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St. James High School of Buenavista, Agusan, Inc.
Curato St., Brgy. 5, Buenavista Agusan del Norte
Comparative Assessment between Ultrasonic and
PIR sensors for Burglar Alarm Applications
Group Z
ABACAHIN, BABY JEAN
BALABA, SHAIANAH GLAIZA
CABAG, JANE
GAVIA, GIRLIE
GONZAGA, ANGELO
GULAY, JUN KYLE
SALARZA, JOSHUA
TABADA, DJEAH
UAYAN, JELLI
May 2021

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
1.1Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.2Objective Of The Study ------------------------------------------------------------ 6
1.3Statement of the Problem --------------------------------------------------------- 7
1.4Significance of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------- 7
1.5Scope and limitations of the Study --------------------------------------------- 8
1.6Definition of Terms ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
CHAPTER II
2.1 Related Literature----------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.2 Related Studies ------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
CHAPTER III
3.1 Materials ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
3.2 Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
3.3 Research Locale ------------------------------------------------------------------ 23
CHAPTER IV
4.1 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of data------------------------- 24
CHAPTER V
5.1 Summary of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------- 26
5.2 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
5.3 Recommendation ---------------------------------------------------------------- 28

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FIGURE LIST
Figure 3.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
Figure 3.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Figure 3.3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Figure 3.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
Figure 3.5 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
Figure 3.6 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
Figure 3.7 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
Figure 3.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Figure 3.9 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Figure 3.10---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
Figure 3.11---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

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Abstract
The efficacy of PIR and ultrasonic sensors for residential burglar alarm
applications was tested in this study. The experiment was conducted in an actual
household setup. Two burglar alarm devices using PIR and ultrasonic sensors
were designed, developed, and installed atop the entrance door.
The devices were repeatedly turned-on, observed, and tested with their
detection capability. In each trial, the maximum height of detection for each
sensor type was tested. Pythagorean Theorem was used to calculate the
maximum distance covered by the PIR sensor while the ultrasonic sensor uses
the Arduino IDE serial monitor to display the measured distance. Both setups use
a 5V buzzer alarm to notify the researchers that a movement was detected,
denoting that there was a suspected intruder. Both devices were tested with
proximity detection at different sensor position and angle.
The resulting data for the PIR sensor detection ranges from several
hundred centimeters (cm) up to a higher 830 cm. The farthest coverage pattern
for the PIR detection was seen to be effective in the 225° angle while nearer
coverage from 0° and 45°. Although not as efficient in far distant detection, the
ultrasonic sensor was also considered effective as it can detect from 0.75 meter
distance up to almost 2 meters. The maximum distance that the PIR sensor can
detect varies on the sensitivity adjustment angle while the maximum distance
detected by the ultrasonic sensor is adjusted trough the Arduino software.

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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1.1 Introduction and its Background
A security alarm is a device that detects intruders and uninvited access
into a property or area. Security Alarms are utilized in a variety of environments,
including residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties as a deterrent
to break-ins (theft or burglaries) or damage to property, as well as personal
safety. Security systems are also used in prisons to maintain control of detainees
(Sunil, 2014). The installation of physical security measures is clearly out of
reach for poorer homes in society (Thompson et al. 2017).
The need for a security system has become increasingly important as the
frequency of thefts and burglaries has increased. A security system that detects
a person in a given region over time and responds appropriately to the threat is
required. In the Philippines, the total rate of theft and burglaries dropped during
the first year of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte. According to Emmanuel Tupas,
2018 was registered the highest drop of cases with 31.49%, from 34,435 to 23,
590. However, most countries have yet to come up with a strategy to completely
eradicate this crime.
The United States of America has developed devices that can protect
households and even large places. These devices are super-efficient and high-
tech. These systems detect intrusion; however, a lot of citizens from other
countries cannot afford it since it is high-priced. Due to the lack of security in
most households, many incidents occur at night because the lights are usually
out at night and everyone is asleep. CCTV surveillance cameras are not enough
to stop intrusion, theft, and burglaries. The need for a security system has
become extremely important since these crimes have not yet been prevented
entirely (Cytryn, n.d.).

