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L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 1 
 
 
 
 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan 
For 
End Unit 
 
 
 
 
Prepared by: 
Hilaire Perera, P.Eng. 
 
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 2 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
Page No.
Purpose ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Scope ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Definitions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Responsibilities ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Procedure
Selection of Growth Model ------------------------------------------------- 4
Duane Plot Example using Regression Analysis ------------------------- 4
Approximate Confidence Bounds for the MTBF ------------------------- 6
at the end of Duane Test
Reliability Growth Management -------------------------------------------- 7
Determination of Test Conditions ----------------------------------------- 7
Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System ------------ 8
Steps in Creating the Duane Model Plot for Analysis ------------------- 9
Prediction of End Unit RGT Growth Time Using Growth Rate of 0.4-- 9
Reliability Growth Assessment --------------------------------------------- 10
Reliability Growth Success Criteria --------------------------------------- 10
ASSOCIATED
DOCUMENTS MIL-STD-721: Definitions Of Terms For Reliability And Maintainability
MIL-HDBK-189: Reliability Growth Management
MIL-STD-1635: Reliability Growth Testing
MIL-HDBK-338B Electronic Reliability Design Handbook
NIST/SEMATECH Engineering Statistics Handbook
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 3 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan
Purpose RGT is a planned test-analyze-and-fix (TAAF) process in which End Unit is tested
under actual, simulated, or accelerated environments to disclose design deficiencies
and defects. It is intended to provide a basis for early incorporation of corrective
actions and for verification of their effectiveness, thus promoting reliability growth.
RGT is intended to correct failures that reduce operational effectiveness and failures
that increase maintenance and logistics support costs.
The formal test program dedicated to reliability growth should be deferred until after
environmental qualification, when the design of the prototype or preproduction
equipment which is to be used in RGT reflects the anticipated configuration and
manufacturing processes to be used in production, but prior to commitment to
production.
 
Scope Reliability Engineering Tasks in Growth Testing focus on the prevention, detection,
and correction of reliability design deficiencies, weak parts, and workmanship
defects. An effective reliability program stresses early investment in reliability
engineering tasks to avoid subsequent additional costs and schedule delays. MTBF
growth is not expected to increase indefinitely in time, in use no growth or negative
growth may occur.
Definitions Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) is a measure of reliability for repairable items:
The mean number of hours during which all parts of the item perform within their
specified limits, during a particular measurement interval under stated conditions
Corrective Maintenance (Repair). The actions performed as a result of failure to
restore an item to a specified condition
Observed Mean Time Between Failure is equal to the total operating time of the
equipment divided by the number of relevant failures
Predicted Mean Time Between Failure is that value determined by reliability
prediction methods and is based on the equipment design and the use environment
Reliability Growth. The positive improvement of the reliability of equipment through
the systematic and permanent removal of failure mechanisms
Responsibilities
 
