1.
 Personality comes from the Greek word "persona", meaning "mask".
It is the totality of qualities and traits that are associated to a specific
person.
Personality is the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and
behavioral response patterns of an individual.
Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings
and behaviors that make a person unique.

2.
1) Psychosocial Development
Theory
By: Erikson
2) Psycho-Analysis Theory
By: Sigmund Freud

3.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory of
personality has 8 stages:
1) Trust vs. Mistrust
2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3) Initiative vs. Guilt
4) Industry vs. Inferiority
5) Identity vs. Confusion
6) Intimacy vs. Isolation
7) Generativity vs. Stagnation
8) Integrity vs. Despair

4.
Birth -to- year 1
The first stage of Erikson's theory of psycho-social development occurs from
birth.
 The development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the
child‘s care person.
 If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and
secure in the world.
 If family members, specially mother, is unresponsive, then the
child will learn to mistrust people.
 Moreover, feeding is the most critical event for learning trust or
mistrust and mother is the most important social agent.

5.
1 year --- 3 years
 The second stage takes place during early childhood and is focused on
children developing a greater sense of personal control.
 Erikson believe that learning to control one's bodily functions leads to a
feeling of control and a sense of independence.
 Children going through this stage generally insist on doing things on their
own.
 Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy
preferences, and clothing selection.
 Toilet training is the most critical event for learning shame or doubt.
 Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident,
while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.

6.
 3 years --- 6 years
 Age of pre-school
 During the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and
control over the world through directing play and other social interactions.
 The family, and later the teacher, can help the child to take initiative .
 Teacher should arrange activities so that children are less likely to interfere
with one another.
 Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead
others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt,
self-doubt, and lack of initiative.

7.
 6 years --- 12 years
 This is the age of primary and elementary grades.
 In this stage, children start comparing their academic performance and
social action with their peers.
 Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in
their accomplishments and abilities.
 Children who are encouraged parents and teachers develop a feeling of
competence and belief in their skills.
 Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or
peers will doubt their abilities to be successful.

8.
 12 years --- 20 years
 This is a stage of teenagers.
 Children want to establish their own identity in the society.
 During adult stage, children explore their independence and develop a
sense of self.
 Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through
personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self.
 Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will feel insecure and
confused about themselves and the future.

9.
 20 years --- 40 years
 This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are
exploring personal relationships.
 People face the crisis of trying to share their identity with others in the
form of close friendships and with a life partner.
 Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed
relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will
form relationships that are committed and secure.
 Failure to establish close relationships leads to a sense of isolation.

10.
 40 years --- 65 years
 This is an age of maturity.
 During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career
and family.
 Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are
contributing to the world by being active in their home and community.
 Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in
the world.

11.
65 years and above
 This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life.
 Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will feel that their life has
been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left
with feelings of bitterness and despair.
 Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity.
 Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets
and a general feeling of satisfaction.

12.
Freud proposed 3 Categories of Psycho-Analysis Theory:-
1) Structure of the personality
2) Psycho-Development
3) Psycho-Dynamics

13.
Id.
This category is also called as “pleasure principle”.
It is the selfish part of the personality.
 In this phase, there are irrational demands of person and he/she do not
think of any ethical value.
Ego.
This is named as “Reality Principle”.
It is a balance between Id and super ego.
 It is totally related to ethics.
Super ego.
Super ego is known as “Morality Principle”.
 It is concerned with the moral and ethical issues of world.

14.
It has 5 stages;
i. Oral stage
ii. Anal stage
iii. Phallic stage
iv. Latency stage
v. Genital stage

15.
 Birth to 2 years
 According to Freud, mouth is the first organ for providing pleasure
to child.
 It is manifested by chewing and biting.
 The objective is to establish a comfortable expression and
gratification of oral needs without excessive conflict.
 Succession of oral stage provides a basis in character for a capacity
to trust others as well as have a sense of self–reliance and self–trust.

16.
 from 18 – 36 months of age
 This is essentially a period of striving for independence and
separation from control by the parent.
 Successful resolution leads to development of a capacity for
independence and personal initiative without guilt
 A capacity for self determining behavior without a sense of shame
or self doubt also came to personality of person.

17.
 from 3rd year of life and goes on till the 5th year.
 This stage is characterized by primary focus of sexual interests,
and excitement in the genital area.
 This focusing lays the foundation of gender identity.
The patterns of identification that emerge from the phallic phase
are the primary determinants of the development of human
character, according to Freud.
 This stage gives rise to powerful internal resources for regulation
of drive impulses and their direction to constructive ends known as
the superego.

18.
 starting at the age of 5 or 6 and going on to age of 11 – 13 years.
 There is a further integration of sex – role identity.
The quietness allows for development of ego and mastery of
important skills.
 This is the phase when there is broadening of contacts with other
significant figures outside the family, such as teachers, coaches,
and other adults.

19.
 It starts from 11 to 13 years till young adulthood.
 The primary objective of this phase is the ultimate separation from
dependence on and attachment to the parents.
 The establishment of adult, mature relationships.
 The person reaches a satisfying capacity for self realization
 Meaningful participation in the areas of work and love; fulfilling
one’s roles and duties.

20.
 Psychodynamic theories place emphasis on unconscious desires
and motivations.
 It especially influences ones past experiences on their health.
 In Freud’s Psychodynamic theory there are only two drives,
--- Eros
--- Thantos
 Eros, the drive for love and life.
 Thantos, the Greek word for death, explained as the “death
instinct”.
 In a broader sense, this is a drive for life and for death.