lecture for ist term master faculty of nursing cairo university

1. Values & Values
Statement
Under
Supervision :
Prepared by:
1. Nour Eldien Khalaf
2. Hesham hamdy

2. Rules

3. Objectives:-
By the end of this lecture, each student will be able to:
1. Define value ,beliefs, and attitude
2. Enumerate Sources of values
3. Enumerate Types of values
4. Describe how the values transmitted

4. cont;
• By the end of this lecture, each student will be
able to:
5. Mention Values of caring
6. discuss Values of health
7. Mention Values of nursing profession
8. discuss values of health care

5. Out lines:-
1. Introduction
2. Definition of values , beliefs, and attitudes
3. Sources of value
4. Phases of developing values
5. Modes of value transmission
6. Types of value

6. Cont;
7. VALUE statement and value CLARIFICATION
8. Values important in nursing settings as
7. Values of nursing
8. Values of health care
9. Values of health
10.Values of caring
9. Summary
10.Reference

7. Introduction
• Values are important in nursing and health care as they
underpin all aspects of professional practice , including
decision making , choose between alternatives , and
resolve conflict . so we will start by exploring the
meaning of value and some related concepts .

8. • Values can be divided into three levels of
expressions
1. Beliefs
2. Attitudes
3. And values themselves.

9. 1. beliefs
• Having confidence that something is true .
• Beliefs can be influenced by many factors ,
including knowledge , experience , culture , and
religion.
• The most basic value and the one that changes
least

10. Cont;
• A belief is a type of attitude which is based more on faith
than fact.
• Beliefs goes beyond the obvious, but it starts from the basis
of some fact at least .
• One of the main beliefs in nursing is that patients will get
better with good care .
• Another belief may be that this, rather than other work, is
ultimately satisfactory .

11. 2- values
• Dictionary definition of values refer to beliefs
that influence behavior
• The ethics resource center (2009)defines value as “
core beliefs that guide and motivate attitude and
actions .

12. Rokeach (1973)definition :
• An enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence
is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of
conduct or end-state existence
• acknowledged that although values tend to be stable they can change or
developed.

13. Cont;
• Frankl (1962) argued that the most important goal
in life for each person is the search for meaning .A
person finds meaning through values
• Rokeach (1973) : values have cognitive , affective
,and behaviourable components :what a person
thinks is desirable ;what a person feel is desirable
;and the action that result from these thoughts .

14. Value (beliefs
,principles,
standards)
Attitudes
underpin
Guides ,
influence ,
drives
Priorities
and
behavior
Impact on
quality of
care
If we understand the beliefs and values of people who we
care for , we can better understand their behavior and
respect them as individual
How value influence attitudes and how they
together influence professional behavior.

15. 3. Attitudes
• Is a disposition or a settled behavior.
• Attitudes are rather constant feelings , usually
made up of different beliefs .
• Henderson (1966) describes "the unique function
of a nurse" in her now famous statement . the
second part of that is :" The nurse is temporarily
the consciousness of the unconscious , the love of
live of the suicidal , the leg of the amputee , the
eyes of the newly blind, voice for those too weak to
speak, and so on

16. Cont ;
• These are’ functions’ which a nurse perform ,but
without the attitude based on the beliefs that
they are valuable ,no nurse could simply perform
these functions

17. Sources of value
• Most values are derived from four main sources that
influence our personal and professional attitudes .
1. Science
2. Culture
3. Religion
4. Experience

18. 1-Science
• The knowledge gained from scientific research is
taught to us in the educational system and has a
positive or negative bearing on how we perceive
life in general and the human condition

19. 2-Culture
• The culture in which we are raised further shapes our
value system
• Example
• In Egypt culture values age and wisdom and hold its elderly citizens in
high esteem .
• In western hemisphere ,elderly people are sometimes regarded as weak
and defenseless and without worth
• In the United states , elderly people are more likely to be seen as
forgetful , senile and unable to make any meaningful contribution to
society

20. 3-Religion
• An individual’s religious beliefs may influence his or
her values .
• In the households where members regular
exposure to religious doctrine on regular basis
,shapes their value system .

21. 4- Experience
• As we grow older , life experience give additional
structure to our personal value system
• The experience of living in a household or having a
family in which all are taught to always do their best in
a given situation , and in fact are reward for doing so ,
teaches family members to value productivity and the
pursuit of personal goals .

22. Phases of developing values
• Simon and Clark ( 1975,) suggest that people arrive
at their own values through:
1. Choosing
2. Prizing
3. And then acting on them

23. For a value to be really owned
1. a person needs to have the freedom to acquire it, to choose from alternatives ,
2. A person needs to know why he or she has chosen this value, then it needs to be
prized and cherished, and one must be willing to make it known to others .
3. Lastly , a person then needs to behave in such a way as to show that choice has been
made In other words , the value must be integrated into action.

25. 1- Modeling
• Value learned by watching other people actions . for instance , from parent to
child

26. 2- Moralizing
• Standard right and wrong

27. 3- laissez-faire
• No restrictions or limitations

28. 4- Responsible choice
• Encouraging the exploration of competing values
and to weigh their consequences while providing
guidance .

