1.
Here Comes the Sun
Strategies to Achieve Low-Carbon and Zero-Carbon
Health Facilities
Guy Dauncey, May 2014

2.
As we burn the fossil fuels…
CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
100 million tonnes a day
= 4 million tonnes an hour
= 67,000 tonnes a minute
= 1,000 tonnes a second

3.
May 2014

4.
The Story of Energy
Part One: Firewood
A million years ago to 1750 AD

5.
The Story of Energy
Part Two: Charcoal
1250 to 1750 AD

6.
The Story of Energy
Part Three: Wind and Water
1250 to 1750 AD

7.
The Story of Energy
Part Four: Slaves
1250 to 1890 AD

8.
The Story of Energy
Part Five: Whale Oil
1500 - 1870

9.
The Story of Energy
Part Six: Fossil Fuels
1750 - 2050

10.
The Story of Energy
Part Six: Fossil Fuels
1750 - 2050

11.
The Story of Energy
Part Six: Fossil Fuels
1750 - 2050

12.
The Story of Energy
Part Seven
2000 -
?

13.
Neolithic Era
Ancient Egypt
Roman Empire
Islamic Golden Age
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
The Age of Fossil Fuels
……………………………………….
The last 10,000 years

14.
The last 10,000 years
...................................................
What happens here,
when we stop using
fossil fuels?
The next billion years
?

15.
• Air source solar heat pumps (heat/cooling)
• Ground source solar heat pumps (<1km) and deep
geothermal (>1km) (heat/cooling)
• Water source solar heat pumps (heat/cooling)
• Solar thermal (heat and cooling)
• Biofuels (transport)
• Biogas (heat and/or electricity when in CHP)
• Bioliquids (heat and/or electricity)
• Biomass boilers/stoves (heat and electricity when in CHP)
• Energy from waste – biodegradable element only (for heat
and electricity when in CHP)
Renewable Heat

16.
Global Commission on the Economy and ClimateGlobal Commission on the Economy and Climate

17.
Global Commission on the Economy and ClimateGlobal Commission on the Economy and Climate
Global Commission on the Economy and Climate

18.
Global Commission on the Economy and Climate

19.
www.woodwaste2ruralheat.ca
www.bcsea.org (search ‘webinars’)

20.
BC Hydro 2013 Resource Options Map
Potential Biomass: Wood Based

21.
BC Hydro 2013 Resource Options Map
Potential Biomass: Biogas

22.
www.communityenergy.bc.ca

23.
EU commitment to 2020 targets for smart,
sustainable and inclusive growth:
• Greenhouse gas emissions (mainly CO2) to be 20%
lower than 1990
• 20% of energy from renewable sources
• 20% increase in energy efficiency

24.
Europe: Low Carbon Health-Care
www.lowcarbon-healthcare.eu

25.
Towards Zero Carbon Hospitals with
Renewable Energy Systems
RES-Hospitals Challenge
Exploring options to achieve a zero carbon hospital in the
future and develop an investment plan for 50% of energy
consumption from renewable energy by 2020
www.res-hospitals.eu

26.
ITALY
Cardinal Massaia: solar thermal, solar PV, biomass and gas fired
trigeneration. €12.7 million - save nearly 12,000 tonnes CO2 per year.
= €1,000/tonne Over 20 years = €50/tonne
San Camillio de Lellis: tri- generation, solar PV. biomass boiler.
€12.6 million - save 6,350 tonnes CO2 per year. 20 years: €200/tonne
Sant’Orsola campus: gas-fired cogeneration and solar PV.
€32.8 million - save nearly 17,000 tonnes CO2 per year. €200/tonne
Versilia: new cogeneration plant, other energy efficiency measures to
complement existing solar/wind systems
€7.2 million - save nearly 7,500 tonnes CO2 per year €100/tonne
‘Zero carbon’ roadmap includes proposed energy-from-waste system.

27.
HOLLAND
Two of three hospitals already had hot/cold storage, ground source
heat. Detailed evaluation for most obvious technical options:
biomass, solar and wind energy systems.
Conclusion: main zero carbon opportunity was combination of deep
geothermal, green electricity & energy efficiency = 80-90% renewables
by 2020. €40 million+ saves over 12,500 tonnes a year. €3,000/tonne
Over 20 years = €150/tonne
Zero carbon needs combination of biomass and solar PV.
Quest to identify other large energy consumers in the locality to
create a small-sized district heat system.

