2. INTRODUCTION OF LBW
Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who
are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500
grams).
An average newborn usually weighs about 8 pounds.
A low-birth-weight baby may be healthy even though
he or she is small. But a low-birth-weight baby can also
have many serious health problems.
Some low-birthweight babies are healthy, but others
have serious health problems that need treatment.
3. INTRODUCTION OF LBW
Premature birth (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and
fetal growth restriction are the most common causes of
low birthweight.
A baby with low birthweight may have trouble eating,
gaining weight and fighting off infections.
Low-birth-weight and very low birth
weight infants are particularly susceptible to infection b
ecause their immunologicsystem is deficient.
4. According to “ Parul Datta”
Low birth weight is a term
used to describe babies who
are born weighing less than 5
pounds, 8 ounces (2,500
grams). An average newborn
usually weighs about 8 pounds.
A low-birth-weight baby may
be healthy even though he or
she is small. But a low-birth-
weight baby can also have
many serious health problems.
5. According to “ Jawed
Ansari”
Infant low birth weight
(LBW) happens when
babies weigh less than 5
pounds and 8 ounces at
birth. LBW often occurs in
babies who are born
prematurely, before 37
weeks of gestation. It’s
also common in multiple
birth situations, such as
cases of twins or triplets..
6. INCIDENCE
Neo-natal mortality is defined as death during
the first 28 days of life. And India reports the
highest numbers in the world: As many as
700,000 newborns die in India each year–29 per
1,000 births.
In 2013, nearly 22 million newborns—an
estimated 16 per cent of all babies born globally
that year—had low birthweight.
7. TYPES OF LOW BIRTH
WEIGHT
• The LBW are classifient into
three major types :-
I. Malnourished
II. Hypoplastic Babies
III. Mixed type Babies
8. Malnourished
• Apart from prematurity,
intrauterine growth retardation
(IUGR) may also result in LBW.
This growth retardation has
two strong predictors -
maternal infection and low
nutrient consumption. Infection
not only reduces appetite and
dietary intake but affects
maternal absorption of nutrient
as well. There may be
metabolic stress, resulting in
higher requirement of
nutrients.
9. Hypoplastic Babies
• A hypoplastic uterus is a uterus
that is very small in size from
birth. A hypoplastic uterus is the
result of incomplete development
of the uterus during birth.
• These babies are small in all
parameters including the head
size. Cell number is reduced post
natal physical and mental growth
is poor. Risk of occuring congenital
malformation is high.
10. Mixed Type Babies
• These babies have
above both type of
physical charec
teristics and mental
charecteristics. In
these babies there
is reduction in cell
numnber and in the
cell size both.
11. CAUSES OF LBW
Maternal Histroy
Maternal health is the health
of women
during pregnancy, childbirth,
and the postpartum period. It
encompasses the health
caredimensions of family
planning, preconception, pre
natal, and postnatal care in
order to ensure a positive
and fulfilling experience in
most cases and reduce
maternal morbidity and
mortality in other cases.[1]
12. CAUSES OF LBW
Maternal Malnutrition
Maternal malnutrition
increases the risk of poor
pregnancy outcomes including
obstructed labour, premature or
low-birth-weight babies and
postpartum haemorrhage.
Severe anaemia during
pregnancy is linked to increased
mortality at labour. Low-birth-
weight is a significant contributor
to infant mortality.
13. CAUSES OF LBW
Intra Uterine Infection
Intrauterine infection is
infection within the womb,
which, in the context of
pregnancy, usually means
infection of: the membranes
that surround the baby. the
umbilical cord. and/or
the amniotic fluid.
14. CAUSES OF LBW
Placental Dysfunction
Placental insufficiency (or
uteroplacental
vascular insufficiency) is a
complication of pregnancy
when the placenta is unable
to deliver an adequate supply
of nutrients and oxygen to the
fetus, and, thus, cannot fully
support the developing baby.
15. CAUSES OF LBW
Twin Pregnancy
After 35 weeks of gestation
mother is not capable to
provide adequate
nourishment to more than
one fetus.
16. CAUSES OF LBW
Maternal Disease
Maternal Illness – Birth Defect
Prevention for Expecting
Parents. Maternal illnesses
increase the chance that your
baby will be born with a birth
defect or have a chronic health
problem. Diabetes,
cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis
and Strep B are just a few of the
illnesses that can cause an
adverse outcome to pregnancy.