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Considering that there are only a few households in the Philippines that
can afford high technology security systems, most of the citizens raise guard
dogs that are specifically trained to recognize threats and attacks when their
owner or property is in danger. However, most people in urban areas are
incapable of raising guard dogs since they lack space due to the high population.
Therefore, other electronic enthusiasts and businesses decided to use PIR and
Ultrasonic sensors for burglary alarms since it is affordable (Gudino, 2018).
However, there is no such definite answer on when to use an ultrasonic
sensor or when to use the PIR because they differ in cost and detection
coverage. Hence, this study aims to answer the underlying question on when to
use these sensors for burglar alarm systems. The researchers conducted this
study to learn more about what we can do to prevent such crimes. The result is
expected to provide recommendations in the application of the sensors
concerning their efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
1.2 Objective of the Study
This study focuses on the comparative assessment between ultrasonic and PIR
(Passive Infrared) sensors for burglar alarm applications.
Specifically, it aims to:
• Determine the preferred placement of the sensors to actively detect
movement.
• Determine the maximum distance of the PIR and Ultrasonic Sensor could
reach; and
• Determine which of the two sensors is more convenient to use.

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1.3 Statement of the Problem
There is no definite answer on when to use an ultrasonic and when to use the
PIR sensor for burglar alarm applications because they differ in cost and
coverage.
Therefore, the study entitled Comparative Assessment between Ultrasonic and
PIR sensors for Burglar Alarm Application sought to answer the following
questions:
1. When to use an ultrasonic sensor or when to use the PIR sensor for
household alarm systems?
2. Which of the two sensors has a wider area of detection?
3. Which is more efficient between the Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor and
ultrasonic sensor?
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study aims to give important information and understanding about the
chosen topic, as well as its advantages and significance to individuals, as
follows:
Business Establishments: This study is an instrument that will guide and
navigate them in choosing which is more credible, reliable, and effective to use to
have tight security. Installing an alarm system is one of the most effective ways to
prevent burglars from breaking into your building and stealing your property.
Households: This study aids in identifying which of the two sensors is ideal for
confined spaces such as your home and which is best for detecting general
movement. It will also make your home a safer place to reside.

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Students: This study helps students feel a sense of security knowing that
intruders cannot enter their premises, specifically students who have been
staying at a boarding house, renting an apartment, etc. Security is essential
in homes, especially if we share our home with other strangers and do not have a
lock on our room door. We believe that many students will face a similar issue.
Future researchers: It is recommended for future researchers to enhance and
innovate the sensors to enhance their efficiency as well as their performance as
a burglar alarm system, since this would benefit the community.
1.5 Scope and limitations of the Study
To determine what affects the condition and performance of the sensors,
recent studies and researchers are used as reference. The materials which are
the microcontroller, buzzer, Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor, and Ultrasonic sensor
were bought online. The researchers conducted their research inside their homes
in Purok-2 Brgy. 8, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte, Purok-2 Brgy. 3, Buenavista,
Agusan del Norte and Purok-5 Brgy. 7, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte and test
the PIR and ultrasonic sensor to determine their effectiveness as a household
alarm system. The study is delimited only for the comparative assessment of the
ultrasonic and PIR sensors in terms of distance covered. The behavior of the
electronic sensors in different environmental factors such as temperature,
humidity, and others are not covered by this study.