28.
POLAND
Myslenice: boiler decentralisation, air/ground source heat
pumps, solar thermal panels. €1.2 million = 60% RES
Sucha Beskidzka: rejected biomass in favour of geothermal
radial drilling. €1.6 million = 56% RES
Wadowice: geothermal heat pumps with radial drilling; also
considered hospital sewage as heat source. + Solar panels,
new gas-fired boiler, energy efficiency measures.
€1.6 million = 50% RES

29.
Geothermal Radial Drilling
Austrian geo-drilling technique
http://geothermic.tracto-technik.com

30.
SPAIN
Some hospitals had solar thermal, PV, ground source heat
Main strategy: biomass boiler with wood pellets / wood chips, to
consider economic benefits of a local supply chain for wood chips.
Gorliz: planning solar PV on car park and small scale wind turbines.
Cruces and Galdako-Usansolo: planning biomass fired co-generation
systems and solar PV.
Galdako- Usansolo: adding to existing solar PV and solar heating.
Total value €16m, saves 10,000 tonnes per annum. Use of Energy
Service Companies (ESCOs) seen as best way to proceed. Political
problems in Spain.

31.
FRANCE
550 bed Avicenne Hospital: biomass boiler, solar PV
€12 million will save 4,500 tonnes of CO2 emissions.
20 years: €300/tonne
The regional health agency is using the Renewable
Energy Guide to encourage other hospitals in
Greater Paris to explore energy-related investment
plans.

32.
HUNGARY
Zala County Hospital, 1060 beds, three sites.
Already uses small solar thermal to supply hot water.
2 km deep geothermal heating system
€1.5 million saves nearly 2,000 tonnes CO2 €750/tonne
Over 20 years = €37/tonne
Zero carbon roadmap: solar PV could close the remaining
gap but would need off-site project

33.
Ethianum Hospital in Heidelberg, Germany
45 ground-source heat bore holes
up to 70 meters deep

34.
United Kingdom
650 bed Raigmore Hospital, Inverness: uses heavy fuel oil
for thermal energy due to remoteness from national gas.
RES: Two biomass boilers
€3.4 million = 50% RES, save 5,500 tonnes CO2 per annum.
€618/tonne Over 20 years = €31/tonne

35.
in Scotland the devolved Government has set a target for
the publicly funded hospital sector to reduce CO2 emissions
by 3%, year-on-year.
The effect is to raise the priority of capital investment in
renewable energy systems within hospitals.

36.
Britain's Greenest Hospital
“Urgent need to reduce our carbon footprint”:
• More efficient lighting, heat exchangers and building controls:
overall energy reduction of 26% since introduction of carbon
management in 2007/8.
• Biomass boiler will reduce annual CO2 emissions by 3,459 tonnes.
• Smaller 200 kilowatt biomass boiler will make the Centre self
sufficient in heat.
• Ground source heating pumps in Cystic Fibrosis Unit
• Car share and cycle to work schemes
• A commitment by the Trust Board to maintain a robust
sustainability policy.

37.
“Saving energy means saving money. The trust says such efficiencies
have been partly eaten up by increased gas prices, but estimates in-
year savings of £15,000. Furthermore, it reckons the biomass boilers
will save it £40,000 from 2011-12 onwards under the government's
scheme to charge large users of energy for every tonne of carbon
dioxide they release.”

38.
• Staff nursery allotment and therapeutic gardens
• Program for development of green champions
• Better use of water
• Targets for reducing waste
• Annual sustainability symposium
• Staff health club focusing on walking, running, yoga and tai chi.
• 200 of the 5,500 staff cycle to work
• Showers for cyclists
• Bike-purchase loan scheme for patients and staff using
unclaimed bicycles from the police
• 150 members of staff share their cars

39.
www.carbontrust.com/media/39216/ctv024_hospitals.pdf
Healthy Budgets through Energy Efficiency (UK)

40.
Heat escaping
Heat not escaping

41.
www.hotmapping.co.uk
Heat escaping
Heat not
escaping

42.
Empire State Building
Sustainability
Retrofit
38%
reduced energy use

43.
Window refurbishment
6,514 windows
= 4 x more efficient
Insulated Radiative Barriers
Chiller plant
Variable speed drives
5% improvement
Air handling units
Variable air volume
Wireless Control
Network