17. CAUSES OF LBW
Genetic Disorder
a woman is considered at high risk
because of the screening test. a
woman is considered at high risk
because she has previously had
a pregnancyaffected by a
chromosomal or genetic disorder.
an ultrasound examination has
detected features or abnormalities
indicating an increased risk of a
chromosome abnormality
18. Low oxygen levels at birth
Pulse oximetry measures
a baby's pulse and how
much oxygen a baby has in his or
her blood (called oxygen
saturation). Babies who have low
oxygen levels in their blood may
have a CCHD, but they may also
have a different cause for low
oxygen saturation that is not a
CCHD.
19. Inability to maintain body
temperature
It is not uncommon for
mitochondrial disease patients to
have some abnormal regulation
of body temperature, resulting in
either a lower or higher
baseline body
temperature (commonly 96-97
degreees) or a marked inability to
tolerate heat or cold. In this way,
abnormal sweating is another
characteristic of dysautonomia
20. Difficulty feeding and
gaining weight
While much of the focus is on
women who gain too
much weight during
pregnancy, health officials
estimate that about 20
percent of pregnant women
don'tgain enough weight,
which can lead to premature
delivery, low birth weight and
long-term health problems
for the baby.
21. Infection
Babies born prematurely often
have a low birth weightand
certain infections can cause
complications during pregnancy.
Other infections can also have a
negative impact, especially
urinary tract infections and
guminfections. Both are
associated with an increased
prematurity risk
22. Weight LessThan 2500
gm.
The weight is compared with
the baby's gestational age and
recorded in the medical record.
A birthweight less than 2,500
grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces) is
diagnosed as low
birthweight. Babies weighing le
ss than 1,500 grams (3 pounds, 5
ounces) at birth are considered
very low birthweight.
23. Head and are Large
Macrocephaly refers to an
overly large head in infants.
Not all cases of
macrocephaly are cause for
alarm. However, it is often a
sign of other complications
or conditions in the brain.
24. • HISTORY TAKING
Taking a patient history:
the role of
the nurse. History
taking is a key
component of patient
assessment, enabling the
delivery of high-quality
care. Understanding the
complexity and processes
involved in history
taking allows nurses to
gain a better
understanding of patients'
25. • USG (Ultra Sono
Graphy)
• An ultrasound is a
more accurate method
of estimating fetal
size. Measurements
can be taken of the
fetus' head and
abdomen and
compared with a
growth chart to
estimate fetal weight.
26. • Blood Test
This could also help
exclude anemias from
nutritional deficiencies
such as iron, folate,
and vitamin B-
12 deficiencies. Measures
of protein nutritional
status include
serum albumin, retinol-
binding
protein, prealbumin, tra
nsferrin, creatinine, and
BUN levels.
27. • ABG TEST
The blood gas test can
determine how well your
lungs
are able to move oxygen
into the blood and remove
carbon dioxide from the
blood. Imbalances in the
oxygen, carbon dioxide,
and pH levels of your
blood can indicate the
presence of certain
medical conditions.
37. RISK FOR INFECTION RELATED TO LOSS OF
SKIN IMPAIRMENT IMMUNE RESPONSE AND
INVASIVE THE RAPIES.
RISK FOR IMPAIRMENT GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO PREMATRURE
BIRTH
DEFICIENT FLUID VOLUME RELATED TO POOR
NUTRITION OR INTAKE WATER
38. COMPLICATION
• Increased risk of infections
Children are more risk-prone
group of the population and low
birth weight (LBW) is the
leadingcause of
newborns' mortality and morbidit
y. LBW is defined as child's birth
weight lower than 2500 g. Many
maternal and fetal factors are
determined as risk factors of
LBW.
39. COMPLICATION
• Sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
Sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS), also known
as cot death or crib death, is
the sudden unexplained death of
a child less than one year of age
40. COMPLICATION
• Breathing problems and immature
lungs (infant respiratory distress
syndrome)
Because a baby's lungs mature in the
later stages of pregnancy, babies born
extremely or moderately premature
may have immature lungs that lead
tobreathing problems. ... indrawing,
or powerful sucking in of the chest
with eachbreath, exposing the ribs
beneath the skin.
