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Addressing Hypertension in Rural India:
 Intervention Design, Implementation
    Strategies, and Evaluation Plan

 Nancy Mueller, Josh Yudkin, & Leslie Duling
Overview

Disease Burden

Hypertension Determinants

Intervention and Implementation

Evaluation
Burden of Disease
Shift in the burden of disease
80% of global CVD deaths occur in low and
  middle income countries1
By 2025, 1.56 billion people worldwide will be
  living with hypertension2
Estimated 20% hypertension prevalence rate
  in Tamil Nadu3
Determinants of Hypertension
Weight (BMI and WC)
Physical Activity

Tobacco Use
Alcohol Consumption

Stress

Diet
Intervention Outline
• Awareness and resource
Population Level
                      dissemination


                    • Flipbook education,
Personal/Familial
                      maintenance efforts, and
     Level
                      technology based activities


                    • Technology services and
Health Systems
                      educational workshops at
     Level
                      RMHC
Implementation Strategies
Population Level Strategies




                         *SHG
CHW         SHG
                        members
Population Level Strategies



                           SHG
                         Education
• Flipbook use     • 2 group leads   • Disseminate
• Salt reduction                       materials among
                   • Provided          group members
• Resources          educational
                     materials
         CHW                                 *SHG
        Training                         dissemination
Population Level Strategies



                           SHG
                         Education
• Flipbook use     • 2 group leads   • Disseminate
• Salt reduction   • Provided
                                       materials among
• Resources                            group members
                     educational
                     materials
         CHW                                 *SHG
        Training                         dissemination
Population Level Strategies



                           SHG
                         Education
• Flipbook use     • 2 group leads   • Disseminate
• Salt reduction   • Provided
                                       materials among
• Resources                            group members
                     educational
                     materials
         CHW                                 *SHG
        Training                         dissemination
Household Level Strategies

                                       Flipbook
                                      education


                      High blood
                   pressure reading   Invitation to
                                       workshop
                       ≥140/90

  Home-based
                                      Referred to
  hypertension
                                        RMHC
screening by SVG


                     Normal blood      Follow up
                   pressure reading    annually
Health Systems Level Strategies

                       • HMIS flagging
Increased follow up
                       • SVG home visit/call


                       • SVG and RMHC based
Education workshops
                       • Salt reduction


                       • SVG-household or RMHC level
Overnight urine test
                       • Baseline, mid-line, end line


                       • HMIS IPD module
Care continuum loop
                       • Care center partnerships, PISP questions
Evaluation Plan:
Formative, Process, and Evaluation
Formative Processes

Informs:
  Program materials
  Intervention plans
  Strategies and activities


Considers:
  Key stakeholders
Formative Evaluation

Qualitative approaches
  Informal interviews
  Focus groups


Quantitative approaches
  Cost evaluations
  Resource audits
Process Objectives

Training the community health workers


Ensure fidelity of program delivery


Determining public penetration rate
Process Evaluation

Qualitative methods
  KAP survey (training)
  ICTPH model of practical exams
  Focus groups
  CHW observations (delivery)
  Group lead observations
  Informal interview or survey (received)
Quantitative methods
  Educational session audit (delivery)
  Attendee assessment
  Follow up system audit (delivery/received)
Impact Objectives

Increased awareness and knowledge


Increased self efficacy


Decreased sodium intake
Impact Evaluation
Qualitative approaches
  Survey (KAP)
  Informal interview


Quantitative
  Education activity and workshop audits
  Health metrics (urine test)
Multiple genetic and environmental factors




Decreased             Decreased
                                         Reduced risk
 sodium                 blood
                                           for CVD
  intake               pressure




   Increased awareness,
resources, and self efficacy
Acknowledgements



ICTPH Staff
Selva Swetha
Sughavazhvu guides
Karambayam residents
Contact Information
Nancy Mueller
BA, MPH candidate
E: nancymueller@go.wustl.edu

Leslie Duling
BA, MPH/MSW candidate
E: leslie.duling@go.wustl.edu

Joshua Yudkin,
BA/MPH candidate
E: jsyudkin@wustl.edu

Washington University in St. Louis
Thank you
References

1World Health Organization (2005). National Cardiovascular Disease Database. Retrieved from
    http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/NMH_Resources_National_CVD_database-
    Final_Report.pdf

2Kearney,  P.M., Whelton, M., Reynolds, K., Muntner, P., Whelton, P.K., He, J. (2005). Global
    Burden of Hypertension: Analysis of Worldwide Data. Lancet: 365, 217-223. Retrieved from
    http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/servicios/hta/global_burden_of_hypertension.pdf

3Mohan, V., Deepa, M., Farooq, S., Datta, M. and Deepa, R. (2007). Prevalence, Awareness, and
    Control of Hypertension in Chennai – The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES
    – 52). Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 55(May).