44.
Efficient plugs
and lighting
save 75% energy
Daylighting
Tenant Energy Management

45.
PEER LEARNING
WORKSHOP - HOLLAND
Dutch voluntary commitment to 30% reduction in
energy consumption by 2015.
Criteria for payback of capital investment had been
relaxed; break-even periods of 7-8 years being
adopted in some cases. Has made huge difference to
what can be achieved with energy efficiency.
Notable examples of ground source heat pumps in
some Dutch hospitals

46.
PEER LEARNING
WORKSHOP - SPAIN
Hospital de Mataró (near Barcelona): uses Green
Pipe (Tub Verd) powered by sewage and municipal
waste.
Hospital de Mollet (new): solar PV, ground source
heat is one of biggest systems in Europe; natural
light.

47.
PEER LEARNING
WORKSHOP - PARIS
4,000 MW district heating system serves whole Paris
metropolitan, thermal energy to all hospitals in AP-HP.
35% of network powered by energy recovery from domestic
waste: 50% by 2015 from biomass, biofuel and geothermal.
New district cooling network being developed in using
water from River Seine.
Several French hospitals plan to invest in biomass heating
systems. Discussion on positive and negative aspects of
biomass, importance of measurement and comparative
data to understand what is possible.

48.
Brentwood College, Mill Bay, BC

49.
The geothermal buildings use 25%
of the energy used by
the other buildings.
13 months to pay for themselves.

50.
The loops lie 30 feet deep in Saanich Inlet, covering a surface
of about 1,000 square feet. Stainless steel exchangers
provided a $250,000 savings compared to the cost of
traditional exchangers

51.
Stokmarknes Hospital, Norway: thermal energy from the sea
provides nearly 90% of the heat demand

52.
Artificial lights = 16% of the energy consumption of a typical hospital

53.
Control artificial lights to guarantee comfort conditions avoiding
energy wastes.
ICT infrastructure energy saving strategies: presence detection,
luminance level optimization, time schedule based control.
LED lights guarantee improved efficiency due to higher lux – watt ratio
and allow control strategies without decreasing light source lifetime.

54.
Energy savings in Hospital de Mollet, 2014
Energy saving strategies implemented for Surgery Room Air Unit
New control algorithms based on particle counter save 11% of
electricity consumption of the surgery rooms ventilation system.
Air supply flow is regulated to maintain sanitary conditions,
guarantee air quality and save energy.
Hot & Cold Production system has new energy meters that enable
innovative control algorithms - 10% savings on electricity and gas
consumption. Able to obtain best performance of each machine at
every moment.

55.
www.ecoquip.eu
“Healthcare organisations are … unaware of the benefits that a
proactive approach to procurement of innovative new solutions can
bring. This means that opportunities for innovation are missed and
problems remain unsolved in a sector that has around 15,000 hospitals
in Europe, accounts for some 5% of CO2 emissions and represents a
huge slice of public procurement budgets.”

56.
50 of the Greenest Hospitals in America
September 2013
Recycling & waste
• Styrofoam recycling
• Employee uniforms made out of recycled plastic bottles.
• 100% dining ware in cafeteria; 90% in inpatient areas compostable and
biodegradable.
• Reductions in red bag biohazardous waste
• Greening the operating room- recycles 675 pounds of blue wrap every month.
• Hospital uses 220,000 reusable isolation gowns and 231,000 incontinent pads pa
• Reprocessing medical devices, reducing medical waste, purchasing reusable
pillows; composts 90% of food waste.
• Unused medication recycling program
• Ecologically safe disposal of hazardous bio-waste

57.
50 of the Greenest Hospitals in America
September 2013
Energy & Water
• PlaNYC Hospital Carbon Challenge aims to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions 30% by 2018.
• New white roof made out of recycled materials to reflect heat,
decreases heating and cooling.
• Natural sunlight hits 80% of available space
• Bio-retention areas for water runoff
• Microfiber mop system cut water use by 43,000 gallons and
chemical use by 90%.