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1.6 Definition of Terms
Burglar: A person who illegally enters buildings and steals things. Burglary
occurs when someone enters your property or company and steals property from
the premises.
Buzzer: An electrical device, similar to a bell that makes a buzzing noise and is
used for signaling. It is widely used in alarms, computers, printers, and other
electronic products as sound devices. In this study, it is used to prompt or alarm
the household that there is an intrusion within the vicinity.
LED (Light Emitting Diode): Is a semiconductor diode that glows when voltage
is applied. LEDs are the latest development in the lighting industry. They produce
light that illuminates objects and colors more clearly allowing better identification
of suspicious people and activity.
Microcontroller: The microcontroller is a compressed microcomputer
manufactured to control the functions of embedded systems in office machines,
robots, home appliances, motor vehicles, and several other gadgets. The
sensing data is sent to the microcontroller for processing, and it generates
signals for actuators. In this way, the whole system could be controlled to the
target state
PIR Sensor: A device used to detect motion by receiving infrared radiation.
When a person walks past the sensor, it detects a rapid change of infrared
energy and sends a signal. PIR sensors are used in thermal sensing
applications, such as security and motion detection. They are commonly used in
security alarms, motion detection alarms, and automatic lighting applications.
Ultrasonic Sensor: Is an instrument that measures the distance to an object
using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send
and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object's
proximity. Ultrasonic sensors are also used in robotic obstacle detection systems,
as well as manufacturing technology.

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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1 Related Literature
Automated technologies for intrusion security have been very significant in
homes, offices, and on most buildings. Although Closed-Circuit Television
(CCTV) was used on most establishments and residences, automated systems
using sensors as input devices are also commonly utilized. Reliable burglar
alarm systems seemed to be comparable to CCTV systems and can be
assembled at lower cost. However, not all sensors become effective for such
application. Proper understanding of the sensor application is also needed before
using the device.
Burglar Alarms
With the rise in burglaries in various regions of the world, having a security alarm
system installed has become a major concern in today's world. To avoid unlawful
access into their enterprises, organizations, or residences, everyone must take
safeguards. (Ahmad et al 2019). According to Usman et al. (2019), the presence
of a security alarm system in our environment or residences is frequently a
deterrent to a burglar before attempting to force access, making the home's
owners feel safe.
Passive Infrared (PIR) and Ultrasonic Sensors
Sensors are referred to as energy converters since they convert one sort of
energy to another (Murthy et al. 2016). A Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is a
passive electronic device that detects motion by sensing infrared fluctuations.
There are three pins on it (gate, drain, and source). When it detects an IR
radiation difference, it sends a high to the signal pin (Nepal et al. 2013). A PIR
sensor is a sensor that detects infrared radiation emitted by the human body. It is
often used to detect human motion in security systems. Infrared (IR) light is
electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength range of 0.7 to 300 micrometers.
Humans are the sources of infrared radiation. It was revealed that the natural

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human body temperature emits IR at wavelengths ranging from 10 to 12
micrometers (Gyeltshen et al. 2013).
According to Pawar et al. (2018), PIR sensors are generally used for sensing the
motion of an object, which is widely used for security purposes as intruder
alarms. When compared to other sensors, the operation of PIR sensors is unique
and complex. Multiple variables influence the sensors' input and output, which
increases its complexity. Changes in the amount of infrared radiation are
detected by the PIR sensors. The surface features and temperature of an object
in front of the sensor affect the IR radiations. The temperature of the area will
shift from room temperature to body temperature whenever any entity, such as a
human, passes in front of the PIR sensor. When the object has moved forward,
the temperature will return to normal.
An ultrasonic sensor can quickly detect the presence of an object. The
transmitter and receiver are the fundamental components of an ultrasonic sensor
(Kumar et al. 2016). As claimed by Santra et al. (2017), ultrasonic sensors work
on the basis of detecting the duration between sending a few extremely brief
pulses and receiving the transmitted signal's reflection. If the receiver picks up
the reflected signal, it signifies something is blocking the robot's path. When the
echo is detected, the ultrasonic sensor sends an output pulse to the host, and the
width of this pulse correlates to the distance to the target. Ultrasonic sensors are
widely utilized in these applications because they are naturally light-resistant,
allowing them to function at all hours of the day and night (Kelly, n.d.).
As explained by Shahdib et al. (2013), by producing a short ultrasonic burst and
then "listening" for the echo, an ultrasonic sensor may easily identify the
presence of an object. The sensor emits a short 40 kHz (ultrasonic) burst under
the control of a microcontroller (trigger pulse). This burst travels at 1130 feet per
second in the air, hits an object, and then bounces back to the sensor. When the
echo is detected, the ultrasonic sensor sends an output pulse to the host, and the
width of this pulse correlates to the distance to the target.