It is the responsibility of the reliability engineer assigned to the particular project to
prepare the RGT Plan, and together with a test engineer to prepare the RGT Test
Procedure. These documents should be reviewed and approved by the Manager,
Quality and Technical and the Project Manager
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 4 
Procedure
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued
Selection of the Growth Model
The approach to reliability growth is based on the Duane model. This model
provides a deterministic approach to reliability growth. In this way the unit MTBF
vs. Operating Hours falls along a straight line when plotted on ‘log-log’ paper That
is, the change in MTBF during development is proportional to T
where T is the
cumulative operating time and  is the rate of growth corresponding to the rapidity
with which faults are found, and changes are made to permanently eliminate the
basic causes of the faults observed.
This type of plot is called a Duane Plot and the slope of the best line through the
points is called the reliability growth slope or Duane plot slope
Equation (1) is linearized by taking the “natural log” of both sides
LN (mc) = LN (b) + α LN (T) ------------ (2)
mc = Cumulative MTBF
T = Cumulative Test Time
b = The cumulative mean time between failures at T = 1, the beginning of the
“growth” work
α = The slope of the straight line on the LN-LN plot
Instantaneous MTBF (mi) = (1 / (1-α))mc
The parameters “b” and “α” can also be calculated by applying least squares (Linear
Regression) analysis on equation (2) using EXCEL software
Duane Plot Example using Regression Analysis
The observed failure times used were: 5, 40, 43, 175, 389, 712, 747, 795, 1299 and
1478 hours, with the test ending at 1500 hours. After using this information in a
regression analysis, the following parameters were calculated. (a) Growth Slope α;
(b) MTBF at the end of test; (c) MTBF at 80% Confidence Interval; (d) MTBF at
90% Lower Confidence Limit
Duane Equation: mc = bTα
---------------- (1)
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 5 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued
MTBF Data for Regression Analysis
Age (Hrs)  Cum MTBF (Hrs)  LN‐Age  LN‐Cum MTBF 
5  5  1.609437912 1.609437912
40  20  3.688879454 2.995732274
43  14.33333333  3.761200116 2.662587827
175  43.75  5.164785974 3.778491613
389  77.8  5.963579344 4.354141431
712  118.6666667  6.568077911 4.776318442
747  106.7142857  6.616065185 4.670155036
795  99.375  6.678342115 4.598900573
1299  144.3333333  7.169350017 4.972125439
1478  147.8  7.298445102 4.995860009
1500  150  7.313220387 5.010635294
 
 
Growth Slope = 0.61
Instantaneous MTBF at the end of 1500 Hour Test = 159/0.39 = 408 Hours ----- Use Eqn. (1)
MTBF (MTBFlow = 288; MTBFhigh = 475) @ 80% Confidence Interval
MTBF = 288 @ 90% Lower Confidence Limit
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 6 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued
 
 
 
 
                        
 
 
Approximate Confidence Bounds for the MTBF at
End of Duane Test
Confidence Level = 80%, Significance Level (α) = 20%
Standard Normal Distribution result for significance α/2, for Two sided z 0.539827
MTBF 408 Hours
Number of failures in the Growth Time r 10
mL MTBF
r r 1( )[ ]
r
z
2
4
 r
z
2
2

z
4
16







0.5









2











mL 288.483 MTBF Lower Bound
mU MTBF
r r 1( )[ ]
r z
r
2






.5







2











mU 474.939 MTBF Upper Bound
Confidence Level = 90%, Significance Level (α) = 10%
Standard Normal Distribution result for significance α, for Single sided z 0.539827
mL MTBF
r r 1( )[ ]
r
z
2
4
 r
z
2
2

z
4
16







0.5









2











mL 288.483 MTBF Lower Bound
Note: 
MTBF    Upper  &  Lower  Bounds  are  calculated 
using  the  shown  equations  in  “MATHCAD” 
software program. 
The  “z”  value  is  from  “EXCEL”  software 
program,  and  if  needed  the  required  MTBF 
values can be calculated using the equations in 
“EXCEL” 
Slope Calc.xls
 
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 7 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued
Procedure
(Continued)       Reliability Growth Management
Reliability growth management is the systematic planning for reliability
achievement as a function of time and other resources and is used for
controlling the ongoing rate of achievement by reallocation of resources based
on comparisons between planned and assessed reliability values. Reliability
growth management is part of the system engineering process. It does not take
the place of the other basic reliability program activities such as predictions,
apportionment, failure mode and effect analysis, and stress analysis. Instead,
reliability growth management provides a means of viewing all the reliability
program activities in an integrated manner. It is imperative to recognize that a
total reliability program is needed for effective reliability growth management.
 