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TPS CVD Final Presentation

  • 1. Addressing Hypertension in Rural India: Intervention Design, Implementation Strategies, and Evaluation Plan Nancy Mueller, Josh Yudkin, & Leslie Duling
  • 4. Shift in the burden of disease 80% of global CVD deaths occur in low and middle income countries1 By 2025, 1.56 billion people worldwide will be living with hypertension2 Estimated 20% hypertension prevalence rate in Tamil Nadu3
  • 6. Weight (BMI and WC) Physical Activity Tobacco Use Alcohol Consumption Stress Diet
  • 8. • Awareness and resource Population Level dissemination • Flipbook education, Personal/Familial maintenance efforts, and Level technology based activities • Technology services and Health Systems educational workshops at Level RMHC
  • 10. Population Level Strategies *SHG CHW SHG members
  • 11. Population Level Strategies SHG Education • Flipbook use • 2 group leads • Disseminate • Salt reduction materials among • Provided group members • Resources educational materials CHW *SHG Training dissemination
  • 12. Population Level Strategies SHG Education • Flipbook use • 2 group leads • Disseminate • Salt reduction • Provided materials among • Resources group members educational materials CHW *SHG Training dissemination
  • 13. Population Level Strategies SHG Education • Flipbook use • 2 group leads • Disseminate • Salt reduction • Provided materials among • Resources group members educational materials CHW *SHG Training dissemination
  • 14. Household Level Strategies Flipbook education High blood pressure reading Invitation to workshop ≥140/90 Home-based Referred to hypertension RMHC screening by SVG Normal blood Follow up pressure reading annually
  • 15. Health Systems Level Strategies • HMIS flagging Increased follow up • SVG home visit/call • SVG and RMHC based Education workshops • Salt reduction • SVG-household or RMHC level Overnight urine test • Baseline, mid-line, end line • HMIS IPD module Care continuum loop • Care center partnerships, PISP questions
  • 17. Formative Processes Informs: Program materials Intervention plans Strategies and activities Considers: Key stakeholders
  • 18. Formative Evaluation Qualitative approaches Informal interviews Focus groups Quantitative approaches Cost evaluations Resource audits
  • 19. Process Objectives Training the community health workers Ensure fidelity of program delivery Determining public penetration rate
  • 20. Process Evaluation Qualitative methods KAP survey (training) ICTPH model of practical exams Focus groups CHW observations (delivery) Group lead observations Informal interview or survey (received)
  • 21. Quantitative methods Educational session audit (delivery) Attendee assessment Follow up system audit (delivery/received)
  • 22. Impact Objectives Increased awareness and knowledge Increased self efficacy Decreased sodium intake
  • 23. Impact Evaluation Qualitative approaches Survey (KAP) Informal interview Quantitative Education activity and workshop audits Health metrics (urine test)
  • 24. Multiple genetic and environmental factors Decreased Decreased Reduced risk sodium blood for CVD intake pressure Increased awareness, resources, and self efficacy
  • 26. Contact Information Nancy Mueller BA, MPH candidate E: nancymueller@go.wustl.edu Leslie Duling BA, MPH/MSW candidate E: leslie.duling@go.wustl.edu Joshua Yudkin, BA/MPH candidate E: jsyudkin@wustl.edu Washington University in St. Louis
  • 28. References 1World Health Organization (2005). National Cardiovascular Disease Database. Retrieved from http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/NMH_Resources_National_CVD_database- Final_Report.pdf 2Kearney, P.M., Whelton, M., Reynolds, K., Muntner, P., Whelton, P.K., He, J. (2005). Global Burden of Hypertension: Analysis of Worldwide Data. Lancet: 365, 217-223. Retrieved from http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/servicios/hta/global_burden_of_hypertension.pdf 3Mohan, V., Deepa, M., Farooq, S., Datta, M. and Deepa, R. (2007). Prevalence, Awareness, and Control of Hypertension in Chennai – The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES – 52). Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 55(May).