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BIOMOLECULES
Dr. Harinatha Reddy
Assistant Professor
Department of Microbiology
• Chemical analysis on a plant tissue, animal tissue or a
microbial paste..
• we obtain a list of elements like
• carbon,
• hydrogen,
• oxygen
• and several others ..
• If the same analysis is performed on a earth’s crust as
an example of non-living matter:
• we obtain a similar list.
• However, carbon and hydrogen elements is higher in
any living organism than in earth’s crust..
The element present in highest concentration in body is : Oxygen
Lowest is : Si
What are biomolecules?
• All the carbon compounds present in living cell called
‘biomolecules
Biomolecules
Bio Macromolecules Bio Micromolecules
Proteins
Polysaccharides
Nucleic acids
Amino acids
Monosaccharide's
(Glucose, Fructose)
Nucleotides
Lipids
Vitamins Molecular weight:
18 to 800 daltons (Da)
How to analyse chemical composition?
(Cl3 CCOOH)
Living tissue
How to analyse chemical composition?
• We can take any living tissue (a vegetable or a piece of
liver, etc.)..
• and grind it in trichloroacetic acid (Cl3 CCOOH) using a
mortar and a pestle.
• We obtain a thick slurry.
• If we were to strain this through a cheesecloth or
cotton we would obtain two fractions.
• One is called the filtrate or, the acid-soluble pool,..
• The second, the retentate or the acid-insoluble fraction.
• Scientists have found thousands of organic compounds
in the acid-soluble pool.
• Analytical techniques, applied to the compound give us
an idea of the molecular formula and the probable
structure of the compound.
 However, living organisms have inorganic elements and
compounds in them.
 How do we know this?
• One weighs a small amount of a living tissue (say a leaf
or liver) and dry it.
• All the water, evaporates.
• The remaining material gives dry weight.
• Now if the tissue is fully burnt,..
• All the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form
CO2 and water vapour are removed.
• What is remaining is called ‘ash.
• This ash contains inorganic elements:
• like calcium, magnesium etc.
• Inorganic compounds:
• like sulphate, phosphate, etc.
• Inorganic element and compounds are also seen in the
acid-soluble fraction.
Amino acids
Amino acids are organic compounds..
• Amino acids contain an amino group and Carboxylic
acid groups attached α-carbon.
• Hence, they are called α-amino acids.
• There are four substituent groups occupying the four
valency positions.
• These are hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group and a
variable group designated as R group.
• Based on the nature of R group there are 20 amino
acids.
• Amino acids occur in proteins..
Biomolecules introduction
• The R group in amino acids could be a hydrogen (the
amino acid is called glycine),
• a methyl group (alanine),
• hydroxy methyl (serine), etc.
• The chemical and physical properties of amino acids are
essentially of the amino, carboxyl and the R functional
groups.
• Based on number of amino and carboxyl groups:
• Acidic: glutamic acid and Aspertic acid.
• Basic: lysine and Arginine.
• Neutral: valine, glycine, serine, alanine
• Aromatic : tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan.
Biomolecules introduction
• A particular property of amino acids is the ionizable
nature of –NH2 and –COOH groups.
• Hence in solutions of different pHs, the structure of
amino acids changes.
• B is called zwitterionic form
Lipids
• Lipids are generally water insoluble.
• They could be simple fatty acids.
• A fatty acid has a carboxyl group attached to an R group.
• COOH----R
• The R group could be a methyl (–CH3 ), or ethyl (–C2H5 )
or higher number of –CH2 groups (1 carbon to 19
carbons).
• Palmitic acid has 16 carbons including carboxyl carbon.
• It is Saturated lipid.
• COOH—(CH2)14—CH3
• Arachidonic acid has 20 carbon atoms including the
carboxyl carbon.
• It is Unsaturated.
• COOH—(CH2)18=CH3
• Fatty acids could be saturated (without double bond)..
• Unsaturated (with one or more C=C double bonds).
• Another simple lipid is glycerol which is trihydroxy
propane.