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2.2 Related Studies
Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they send and receive
data) function on the same concept as radar or sonar, in that they evaluate a
target's attributes by interpreting echoes from radio or sound waves. Ultrasound
(sound with a very high frequency) is used by certain older burglar alarm systems
to detect movements. Ultrasonic motion detectors are what they're called. The
frequency of the sound will change, or shift, if someone or something moves in
the space between the receiver and the transmitter. Any unusual shift in
frequency is detected by a circuit in the device. A little movement, such as that
caused by a bug or a rodent, is ignored. The device sets off the alert when it
detects a significant change, such as that caused by a moving human. Ultrasonic
detectors are highly sensitive, and loud noises or air gusts from an open vent can
occasionally activate them (Chigozie n.d.).
In accordance with Jeremy S. Cook (2018), ultrasonic sensors work by sending
out sound waves that are too high in frequency for humans to hear. They then
calculate distance depending on the time it takes for the sound to be reflected
back to them. According to Latha et al. (2016) in one of their research, they used
a robot with a bat-like technique to detect obstacles in its way. They also
explained how the waves bounce back to the sensor if it collides with an object in
front of the robot. Ultrasonic sensors can also be used in applications that are
designed to be cheap to use by the general public.
According to Chigozie (n.d.) Infrared radiation is normally undetectable to the
naked eye but can be detected by special equipment that is designed for
classified grounds. The term "passive" here refers to the fact that the PIR device
does not emit an infrared beam but instead passively accepts incoming infrared
radiation. "Infra" means "below our ability to detect visually," and "Red" refers to
the color red. The lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it becomes
invisible. As a result, infrared denotes a lower energy level. Red is a color that
can be used to describe a variety of things and sources of invisible energy. The
PIR sensor is able to work reliably in small business and household operations
because, unlike ultrasonic, it does not require the generation and divergence of

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energy. Since PIR learns to detect the temperature of a certain locations thus it
can detect sudden change of temperature of an object or person's movement.
The principle of differentiation helps in which is a check for presence of a thing or
its absence, PIRs determine whether an intruder or an object is present. Making
an independent zones of detection in which each zone consists of one or more
layers differentiation.
PIR sensor is a lower for above cost device considering security purposes,
affordable, lightweight material in which can be afford by anyone. According to
Chodon et al. (2013) the PIR Sensor has been presented as a security device
that uses less electricity and takes up less memory in the recording system.
Adhikari et al. (2013) used a webcam to identify the intruder in their study: the
voltages created shifted when the infrared radiation changed, and this was
amplified and used to turn on the webcam and lighting system through relay. PIR
sensors are compact, low-cost, low-power, simple to operate, and do not wear
out. As a result, they're widespread in household appliances and gadgets. (Nepal
et al. 2013).

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Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials
The proponents wish to conduct a comparative research to create a
baseline that will serve as guide on when to use ultrasonic and PIR sensors for
burglar alarms. Two electronic burglar alarm systems were assembled using
Ultrasonic and PIR sensors respectively. To make sure that the course of the
experiment will go smoothly as projected, the electronic system will be initially
tested according to its expected functions. The operability of the system is tested
through its sensing capability. The block diagram of the system is shown in
Figure 3.1.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.1. The block diagram of burglar alarm system (a) using ultrasonic sensor,
and (b) using PIR sensor