Determining the Test Conditions
The initial step is the development of a representative Mission/Life Cycle Profile, by
determining the most stressful environmental conditions and durations of stress that
the system will experience during its life cycle.
For systems that have multiple missions and/or environmentally distinct mission
phases, thorough environmental simulation in the RGT often is impractical. In these
cases, the choice of mission(s), phase(s) or combined mission profiles to be simulated
should be driven by the combination of operational relevance and feasibility of
measurement. Almost always, the RGT combined environments should include
temperature cycling and vibration as a minimum, along with operational stresses such
as on/off cycling and variation in inputs (e.g. line voltage) and outputs (e.g. loads).
Rate of Growth is depicted by the slope of the growth curve. This, in turn, is governed
by the amount of control, rigor, and efficiency by which failures are discovered,
analyzed, and corrected through design and quality action. Test programs which foster
the discovery of failures, coupled with management supported analysis and timely
corrective action, will result in a faster growth rate and consequently less total test
time.
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 8 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued
Procedure Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS)
(continued)
A disciplined and aggressive closed-loop FRACAS is an essential element in the RGT
process. The essence of a closed-loop FRACAS is that failures and faults of both
hardware and software are formally reported, analysis is performed to determine
failure cause, and positive corrective actions are identified, implemented, and verified
to prevent further recurrence.
For a successful RGT process, all failures must be analyzed to the extent needed to
determine the root cause of the failure. In many instances, this will not require a
detailed laboratory analysis because the cause of the failure, such as test procedure
errors, wrong parts, overstressed parts, workmanship errors, etc., will be readily
apparent. Likewise, the corrective actions for many of these failure types will be
relatively straightforward and easily implemented.  
Early elimination of failure modes, and thus early implementation of a good
FRACAS, has the following advantages:
• Cost and schedule savings.
• Ample time to assess corrective actions.
• Reduction of previously identified failure modes; reducing redundant data
analysis.
• Adequate time to address all failures prior to full rate production (i.e.
prevention of corrective action backlog).
If RGT results are to be interpreted correctly, all test conditions and occurrences must
be recorded accurately and completely. A solution and key complement to FRACAS
is the test log because a major source of problems is the dynamic status of test item
configurations. By definition, when reliability growth is taking place, the equipment
is changing (normally both hardware and software). In addition, temporary
repairs/replacements usually are permitted so that testing may continue while
permanent fixes are being explored.
 
 
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 9 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan, Continued
Procedure
(Continued) 
Steps in Creating the Duane Model Plot (Page 11) for Analysis
a. Using three cycle ln-ln paper, draw horizontal lines at the required MTBF
value and the predicted MTBF
b. Plot growth line start point at 100 test hours and 15% of predicted MTBF
c. The suitable range of reliability growth is represented by the Growth Rate α
of 0.3 and 0.6. Draw a line representing Growth Rate α = 0.4. The selected
Growth Rate line is considered the baseline against which reliability growth
can be evaluated during the reliability growth test
 
d. Once 5 Failure/Time data points are obtained, determine Growth Slope α
and draw the growth rate line. Continue test
e. The intersection of the selected growth rate line and the required MTBF line
yields an approximation of total test time required
Prediction of End Unit Growth Time using Growth Rate of 0.4
The End Unit that has undergone environmental Stress Screening (ESS) [ESS 
should  be  conducted on all electronic  equipment scheduled for  RGT.  This helps 
prevent overloading the RGT with problems not directly related to design] should
be tested for the predicted Growth Time based on the following conditions..
Specified MTBF = 6000 Hours ______ Predicted MTBF = 12645 Hours _______
Preconditioning (Initial Test ) Time = 100 Hours
The End Unit undergoing RGT should assume to have the following
characteristics:
(a) Assumed Growth Rate  = 0.4 (Suitable Growth Rates are between 0.3 & 0.6)
used as an aggressive reliability program is being followed
(b) A Starting point of 15% of the predicted MTBF for the cumulative MTBF Line
(c) A Starting point of 25% (100 * 0.15 / (1-)) of the predicted MTBF for the
instantaneous MTBF Line
Duane Model 
    LN (Specified MTBF) - LN (0.15 of Predicted MTBF)
 =
LN (Test Time = T) - LN (Preconditioning Time)
 