• Many lipids have both glycerol and fatty acids.
• Here the fatty acids are found esterified with glycerol.
• They can be then monoglycerides, diglycerides and
triglycerides..
• Lipids are also called fats and oils based on melting
point.
• Oils have lower melting point (e.g., gingely oil) and
hence remain as oil in winters..
Some lipids have phosphorous
• These are phospholipids.
• They are found in cell membrane.
• Lecithin is one example.
• Some tissues especially the neural tissues have lipids
with more complex structures…
Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharide's:
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
Nitrogen bases
Nitrogen bases
• Two types of nitrogen bases
• Purines: (Adenine and Guanine)
• Pyrimidines: (Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil)
Nitrogen bases are heterocyclic rings
• When Nitrogen bases attached to a sugar, they are
called nucleosides.
• If a phosphate group is also found esterified to the
sugar they are called nucleotides.
• Nitrogen bases are: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil,
and thymine.
• Nucleosides: Adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, uridine
and cytidine.
• Nucleotides: Adenylic acid, thymidylic acid, guanylic
acid, uridylic acid and cytidylic acid.
Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
• DNA and RNA Polymer of nucleotides.
• DNA and RNA function as genetic material..
Biomolecules introduction
Primary and secondary metabolites
Primary metabolites:
• Biomolecules, have thousands of organic compounds
including amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids
etc.
• biomolecules also known as primary metabolites..
• Primary metabolites play known roles in normal
physiologial processes
Secondary metabolites
• Plant, fungal and microbial cells, have thousands of
compounds other than these called primary metabolites..
• alkaloids,
• flavonoids,
• rubber,
• essential oils,
• antibiotics,
• coloured pigments,
• scents,
• gums,
• spices.
• These are called secondary metabolites
• we do not at the moment, understand the role or
functions of all the ‘secondary metabolites’ in host
organisms.
• However, many of them are useful to ‘human welfare’
(e.g., rubber, drugs, spices, scents and pigments).
• Some secondary metabolites have ecological
importance.
Biomolecules introduction
THANK YOU::::::::

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Biomolecules introduction

  • 1. BIOMOLECULES Dr. Harinatha Reddy Assistant Professor Department of Microbiology
  • 2. • Chemical analysis on a plant tissue, animal tissue or a microbial paste.. • we obtain a list of elements like • carbon, • hydrogen, • oxygen • and several others ..
  • 3. • If the same analysis is performed on a earth’s crust as an example of non-living matter: • we obtain a similar list. • However, carbon and hydrogen elements is higher in any living organism than in earth’s crust..
  • 4. The element present in highest concentration in body is : Oxygen Lowest is : Si
  • 5. What are biomolecules? • All the carbon compounds present in living cell called ‘biomolecules Biomolecules Bio Macromolecules Bio Micromolecules Proteins Polysaccharides Nucleic acids Amino acids Monosaccharide's (Glucose, Fructose) Nucleotides Lipids Vitamins Molecular weight: 18 to 800 daltons (Da)
  • 6. How to analyse chemical composition? (Cl3 CCOOH) Living tissue
  • 7. How to analyse chemical composition? • We can take any living tissue (a vegetable or a piece of liver, etc.).. • and grind it in trichloroacetic acid (Cl3 CCOOH) using a mortar and a pestle. • We obtain a thick slurry.
  • 8. • If we were to strain this through a cheesecloth or cotton we would obtain two fractions. • One is called the filtrate or, the acid-soluble pool,.. • The second, the retentate or the acid-insoluble fraction. • Scientists have found thousands of organic compounds in the acid-soluble pool.
  • 9. • Analytical techniques, applied to the compound give us an idea of the molecular formula and the probable structure of the compound.
  • 10.  However, living organisms have inorganic elements and compounds in them.  How do we know this?
  • 11. • One weighs a small amount of a living tissue (say a leaf or liver) and dry it. • All the water, evaporates. • The remaining material gives dry weight.
  • 12. • Now if the tissue is fully burnt,.. • All the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form CO2 and water vapour are removed. • What is remaining is called ‘ash.