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The Microcontroller
The microcontroller will serve as the main controller of the electronic alarm
system that performs the command codes automatically. The preferred
microcontroller for this study is the Arduino Uno, which one of the known Arduino
brands of electronic modules. It consists of 6 Analog ports and 13 Digital ports. It
has voltage outputs of 3.3V and 5V and input power ranging from DC 4V to 12V.
Fig. 3.2. Arduino Uno pinout
The Ultrasonic Sensor
The ultrasonic sensor is one of the detecting modules that are used in this
study. It is vertically oriented, facing the floor area whichever section in the house
it is installed. Figure 3.3 shows the ultrasonic pinout.
Fig. 3.3. The Ultrasonic sensor pin specification

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The Passive Infrared (PIR) Sensor
The PIR sensor, shown in Figure 3.4, is the other half of the motion-
detecting sensors used in the study. Similar to the Ultrasonic sensor, the PIR is
mounted vertically. Based on the specifications and concepts presented using
PIR sensors, it covers farther than the ultrasonic counterpart. PIR sensors can
detect movement up to 3 meters distance.
Fig. 3.4. The PIR sensor pinout

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3.2 Methods
The Circuit Assembly
Figure 3.5 shows the circuit assembly of the alarm system using ultrasonic
sensor. The sensor is connected to the microcontroller through digital ports 3 and
7 for the Ultrasonic sensor’s Trigger and Echo pins respectively. The first pin of
the sensor is connected to the 5VDC port of the microcontroller and the last port
is connected to the ground pin of the microcontroller. In this connection, the
trigger sends an ultrasonic pulse and receives the reflected pulse via the Echo
pin. Once the reflected pulse is received, the distance is measured through
calculating the time taken by the sent pulse coming back to the Echo pin of the
ultrasonic sensor. This process continuously occurred every minute. A pre-
measured fix distance, shown in Figure 3.6, was set once the sensor is installed
either in the doorway or in the window. This distance is the basis of detection. If
the measured distance is shorter than the pre-measured distance, it means that
an object is obstructing the normal sensing process, in which it denotes that an
object might be standing in the doorway or in the window, thus, the sensor will
assume that a person is in the detection path.
Fig. 3.5. The circuit assembly of the Ultrasonic alarm system

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Fig. 3.6. Shows the schematic diagram of the burglar alarm device using
Ultrasonic sensor
Arduino code:
// defines pins numbers
const int trigPin = 3;
const int echoPin = 7;
const int buzzer = 5;
int ledpin = 12;
// defines variables
long duration;
float distance;
float height;
void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT); //buzzer sound
pinMode(ledpin, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication
}
void loop() {
// Clears the trigPin

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digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance= duration*0.034/2;
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
delay(1000);
if (distance < 200)
{
tone(buzzer, 400);
digitalWrite(ledpin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
noTone(buzzer);
}
else if (distance > 200)
{
digitalWrite(ledpin, LOW);
}
}
Fig 3.7. The Arduino code for the Ultrasonic sensor

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(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.8. The detection concept of the burglar alarm system. (a) The ultrasonic
sensor detected a fix height (b) the intruder enables the Ultrasonic sensor to
detect a change in height.
Similarly for Figure 3.7, the PIR sensor sends an infrared signal and would have
a pre-measured fix distance from its position up to the certain height from the
floor. The same steps with the Ultrasonic sensing process were followed by the
PIR sensor.
Fig. 3.9. The circuit assembly of the PIR alarm system

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Fig 3.10. Shows the schematic diagram of the burglar alarm device using PIR
sensor
Arduino code:
int buzzerPin = 5; //BUZZER INPUT PIN.
int ledPin = 12; //LED PIN.
int pirPin = 7; //MOTION SENSOR INPUT PIN.
int sensorValue = HIGH; //DEFAULT SENSOR STATE.
void setup() { //INITIAL SETTINGS/ASSIGNMETN.
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(buzzerPin, OUTPUT); //SET BUZZER AS OUTPUT.
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); //SET LED AS OUTPUT.
pinMode(pirPin, INPUT); //SET PIR AS INPUT.
}
void loop() { //COMMAND TO BE REPEATED.
sensorValue = digitalRead(pirPin);
Serial.print("PIR = ");
Serial.println(sensorValue);//READ PIR INPUT PIN.
if ( sensorValue == HIGH)

