1. 1
REPORTING SOURCES FOR
LITERATURE REVIEW
The APA Style Of Referencing
References :
The Purdue University Writing Lab
Postgraduate Thesis Dissertation Manual, International Islamic University Malaysia

2. 2
What is APA ?
American Psychological Association.
(2001). Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th
ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
 For the latest and official
APA “Electronic Reference
Formats" document :
 Go to
http://www.apastyle.org
OWL website:
owl.english.purdue.edu

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Warning :
This part takes an eye
for detail.
In your research academic writing,
proper documentation should be a
priority!

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APA Style: Two Main Concerns
 The Reference
Page /List
 Parenthetical
Citations

5. Why Use APA Format?
1. Allows readers to
cross-reference your
sources easily
2. Provides consistent
format within a
discipline
3. Gives you credibility
as a writer
4. Protects yourself from
plagiarism

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1. Cross-Referencing Your
Sources
Cross-referencing
allows readers to locate
the publication
information of source
material. This is of
great value for
researchers who may
want to locate your
sources for their own
research projects.

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2. Using a Consistent Format
 Using a consistent
format helps your
reader understand
your arguments
and the sources
they’re built on.
 It also helps you
keep track of your
sources as you
build your
arguments.

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3. Establishing Credibility
The proper use of
APA style shows
the credibility of
writers; such
writers show
accountability to
their source
material.

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4. Avoiding Plagiarism
Proper citation of your
sources in APA style
can help you avoid
plagiarism, which is a
serious offense. It
may result in anything
from failure of the
assignment to
expulsion from the
university.

10. The Reference Page /List
 Your reference list should appear on a
new page, at the end of your paper.
 It is a list of every source that you make
reference to in your essay (each
retrievable source cited in the essay must
appear on the reference list, and vice
versa).
 It provides the information necessary for
a reader to locate and retrieve any
sources cited in your essay.
 All texts should be double-spaced just like
the essay.

11. The Reference Page /List
Most citations should contain the following
basic information:
 Author’s name
 Title of work
 Publication information
11

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A sample of a reference
page/list
References
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New York, NY: Basic
Book.
Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schacher, S. (2000). When
prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press.
Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and early childhood
development. New York, NY: Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc.

13. A sample of a reference
page/list
13
References
Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The New Yorker,
40-45.
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and
the undoing of character. New York, NY:
Touchstone.
Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972). Masahi ulama
najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-Yamamah.

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The reference list (APA STYLE)
POINTS TO REMEMBER:
 Entries must be arranged in alphabetical order.
 Typing must be double-spaced.
 Entries should have a hanging indent after the first line
(one-half inch from left margin).
 Entries must not be categorized.
 Entries must not be numbered.
 Only the first word of the title of the book, the word
after a colon and proper names should be capitalized.
 Titles of books and names of journals, magazines and
newspapers should be typed in italics. Don’t underline.
 Use colon to separate the place of publication and the
publisher.

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The reference list (APA STYLE)
 Use full stop at the end of every entry and after every
part of the entry for example after year, after title, etc.
 Write the surnames in full but use only the initials for
first and middle names.
 Write muslim names in full.
 Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or
government agencies, by the first significant word of
the name.

16. Cont….
 If the work is signed “anonymous” the entry begins
with the word anonymous spelled out, and the entry
is alphabetized as if anonymous were a true name.
 If there is no author, the title moves to the author’s
position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first
significant word of the title.
 Treat legal reference like entries with no author; that
is, alphabetize legal references by the first
significant item in the entry.
16

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The reference list (APA STYLE)
NOW, PLEASE FOCUS
ON THE SPECIFIC
RULES INVOLVED.

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BOOKS – SINGLE (1) AUTHOR
Last name first, followed by author’s initial. For location,
always list the city and the state using the 2 letter postal
abbreviation without periods (New York, NY:)
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New
York, NY: Basic Book.
Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972).
Masahi ulama najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-
Yamamah.