  • 13. • This ash contains inorganic elements: • like calcium, magnesium etc. • Inorganic compounds: • like sulphate, phosphate, etc. • Inorganic element and compounds are also seen in the acid-soluble fraction.
  • 15. Amino acids are organic compounds.. • Amino acids contain an amino group and Carboxylic acid groups attached α-carbon. • Hence, they are called α-amino acids.
  • 16. • There are four substituent groups occupying the four valency positions. • These are hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group and a variable group designated as R group.
  • 17. • Based on the nature of R group there are 20 amino acids. • Amino acids occur in proteins..
  • 19. • The R group in amino acids could be a hydrogen (the amino acid is called glycine), • a methyl group (alanine), • hydroxy methyl (serine), etc.
  • 20. • The chemical and physical properties of amino acids are essentially of the amino, carboxyl and the R functional groups. • Based on number of amino and carboxyl groups: • Acidic: glutamic acid and Aspertic acid. • Basic: lysine and Arginine. • Neutral: valine, glycine, serine, alanine • Aromatic : tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan.
  • 22. • A particular property of amino acids is the ionizable nature of –NH2 and –COOH groups. • Hence in solutions of different pHs, the structure of amino acids changes. • B is called zwitterionic form
  • 24. • Lipids are generally water insoluble. • They could be simple fatty acids. • A fatty acid has a carboxyl group attached to an R group. • COOH----R • The R group could be a methyl (–CH3 ), or ethyl (–C2H5 ) or higher number of –CH2 groups (1 carbon to 19 carbons).
  • 25. • Palmitic acid has 16 carbons including carboxyl carbon. • It is Saturated lipid. • COOH—(CH2)14—CH3 • Arachidonic acid has 20 carbon atoms including the carboxyl carbon. • It is Unsaturated. • COOH—(CH2)18=CH3
  • 26. • Fatty acids could be saturated (without double bond).. • Unsaturated (with one or more C=C double bonds).
  • 27. • Another simple lipid is glycerol which is trihydroxy propane. • Many lipids have both glycerol and fatty acids.
  • 28. • Here the fatty acids are found esterified with glycerol. • They can be then monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides..
  • 29. • Lipids are also called fats and oils based on melting point. • Oils have lower melting point (e.g., gingely oil) and hence remain as oil in winters..
  • 30. Some lipids have phosphorous • These are phospholipids. • They are found in cell membrane. • Lecithin is one example.
  • 31. • Some tissues especially the neural tissues have lipids with more complex structures…
  • 34. Nitrogen bases • Two types of nitrogen bases • Purines: (Adenine and Guanine) • Pyrimidines: (Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil)
  • 35. Nitrogen bases are heterocyclic rings • When Nitrogen bases attached to a sugar, they are called nucleosides. • If a phosphate group is also found esterified to the sugar they are called nucleotides.
  • 36. • Nitrogen bases are: adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, and thymine. • Nucleosides: Adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, uridine and cytidine. • Nucleotides: Adenylic acid, thymidylic acid, guanylic acid, uridylic acid and cytidylic acid.
  • 37. Nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. • DNA and RNA Polymer of nucleotides. • DNA and RNA function as genetic material..
  • 39. Primary and secondary metabolites
  • 40. Primary metabolites: • Biomolecules, have thousands of organic compounds including amino acids, sugars, proteins, nucleic acids etc. • biomolecules also known as primary metabolites.. • Primary metabolites play known roles in normal physiologial processes
  • 41. Secondary metabolites • Plant, fungal and microbial cells, have thousands of compounds other than these called primary metabolites.. • alkaloids, • flavonoids, • rubber, • essential oils, • antibiotics, • coloured pigments, • scents, • gums, • spices. • These are called secondary metabolites
  • 42. • we do not at the moment, understand the role or functions of all the ‘secondary metabolites’ in host organisms. • However, many of them are useful to ‘human welfare’ (e.g., rubber, drugs, spices, scents and pigments). • Some secondary metabolites have ecological importance.