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 10 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan, Continued
LN (6000) – LN (1897)
0.4 =
LN (T) – LN (100)
8.70 – 7.55
0.4 =
LN (T) – 4.61
LN (T) = 2.875 + 4.61
T = e7.485
Reliability Growth Assessment
The reliability growth assessment should be obtained by calculating the Growth
Rate α, using data from the tests. The reliability of the End Unit will be
monitored by a Growth Plot (Cumulative MTBF vs Cumulative Test Time). The
Instantaneous MTBF (Cumulative MTBF/ (1- α) ) plots should be included in
periodic reports, according to Schedule requirements
Reliability Growth Test Success Criteria
The reliability growth test and its associated failure analysis and corrective action
activity should be considered satisfactory if any of the following conditions exist:
 The plotted MTBF values remain on or above the planned growth line
 The best-fit straight line is congruent with or above the planned line
 The best-fit straight line is below the planned line, but its slope  is such
that a projection of the line crosses the horizontal (Specified MTBF) line
by the time the planned growth line reaches the same point
If none of the above conditions exist, it should be assumed that the planned
reliability growth cannot be achieved with the current level of activity. Before a
corrective action plan is determined, a careful analysis of the End Unit design
and related failures should be made, to ascertain the problem areas and possible
design modifications.
Predicted
RGT Time (T) = 1781 Hours
 
L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,              
h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m        
Page 11 
 
Reliability Growth Testing (RGT), Continued
Procedure
(Continued) 
. 
 The Instantaneous MTBF is the model mathematical   representation of MTBF if 
all previous failure occurrences are corrected 
 Instantaneous MTBF  =  (1 / (1 – α))  times Cumulative MTBF 
 
15% of 12645 
=1897 
100 
MTBF (predicted) =12645 
MTBF (specified) =6000 
MTBF ‐ Hrs 
Cumulative Test Time (T) ‐ Hrs
T=100 
Total Test Time 
Required 
T = 1781 
Planned 
Cumulative MTBF 
Growth Line  has 
α = 0.4 
25% of  12645 = 
3161 
Planned Instantaneous 
MTBF 
Duane Model Plot

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Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan