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BOOKS - 2 AUTHORS
List by their last names and initials, use the symbol (&)
instead of “and”.
Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and
early childhood development. New
York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

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BOOKS - 3 to 7 AUTHORS
List by last names and initials; commas to separate author
names, while the last author name is preceded again
by the symbol.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R.,
Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's
more to self-esteem than whether it is high
or low: The importance of stability of self-
esteem. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

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BOOKS – MORE THAN 7
AUTHORS
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman,
D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., Thomas, S.T., … Rubin,
L.H. (2006). Writing labs and the Hollywood
connection. Journal of Film and Writing,44(3),
213-245.

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BOOKS - EDITED COLLECTION
Higgins, J. (Ed). (1989). Psychology. New
York, NY: Norton.
Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).
(1997). Consequences of growing up
poor. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

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BOOKS –A SPECIFIC EDITION
Brocket, O. (1967). History of the theatre (5th
ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE
SAME AUTHOR
Brown, R. (1985). Words and things. New
York, NY: Macmillan.
Brown, R. (1997). Social psychology. New
York, NY: Macmillan.
Note:
list the entries by the year
(earliest comes first).

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE
SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and
changes over time in prosocial intentions and
behavior between friends. Developmental
Psychology, 17, 408-416.
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on
prosocial intentions and behavior. Child
Development, 52, 636-643.

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BOOKS - UNKNOWN AUTHOR
Experimental psychology. (1988). New
York, NY: Holt Publication.

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CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT
AUTHORSHIP
International Islamic University Malaysia.
(1992). Islamization of knowledge. Malaysia:
Research Centre Publishing.
National Institute of Mental Health. (1990).
Clinical training in serious mental
illness. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office.

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RELIGIOUS SOURCES
Al-Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah: 152-153.

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THESIS
Ahmad Zaini Zahid. (1991). A study of sleep of
sleep deprivation and its effects on teenagers.
(Doctoral dissertation, University of
Nebraska).

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ELECTRONIC SOURCES (WEB
PUBLICATIONS)
Author, A.A. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title
of online periodical, volume number. Retrieved
from http://www.someaddress.com/
Chou, L. (1999). Technology and
education. Retrieved from
http://www.ilt.columbia.html.
New child vaccine gets funding boost.
(2000). Retrieved from
http://news/health

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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Faisal Othman. ( 1996, October 6). Islam and development.
The Star, p. 12.
Parker-Pope, T. (2008). Psychiatry handbook linked
to drug industry. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
Sawyer, J. (1996). Measurement and prediction. Psychological
Bulletin (3), p. 178-200.

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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES -
NO AUTHOR
Clinton puts human face on health-care plan.
(1993, September 16). The New York
Times, p. 11.
Cultivation of positive emotions to optimize
health and well-being. (2000). Prevention
and treatment (3), 2000. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.com

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LEGAL CASES
Faridah Dato’ Talib v Mohd Habibullah.
(1990). 1 MLJ 74.
Ngieng Shiat Yen v Phang Wai Ann. (1995). 3
MLJ 130.

34. 34
ACTS
Mental Health System Act, (1988)

35. 35
Rubenstein, J.P. (1997). The effects of
television violence on small children. In
B.F. Kane (Ed.) Television and juvenile
psychological development. New York:
American Psychological Society.
ITEMS IN ANTHOLOGY

36. 36
TELEVISION AND RADIO
PROGRAMMES
Keillor, G. (Producer), & Smith, L.
(Director). (2 Oct., 1993). A prairie
home companion (Radio Program). St.
Louis: KMOX

37. 37
ONLINE LECTURE NOTES AND
PRESENTATION SLIDES
Provide the file format in brackets after the lecture
title.
Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory (PDF
document). Retrieved from lecture notes
online web site:
http://www.econ.istate/classes/hallam
Roberts, K.F. (1998). Federal regulations in
the environment (Power Point slides).
Retrieved from http://siri.uvm.edu/ppt/

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COMPREHENSION
QUESTIONS