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{ //IF MOTION IS DETECTED.
tone(buzzerPin, 1200); //BUZZ THE BUZZER.
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //ON LED.
Serial.println("Movement Detected");
delay(100); //TIME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGH(ON)&
LOW(OFF).
}
else
{ //IF NO MOTION IS DETECTED.
noTone(buzzerPin); //SILENT THE BUZZER.
Serial.println("None detected");
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //OFF LED.
delay(100);
}
Fig 3.11 The Arduino code for the PIR sensor

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Data Gathering Process
This study entitled "Comparative Assessment between Ultrasonic and PIR
Sensors for Burglar Alarm Systems" acquired data from the sensors using this
data gathering process.
This data gathering process was used to acquire data from the sensors:
 The researchers installed and tested the ultrasonic and PIR sensors in their
households. The researchers also served as test subjects in measuring the
distance, coverage and accuracy of the sensors.
 The researchers first turned on the sensors and then the intruder opens the door
and enters the room.
 The sensors detect the intruder's movement and once the intruder is detected,
the system will activate the buzzer.
 The data gathering involves observation and measurement. Each of the sensor
types was tested on its maximum height of detection.
 The maximum distance detected by the PIR sensor was calculated using the
Pythagorean Theorem. On the other hand, the distance detected by the
ultrasonic sensor was displayed on the serial monitor.
 All results are recorded in the data sheets shown in Table 3.1.
3.3 Research Locale
The research took place in the Philippines, specifically in Region XIII
(Caraga), Buenavista, and Agusan del Norte. The proponents wish to conduct
their research in their homes (Purok-2, Barangay 3, Buenavista, Agusan del
Norte and Purok 2, Barangay 8, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte, and Purok-5,
Barangay 7, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte). The location of implementation was
chosen by the proponents because it will provide them with the information,
resources, and tools needed for the research.

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Chapter IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
The data shown in this section are the result of the manual experimentation.
Since intrusion detection for burglar alarm systems focus on movements and
proximity measurement of nearby objects, the main aim of the experimentation is
to measure the distance covered by the PIR and ultrasonic systems. The signal
latency (detection delay) was not recorded because the proponents assumed
that a very slow and careful movement is the expected strategy from burglars
when intruding a house. The important information taken into account for the
experimentation is the coverage of the sensor detection in terms of position and
angle.
Table I. The detection coverage of the Ultrasonic sensor in an intrusion
alarm setup
Ultrasonic sensor
Sensor Placement (Maximum distance in cm)
Top 85.51cm
Left 78.18cm
Right 75.68cm
Front 198.00cm

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Table II. The detection coverage of the PIR sensor in an intrusion alarm
setup
Table II
Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor
Sensor
Placement
Sensitivity Adjustment
Angle (in degrees)
(Maximum distance in cm)
Front
0° 237.45cm
45° 269.07cm
90° 274.05cm
135° 306.94cm
180° 322.39cm
225° 324.64cm
Left
0° 214.60cm
45° 227.54cm
90° 415.39cm
135° 540.27cm
180° 317.08cm
225° 430.45cm
Right
0° 201.63cm
45° 386.47cm
90° 581.61cm
135° 588.41cm
180° 669.38cm
225° 830.55cm
Front
0° 128.28cm
45° 163.88cm
90° 329.67cm
135° 371.90cm
180° 409.36cm
225° 408.48cm