  • 1.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 1          Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan  For  End Unit          Prepared by:  Hilaire Perera, P.Eng.   
  • 2.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 2  TABLE OF CONTENTS  Page No. Purpose ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Scope ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Definitions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Responsibilities ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 Procedure Selection of Growth Model ------------------------------------------------- 4 Duane Plot Example using Regression Analysis ------------------------- 4 Approximate Confidence Bounds for the MTBF ------------------------- 6 at the end of Duane Test Reliability Growth Management -------------------------------------------- 7 Determination of Test Conditions ----------------------------------------- 7 Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System ------------ 8 Steps in Creating the Duane Model Plot for Analysis ------------------- 9 Prediction of End Unit RGT Growth Time Using Growth Rate of 0.4-- 9 Reliability Growth Assessment --------------------------------------------- 10 Reliability Growth Success Criteria --------------------------------------- 10 ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS MIL-STD-721: Definitions Of Terms For Reliability And Maintainability MIL-HDBK-189: Reliability Growth Management MIL-STD-1635: Reliability Growth Testing MIL-HDBK-338B Electronic Reliability Design Handbook NIST/SEMATECH Engineering Statistics Handbook
  • 3.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 3  Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Purpose RGT is a planned test-analyze-and-fix (TAAF) process in which End Unit is tested under actual, simulated, or accelerated environments to disclose design deficiencies and defects. It is intended to provide a basis for early incorporation of corrective actions and for verification of their effectiveness, thus promoting reliability growth. RGT is intended to correct failures that reduce operational effectiveness and failures that increase maintenance and logistics support costs. The formal test program dedicated to reliability growth should be deferred until after environmental qualification, when the design of the prototype or preproduction equipment which is to be used in RGT reflects the anticipated configuration and manufacturing processes to be used in production, but prior to commitment to production.   Scope Reliability Engineering Tasks in Growth Testing focus on the prevention, detection, and correction of reliability design deficiencies, weak parts, and workmanship defects. An effective reliability program stresses early investment in reliability engineering tasks to avoid subsequent additional costs and schedule delays. MTBF growth is not expected to increase indefinitely in time, in use no growth or negative growth may occur. Definitions Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) is a measure of reliability for repairable items: The mean number of hours during which all parts of the item perform within their specified limits, during a particular measurement interval under stated conditions Corrective Maintenance (Repair). The actions performed as a result of failure to restore an item to a specified condition Observed Mean Time Between Failure is equal to the total operating time of the equipment divided by the number of relevant failures Predicted Mean Time Between Failure is that value determined by reliability prediction methods and is based on the equipment design and the use environment Reliability Growth. The positive improvement of the reliability of equipment through the systematic and permanent removal of failure mechanisms Responsibilities   It is the responsibility of the reliability engineer assigned to the particular project to prepare the RGT Plan, and together with a test engineer to prepare the RGT Test Procedure. These documents should be reviewed and approved by the Manager, Quality and Technical and the Project Manager
  • 4.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 4  Procedure Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued Selection of the Growth Model The approach to reliability growth is based on the Duane model. This model provides a deterministic approach to reliability growth. In this way the unit MTBF vs. Operating Hours falls along a straight line when plotted on ‘log-log’ paper That is, the change in MTBF during development is proportional to T where T is the cumulative operating time and  is the rate of growth corresponding to the rapidity with which faults are found, and changes are made to permanently eliminate the basic causes of the faults observed. This type of plot is called a Duane Plot and the slope of the best line through the points is called the reliability growth slope or Duane plot slope Equation (1) is linearized by taking the “natural log” of both sides LN (mc) = LN (b) + α LN (T) ------------ (2) mc = Cumulative MTBF T = Cumulative Test Time b = The cumulative mean time between failures at T = 1, the beginning of the “growth” work α = The slope of the straight line on the LN-LN plot Instantaneous MTBF (mi) = (1 / (1-α))mc The parameters “b” and “α” can also be calculated by applying least squares (Linear Regression) analysis on equation (2) using EXCEL software Duane Plot Example using Regression Analysis The observed failure times used were: 5, 40, 43, 175, 389, 712, 747, 795, 1299 and 1478 hours, with the test ending at 1500 hours. After using this information in a regression analysis, the following parameters were calculated. (a) Growth Slope α; (b) MTBF at the end of test; (c) MTBF at 80% Confidence Interval; (d) MTBF at 90% Lower Confidence Limit Duane Equation: mc = bTα ---------------- (1)
