and
wildlife reservoirs
2. Outbreak Investigation is an important
tool for studying disease dynamics
14
Summary
3. Establishing surveillance systems is a key to
monitoring disease status and planning for
control measures
4. In both outbreak investigation and
surveillance, use of appropriate diagnostic
tests is critical
15
Summary (cont.)
THANK YOU!
16

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Epidemiology of brucellosis in ruminants: the basics and dynamics of the disease

  • 1. Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Ruminants: the Basics and Dynamics of the Disease Professor John B. Kaneene DVM, MPH, PhD, FAES Center for Comparative Epidemiology Michigan State University Workshop: An Integrated Approach to Controlling Brucellosis in Africa, Addis Ababa, 29-31 January 2013
  • 2.  Basic Epidemiology of Brucellosis  Reservoirs and Routes of Transmission  Outbreak Investigations  Surveillance and Control Programs  Summary 2 Presentation Outline
  • 3.  Host-Agent-Environment  Host species: most mammals Hoofstock: cattle, goats, sheep Swine and other mammals  Agents: Brucella spp. Host preferences, but not specific  Environmental conditions: Allows direct contact with materials contaminated when Brucella are shed 3 Basic Epidemiology of Brucellosis
  • 4.  Reservoir hosts:  Host allows pathogen to survive, grow, and multiply without compromising significantly reproduction and survival  Maintains infection within their species population  Capable of transmitting infection to other species 4 Reservoirs of Brucellosis
  • 5.  Wildlife Reservoir of Brucella in Africa  Primary Livestock Reservoirs of Brucella 5 Reservoirs of Brucellosis  B. abortus: Cattle, Buffalo  B. melitensis Goats Sheep  B. abortus: African Buffalo  B. ovis Sheep  B. suis Swine
  • 6.  Brucella in Africa Wildlife 6 Reservoirs of Brucellosis  Bovidae*  African buffalo*  Bushbuck  Eland  Impala  Kob  Lechwe  Bovidae (cont).  Waterbuck  Wildebeeste  Others:  Giraffe  Zebra  Hippopotamus * - high potential for reservoir status
  • 7.  Primary Routes of Shedding for Brucellosis  Urogential system Uterine discharges: HIGHLY INFECTIOUS Milk Semen  Shedding not constant, consistent 7 Routes of Transmission
  • 8.  Routes of Transmission for Brucellosis  Ingestion of contaminated materials  Contact through Mucous membranes Open wounds Conjunctiva  Vertical transmission – questionable 8 Routes of Transmission
  • 9.  Shedding  Abortion – reproductive fluids  Milk After abortion Continue through life of the animal  Transmission  Ingestion of milk  Ingestion of contaminated materials 9 Maintenance of Brucellosis
  • 10.  Steps for conducting outbreak investigations  Establish and verify existence of outbreak Reported cases Routine surveillance  Define and identify cases Consistent case definition Laboratory confirmation 10 Outbreak Investigations
  • 11.  Steps for conducting outbreak investigations  Epidemiological Investigation Data collection: demographics, clinical data, risk factors Examination of cases and premises Characterize outbreak  Populations affected  Geographic extent  Dates and Trends over Time 11 Outbreak Investigations
  • 12.  Steps for conducting outbreak investigations  Formulate & evaluate hypotheses Source of infection  Primary case  Imported cases Modes of Transmission and Exposures  ‘Abortion storms’  Venereal exposure 12 Outbreak Investigations
  • 13.  Outbreak Control  Control measures Control source of pathogen – Identify infected animals Interrupt transmission – Quarantine, culling Control host response to exposure – vaccination  Monitoring to evaluate effectiveness of control measures Directed Surveillance  Passive and Active Surveillance 13 Outbreak Investigations
  • 14. 1. Brucella spp. have many domestic and wildlife reservoirs 2. Outbreak Investigation is an important tool for studying disease dynamics 14 Summary
  • 15. 3. Establishing surveillance systems is a key to monitoring disease status and planning for control measures 4. In both outbreak investigation and surveillance, use of appropriate diagnostic tests is critical 15 Summary (cont.)