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Chapter V
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
5.1 Summary of the study
As the number of thefts and burglaries has increased, the need for a
security system has become more important. It is necessary to have a security
system that can identify a person in a certain area over time and respond
accordingly to the threat. The United States of America has created devices that
can protect households as well as large places. These systems detect intrusion;
however, because they are expensive, many residents from other countries
cannot afford them. As a result, several electronic enthusiasts and businesses
have chosen PIR and Ultrasonic sensors for burglary alarms since they are less
expensive (Gudino, 2018). However, because of the cost and detection coverage
differences, there is no clear answer as to when to use an ultrasonic sensor as
well as when to use a PIR sensor. As a result, the purpose of this study is to find
an answer to the underlying question of when to use these sensors in burglar
alarm systems.
The objective of this study is to determine the preferred placement if the
sensors to actively detect movement, determine the maximum distance of the
PIR sensor and Ultrasonic could reach, and determine which of the two sensors
is more convenient to use. It is an experimental research study with the goal of
providing scientific understanding through research, as well as its benefits and
significance. The focus of the study is to compare the efficacy of the developed
two burglar alarm devices using PIR and ultrasonic sensors respectively. These
two sensors have some identical characteristics as well as dissimilarities. They
are commonly used as proximity sensors but have their respective concepts and
methods of operation. The PIR sensor is mainly used for movement detection
while the ultrasonic sensor is capable of measuring the distance of the
obstructing object, but with a limited distance only.

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To acquire data from the sensors, both ultrasonic and PIR alarm devices were
installed in the researchers' homes, concealed overhead to serve the burglar
detection pattern. The devices were respectively turned-on, observed, and tested
with their detection capability. In each trial, the maximum height of detection for
each sensor type was tested. Pythagorean Theorem was used to calculate the
maximum distance covered by the PIR sensor. The distance sensed by the
ultrasonic sensor, on the other hand, is shown on the serial monitor. The
resulting data for the PIR sensor detection ranges from several hundred
centimeters (cm) up to a higher 830 cm. The farthest coverage pattern for the
PIR detection was seen to be effective in the 225° angle while nearer coverage
from 0° and 45°. Although not as efficient in far distant detection, the ultrasonic
sensor was also considered effective as it can detect from 0.75 meter distance
up to almost 2 meters. The maximum distance that the PIR sensor can detect
varies on the sensitivity adjustment angle while the maximum distance detected
by the ultrasonic sensor is adjusted through the Arduino software.
5.2 Conclusion
Both sensors are consistent when being tested by others of average
height however; the PIR sensor increases its range if a taller person tests it. The
PIR sensor's detection range varies depending on the height of the person
detected by the sensor. However, there is an issue regarding the PIR sensor. It is
unable to detect the left side when it is placed on top of the door with the
sensitivity set to 45 degrees. As for the ultrasonic sensor, when it is placed on
the top of the door, it will only detect the obstacle when its movement is very slow
or almost steady and it can only detect movement in the direction it is facing. The
ability to detect motion in a wider range, which the PIR sensor excels at, is a
huge distinction.

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5.3 Recommendation
This research concluded that the PIR sensor is more efficient than the ultrasonic
sensor since it has a wider detection range, allowing it to be installed on the gate
or windows of your home or business. In addition, the sensitivity of the PIR
sensor may be adjusted; the higher the sensitivity, the wider and more accurate
the detection of intruders. For enclosed places like households or any
establishments that hold small areas to cover it is best to use the Ultrasonic
sensor because the more enclose the area is the more echo it receives. When
installed on the gate, the ultrasonic sensor is no longer particularly effective since
it computes the distance of the detected object with a delay. While in an area or
any establishment that occupies a wide range of areas, it is best to use the PIR
sensor. The researchers recommend both the ultrasonic and PIR sensors for
burglar alarm applications to be used by households, business establishments,
and students who have been staying at a boarding house, renting an apartment,
etc. For future researchers, it is preferable to add extra features to the sensor,
such as a battery so that it can be used without being plugged in, and a function
that sends a text or a phone call to the owner when there is an intruder detected
by the sensor.

29.
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