  • 5.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 5  Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued MTBF Data for Regression Analysis Age (Hrs)  Cum MTBF (Hrs)  LN‐Age  LN‐Cum MTBF  5  5  1.609437912 1.609437912 40  20  3.688879454 2.995732274 43  14.33333333  3.761200116 2.662587827 175  43.75  5.164785974 3.778491613 389  77.8  5.963579344 4.354141431 712  118.6666667  6.568077911 4.776318442 747  106.7142857  6.616065185 4.670155036 795  99.375  6.678342115 4.598900573 1299  144.3333333  7.169350017 4.972125439 1478  147.8  7.298445102 4.995860009 1500  150  7.313220387 5.010635294     Growth Slope = 0.61 Instantaneous MTBF at the end of 1500 Hour Test = 159/0.39 = 408 Hours ----- Use Eqn. (1) MTBF (MTBFlow = 288; MTBFhigh = 475) @ 80% Confidence Interval MTBF = 288 @ 90% Lower Confidence Limit
  • 6.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 6  Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued                                      Approximate Confidence Bounds for the MTBF at End of Duane Test Confidence Level = 80%, Significance Level (α) = 20% Standard Normal Distribution result for significance α/2, for Two sided z 0.539827 MTBF 408 Hours Number of failures in the Growth Time r 10 mL MTBF r r 1( )[ ] r z 2 4  r z 2 2  z 4 16        0.5          2            mL 288.483 MTBF Lower Bound mU MTBF r r 1( )[ ] r z r 2       .5        2            mU 474.939 MTBF Upper Bound Confidence Level = 90%, Significance Level (α) = 10% Standard Normal Distribution result for significance α, for Single sided z 0.539827 mL MTBF r r 1( )[ ] r z 2 4  r z 2 2  z 4 16        0.5          2            mL 288.483 MTBF Lower Bound Note:  MTBF    Upper  &  Lower  Bounds  are  calculated  using  the  shown  equations  in  “MATHCAD”  software program.  The  “z”  value  is  from  “EXCEL”  software  program,  and  if  needed  the  required  MTBF  values can be calculated using the equations in  “EXCEL”  Slope Calc.xls  
  • 7.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 7  Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued Procedure (Continued)       Reliability Growth Management Reliability growth management is the systematic planning for reliability achievement as a function of time and other resources and is used for controlling the ongoing rate of achievement by reallocation of resources based on comparisons between planned and assessed reliability values. Reliability growth management is part of the system engineering process. It does not take the place of the other basic reliability program activities such as predictions, apportionment, failure mode and effect analysis, and stress analysis. Instead, reliability growth management provides a means of viewing all the reliability program activities in an integrated manner. It is imperative to recognize that a total reliability program is needed for effective reliability growth management.   Determining the Test Conditions The initial step is the development of a representative Mission/Life Cycle Profile, by determining the most stressful environmental conditions and durations of stress that the system will experience during its life cycle. For systems that have multiple missions and/or environmentally distinct mission phases, thorough environmental simulation in the RGT often is impractical. In these cases, the choice of mission(s), phase(s) or combined mission profiles to be simulated should be driven by the combination of operational relevance and feasibility of measurement. Almost always, the RGT combined environments should include temperature cycling and vibration as a minimum, along with operational stresses such as on/off cycling and variation in inputs (e.g. line voltage) and outputs (e.g. loads). Rate of Growth is depicted by the slope of the growth curve. This, in turn, is governed by the amount of control, rigor, and efficiency by which failures are discovered, analyzed, and corrected through design and quality action. Test programs which foster the discovery of failures, coupled with management supported analysis and timely corrective action, will result in a faster growth rate and consequently less total test time.