29. 5- Reward and punishment

30. Types of value
There are 3 types of values according to Frankl(1962)
1. Creative Values :-
2. Experiential values:-
3. Attitudinal values:

31. 1. Creative Values :-
 Are those which are discovered through what we do
,particularly through helping others .E.g.: Cooking
 Making a patient comfortable in bed give a sense of
achievement , but relive distress , and that mean a
human need has been responded

32. 2. Experiential values:-
 Are those which are discovered through
appreciation of people , events and natural beauty.
 We do not set out to make ourselves happy .We
do something like going to a concert and the
appreciation of the music makes us happy

33. 3. Attitudinal values:
Are those which are discovered through the way in
which one reacts to unfortunate circumstances over
which there is no control
People need to have a meaning in life , so there is a task
to search for this meaning (Frankl‘s main theory)

34. Value statement and value clarification
• Is a process that is frequently conducted to help the
patient and subsequently the patient’s health care
team and significant others to better understand what
is important to the patient and what factors he or she
considers when making decisions .

35. Vision Statement, Mission Statement and
Values Statement:
• Vision Statement:
Presents what the organization wants to be, with
direction for the future.
• Mission Statement:
Gives a clear, concise, and specific description of
organization’s purpose
Values Statement:
Specifies how the organization will conduct its business
to fulfill the mission and vision

36. Vision Statement, Mission Statement and
Values Statement: cont..,
• Vision: A Safer Community Together
• Mission: To protect the lives, property and rights of all
through service excellence and community
engagement..
• Values : T.R.U.S.T
Trust: Trust is the foundation of all we do.
Respect: Respect for the dignity and rights of all.
Understanding: Understanding our community.
Safety: Safety through service excellence.
Transparency : Transparency at all times

38. Value statement and value
clarification cont.…,
• Examples :
• To…(what you want to achieve, do become )..so
that …(reasons why is important ). I will do this by
…( specific behaviors or actions you can use to get
there .)
• I value …(choose one to three values).because..
(reasons why these values are important to you ).
Accordingly , I will …( what you can to do live by
theses values ).

39. Value statement and value
clarification cont.…,
• We belief that knowledge has the power to save
live, advance science and enhance the quality of life
in our work , we are guided by our strong
commitment to these values :
Values:
1. Acting with honesty and integrity
2. Making decisions guided by the best evidence
3. Demonstrating accountability and stewardship

40. Value statement and value
clarification cont.…,
Values statement examples
By Simmons(1982) , some of them are:
Being successful in my work
Being well-dressed
Being physically fit .
Working for a word of peace
Caring for my parents

41. Values important in nursing settings
as
Values important in nursing settings as :
A. Values of health
B. Values of health care
C. Values of caring
D. Values of nursing

42. A- Values of health
Health is a crown on healthy people's heads
 the Values of health are far from simple :
(WHO) definition of health “is a state of complete
mental , physical and social well being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity” .

43. B-Values of health care
• What applies today may not apply tomorrow .some
things written in books may be outdated by the
time it is read .
• The values which apply to health care all seem to
begin with "3E“
Economy - Efficiency - Effectiveness

44. B-Values of health care Cont.:
the norm of health care
• the good should be available , and the customer has the
choice of what to buy.
• The customer should be free to choose which treatment
to have where and when ,and the customer should be
well informed about choice available

45. C- Values of caring
• 6Cs of caring
1. Care
2. Compassion
3. Competence
4. Communication
5. Courage
6. Commitment

46. C- Values of caring cont.…,
1- Care
Care is our core business .Caring defines us and our
work
2-Compassion
How care is given through relationships based on
empathy, respect and dignity

47. C- Values of caring cont.…,
3-Competence
Al those in caring roles must have the ability to
understand the individual’s heath ,social needs and
clinical and technical knowledge to deliver effective
care
4- Communication
Is central to successful relationships and effective
team working

48. C- Values of caring cont.…,
5- Courage
Courage enables us to do the right thing for the
people we care for and to speak up when we have
concerns
6-commitment
Is a apart of care requires nurses will carry out
necessary care in a consistent , reliable and timely
way regardless of barriers and constrains

49. A. Values of nursing
• Nurses must be sensitive to beliefs and values and
respond respectfully
• Avoid value feeling conflict.
• Differentiae between the personal values and
organizational values
• Values underpinning nursing practice

50. Summary
• Values are learned and change in response to life
situations as persons develops
• How value influence attitudes and how they
together influence professional behavior.
• Most values are derived from four main sources
that influence our personal and professional
attitudes(Science ,Culture ,Religion and Experience)
• people arrive at their own values through Choosing ,
Prizing and then acting on them

51. Summary cont.…
• There are 5 modes of values transmission
(modeling , moralizing , laissez –faire , responsible
choice and reward –punishment mode .
• Types of values are creative , experiential and
altitudinal .
• Values clarification enables persons to begin to
identify and choose their Owen values
• Values important in nursing settings as( values of
health , health care , caring and nursing

52. Reference
• Tschudin, Verena ,RGN,...etc. .(1998).Ethics in Nursing.
The caring relationship-2nd ed. British Library p(28-45).
• Simon S.B., Howe.,L.W.@Kirshenbaum,H.(1995).Values
Clarification: Ahandbook of practical strategies for
teachers and students .New York: Hart.