1.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Dr. Pritesh menaria

2.
INTRODUCTION
 The cardiovascular system is transport system of body
 The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste
products from various tissue of body.
 The conveying media is liquid in form of blood which
flows in close tubular system.

3.
FUNCTIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Transport nutrients, hormones
 Remove waste products
 Gaseous exchange
 Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

4.
COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
•BLOOD
•HEART
•BLOOD VESSELS

5.
BLOOD
•The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
•Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes
3- Thrombocytes
•Plasma is fluid portion

6.
HEART
• Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular organ
approximately the size of your fist
• Location:
• Superior surface of diaphragm
• Left of the midline
• Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the
sternum
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 6

7.
HEART
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 7
Figure 18.1

8.
FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply

9.
BLOOD VESSELS
•Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes
•These includes:
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins

10.
CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD VESSELS
•Conducting Vessels – large arteries
•Distributing Vessels – medium & small arteries
•Resistance Vessels - arterioles
•Exchange Vessels - capillaries & sinusoids
•Capacitance / Reservoir Vessels – venules & vein

11.
BLOOD VESSELS
• General structure
1.Tunica intima
2.Tunica media
3.Tunica adventitia

12.
ARTERIES
 Blood vessels that carry
blood away from the
heart are called arteries.
 They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in
oxygen known as
oxygenated blood
(oxygen rich blood).

13.
ARTERIES
•Accompanied by vein and
nerves
•Lumen is small
•No valves
•Repeated branching

14.
STRUCTURE OF ARTERY

15.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTERIES
• Elastic / large /conducting arteries - aorta, pulmonary trunk etc.
• Muscular / distributing / medium & small sized arteries-
branches of femoral, brachial, popliteal, axillary carotid arteries
• Arterioles – terminal arterioles
meta arterioles

16.
• Elastic arteries – the largest arteries
• Diameters range from 2.5 cm to 1 cm
• called conducting arteries
• High elastin content in tunica media.

17.
• Muscular (distributing) arteries
• Lie distal to elastic arteries
• Diameters range from 1 cm to 0.3 mm
• Tunica media consist of more muscle fibers.

18.
• Arterioles
• Smallest arteries
• Diameters range from 50 – 100 micron
• Larger arterioles possess all three tunics
• Terminal arterioles (15-20 micron) - devoid of internal elastic lamina &
covered by a continous coat of smooth muscle cells.
• Meta arterioles (10-15 micron) – these are side branches of terminal arterioles.
in this smooth muscles are replaced by discontinous non contractile cells cld
pericytes or rouget cells .

19.
CAPILLARY BEDS
• Precapillary sphincters - regulate the flow of blood to
tissues

20.
CAPILLARIES
• Smallest blood vessels-diameter 6-8 micron.

21.
TYPE OF CAPILLARIES
• On the basis of endothelium
• Continuous
• Fenestrated

22.
SINUSOIDS
• Large ,irregular vascular space which are closely
surrounded by the parenchyma of organ.
• Usually fenestrated
• Have large diameters
• Occur in bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymphoid
tissue

23.
VEINS
• Conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart
• Blood pressure is much lower than in arteries
• Smallest veins – called venules
• Diameters from 8 – 100 µm
• Smallest venules – called post-capillary venules
• Venules join to form veins

24.
VEINS
• Thin Walled
• Large irregular lumen
• Have valves
• Dead space around
• Types:
Large
Medium
Small

25.
Structure Of Veins
Tunica intima
Little more than endothelium
Tunica media
Thin layer of smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia
Thickest layer

26.
VEINS
•Factors responsible for venous return:
1.Muscle contraction
2.Negative intrathoracic pressure
3.Pulsation of arteries
4. Gravity
5. Valves

27.
Skeletal Muscle Pump

28.
DIFFERENCES B/W ARTERY & VEIN
ARTERY VEIN
Carry oxygenated blood away from heart
except pulmonary artery
Carry deoxygenated blood ,towards the
heart except pulmonary vein
Having tree like branching patern Like river they form by small tributaries
Deeply situated Superficial and deep
Thick walled narrow lumen Thin walled, wide lumen
Valves are absent Valve are present for antigravity blood flow
Pinkish in color in living and after death
seen empty pale tube like
Bluish in color in living and after death it get
filled up and seen grayish

29.
ANASTOMOSIS
• Communication between the neighboring blood vessels
• Type – arterial, venous and arterio- venous anastomosis

30.
ARTERIAL ANASTOMOSIS
• Communication between
arteries
• Provides alternate rout for the
blood to reach the tissue in case
if there is compression of
vessels
• Prevent the death of tissue
supplied by blocked artery
• Collateral circulation

31.
PALMAR ARCHES

32.
END ARTERIES
• Arteries which do not anastomose with neighboring arteries at
pre-capillary level
• Blockage of end arteries the area of the tissue supplied by end
artery will die
• e. g. central artery of retina, central branches of cerebral
arteries;vasa recta of mesenteric arteries, arteries of spleen,
kidney, lungs

33.
VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS
Dorsal Venous Arches

34.
ARTERIO- VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS
• Communication
between the arteriole
and venule
• e. g. tip of nose, lips
lobules of the ear,
finger tips etc.

35.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION
• Pulmonary
• Systemic
• Portal

36.
PULMONARY CIRCULATION

37.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

38.
PORTAL CIRCULATION
• Circulation through the portal vein
• The vein present between two sets of capillary networks
is called as portal vein
• Carries blood from one location in the body to another
without passing through heart
• Sites: liver, kidney, anal canal, hypophysis cerebrii

39.
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM

40.
FETAL CIRCULATION

41.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF VESSELS
• By vasa vasorum- tunica adventitia and outer
2/3 part of tunica media
• By diffusion- inner 1/3 part of tunica media
and tunica intima

42.
NERVE SUPPLY OF VESSELS
• Muscles of tunica media are innervated by
autonomic nerves
• Nervi- vascularis
• Vasomotor, vasodilator nerve, sensory nerves

43.
APPLIED
• Blood pressure- arterial pressure exerted by the blood on the
arterial walls.
• Hemorrhage or bleeding - rupture of blood vessels, venous
hemorrhage causes oozing of blood and arterial hemorrhage
cause spurting of blood
• Arteriosclerosis- stiffness of arteries
• Arteritis- inflammation of arteries
• Phlebitis- inflammation of veins
• Aneurysm- swelling or dilation of blood vessels

44.
Arteriosclerosis:

45.
SUMMARY

46.
SUMMARY

47.
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