  • 8.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 8  Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan Continued Procedure Failure Reporting, Analysis and Corrective Action System (FRACAS) (continued) A disciplined and aggressive closed-loop FRACAS is an essential element in the RGT process. The essence of a closed-loop FRACAS is that failures and faults of both hardware and software are formally reported, analysis is performed to determine failure cause, and positive corrective actions are identified, implemented, and verified to prevent further recurrence. For a successful RGT process, all failures must be analyzed to the extent needed to determine the root cause of the failure. In many instances, this will not require a detailed laboratory analysis because the cause of the failure, such as test procedure errors, wrong parts, overstressed parts, workmanship errors, etc., will be readily apparent. Likewise, the corrective actions for many of these failure types will be relatively straightforward and easily implemented.   Early elimination of failure modes, and thus early implementation of a good FRACAS, has the following advantages: • Cost and schedule savings. • Ample time to assess corrective actions. • Reduction of previously identified failure modes; reducing redundant data analysis. • Adequate time to address all failures prior to full rate production (i.e. prevention of corrective action backlog). If RGT results are to be interpreted correctly, all test conditions and occurrences must be recorded accurately and completely. A solution and key complement to FRACAS is the test log because a major source of problems is the dynamic status of test item configurations. By definition, when reliability growth is taking place, the equipment is changing (normally both hardware and software). In addition, temporary repairs/replacements usually are permitted so that testing may continue while permanent fixes are being explored.    
  • 9.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 9  Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan, Continued Procedure (Continued)  Steps in Creating the Duane Model Plot (Page 11) for Analysis a. Using three cycle ln-ln paper, draw horizontal lines at the required MTBF value and the predicted MTBF b. Plot growth line start point at 100 test hours and 15% of predicted MTBF c. The suitable range of reliability growth is represented by the Growth Rate α of 0.3 and 0.6. Draw a line representing Growth Rate α = 0.4. The selected Growth Rate line is considered the baseline against which reliability growth can be evaluated during the reliability growth test   d. Once 5 Failure/Time data points are obtained, determine Growth Slope α and draw the growth rate line. Continue test e. The intersection of the selected growth rate line and the required MTBF line yields an approximation of total test time required Prediction of End Unit Growth Time using Growth Rate of 0.4 The End Unit that has undergone environmental Stress Screening (ESS) [ESS  should  be  conducted on all electronic  equipment scheduled for  RGT.  This helps  prevent overloading the RGT with problems not directly related to design] should be tested for the predicted Growth Time based on the following conditions.. Specified MTBF = 6000 Hours ______ Predicted MTBF = 12645 Hours _______ Preconditioning (Initial Test ) Time = 100 Hours The End Unit undergoing RGT should assume to have the following characteristics: (a) Assumed Growth Rate  = 0.4 (Suitable Growth Rates are between 0.3 & 0.6) used as an aggressive reliability program is being followed (b) A Starting point of 15% of the predicted MTBF for the cumulative MTBF Line (c) A Starting point of 25% (100 * 0.15 / (1-)) of the predicted MTBF for the instantaneous MTBF Line Duane Model      LN (Specified MTBF) - LN (0.15 of Predicted MTBF)  = LN (Test Time = T) - LN (Preconditioning Time)  
  • 10.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 10  Reliability Growth Testing (RGT) Plan, Continued LN (6000) – LN (1897) 0.4 = LN (T) – LN (100) 8.70 – 7.55 0.4 = LN (T) – 4.61 LN (T) = 2.875 + 4.61 T = e7.485 Reliability Growth Assessment The reliability growth assessment should be obtained by calculating the Growth Rate α, using data from the tests. The reliability of the End Unit will be monitored by a Growth Plot (Cumulative MTBF vs Cumulative Test Time). The Instantaneous MTBF (Cumulative MTBF/ (1- α) ) plots should be included in periodic reports, according to Schedule requirements Reliability Growth Test Success Criteria The reliability growth test and its associated failure analysis and corrective action activity should be considered satisfactory if any of the following conditions exist:  The plotted MTBF values remain on or above the planned growth line  The best-fit straight line is congruent with or above the planned line  The best-fit straight line is below the planned line, but its slope  is such that a projection of the line crosses the horizontal (Specified MTBF) line by the time the planned growth line reaches the same point If none of the above conditions exist, it should be assumed that the planned reliability growth cannot be achieved with the current level of activity. Before a corrective action plan is determined, a careful analysis of the End Unit design and related failures should be made, to ascertain the problem areas and possible design modifications. Predicted RGT Time (T) = 1781 Hours
  • 11.   L o n g   T e r m   Q u a l i t y   A s s u r a n c e   ( L T Q A ) ,               h i l a i r e p e r e r a @ r o g e r s . c o m         Page 11    Reliability Growth Testing (RGT), Continued Procedure (Continued)  .   The Instantaneous MTBF is the model mathematical   representation of MTBF if  all previous failure occurrences are corrected   Instantaneous MTBF  =  (1 / (1 – α))  times Cumulative MTBF    15% of 12645  =1897  100  MTBF (predicted) =12645  MTBF (specified) =6000  MTBF ‐ Hrs  Cumulative Test Time (T) ‐ Hrs T=100  Total Test Time  Required  T = 1781  Planned  Cumulative MTBF  Growth Line  has  α = 0.4  25% of  12645 =  3161  Planned Instantaneous  MTBF  Duane Model Plot