58.
50 of the Greenest Hospitals in America
September 2013
Engagement
• 55 different energy projects, saving $2.1 million that
year. Changed to greener supplies.
• Green Team includes 225 sustainability leaders and
officers
www.beckershospitalreview.com

59.
Designed with goal of becoming greenest hospital in
Canada, and North America’s first new built
carbon-neutral hospital.
St. Mary’s Hospital, Sechelt

60.
• High-performance building envelope
• 125 boreholes for heating and cooling through radiant slabs.
• 19 kW PV array
• Green roof reduces solar heat gain
• Passive design strategies, solar shading, operable windows, natural
ventilation
• Lighting with occupancy sensors
• Exhaust air recovery ventilation
• On target to achieve 40% energy savings compared to other LEED
Gold hospitals
St. Mary’s Hospital, Sechelt

61.
$$ Is There a Green Premium? $$
LEED Certified Hospitals: Perspectives on Capital Cost
Premiums and Operational Benefits
The average capital cost premium for LEED-certified
hospitals under 100,000 sq.ft. was 1.24%
For hospitals over 100,000 sq.ft. it was 0.67%,
based on analysis of 15 LEED-certified hospitals.

62.
University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Low-Carbon Procurement Strategy

63.
• 75% of entire carbon footprint came from procurement process
• Assembly, packaging, transport, storage and handling of products
and materials = 60% of the entire carbon footprint of the NHS.
• 3-month pilot study to embed carbon reduction into UCLH's
purchasing and introduce "whole life" carbon costing.
• Worked with partners to launch neutral vendor supply chain
initiative: all goods delivered to a single warehouse and held
centrally. Loads consolidated before being transported, so fewer
vehicles.
• Reduces transport on roads by 15%, saves 7,000 tonnes CO2/pa
• Sourcing local fruit and vegetables, free range chicken and red-
tractor certified meat, offering low-carbon menu options to staff
and patients, at no extra cost.
Low-Carbon Procurement Strategy

64.
Akershus University Hospital, Norway
Low Carbon Hospital

65.
Ground-source = 85% heat, 40%
total energy.
Hospital divided into energy
blocks for detailed use analysis.
Heat recovery from exhaust
ventilation
Energy optimization of ventilation
system
Shading devices on windows
facing south and west
Low temperature radiators for
maximum utilization of heat
pump
40,000 points and 3,000 rooms
individually temperature
controlled

66.
May 2008, Gundersen Health System
Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa
Offset 100% of fossil fuel-based energy by 2014.
41 clinics, 325-bed hospital, 3 critical access hospitals,
variety of affiliate organizations, EMS ambulance service,
rural hospitals, nursing homes, hospice.
Gundersen Health System

67.
www.gundersenenvision.org

68.
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47867.pdf

69.
The following measures were used to attain 50% energy savings:
• Reduced lighting power densities
• Daylighting sensors in applicable perimeter zones
• Occupancy sensors in applicable zones
• More insulative envelope (opaque exterior and fenestration)
• Reduced infiltration through tighter envelope construction
• Overhangs on south-facing fenestrations
• A multizone variable air volume dedicated outdoor air system with
zone-level water-to-air heat pumps, common condenser loop with
temperature maintained though use of chiller and boiler
• High-efficiency chillers, boilers, and water heaters
• Demand controlled ventilation
• More efficient pumps
• Integration of subsystems to achieve whole-building performance.

70.
Interseasonal Heat Transfer™
for low carbon hospitals
• Reliable, low-cost on-site space heating by recycling solar energy
• Saves 50% carbon emissions compared to gas boiler
• Reliable, low-cost, on site cooling by recycling winter cold
• Saves over 80% carbon emissions compared to standard cooling
• Low-cost heat source for processes using ThermalBanks
• Prolongs life of solar thermal panels by storing heat instead of
allowing to overheat in summer
www.icax.co.uk

71.
Interseasonal Heat Transfer (IHT) recycles heat from an Asphalt Solar Collector down
to a Thermal Bank in summer, and a heat pump to recycle heating in winter.
Doubles the CoP of the heat pump by starting from a warm ThermalBank.

72.
Laying down a ThermalBank before the insulated foundations are installed.
Stores heat in the ground, retrieved in winter for heating.
Doubles the performance of the heat pump by starting with a warm ThermalBank
instead of cold ground.

73.
Solar Collector captures summer heat for storage in the
ground & release for heating in winter. ICAX doubles the
CoP of the heat pump by starting with a warm ThermalBank

74.
The heat pump in an ICAX Skid
starts with warmth from a ThermalBank
instead of starting with cold ground temperature.

75.
Tesco, Oldham, UK
25,400 sq ft
First supermarket heated and cooled by Interseasonal Heat Transfer.
41% reduced emissions from heating and cooling.
CoP 8.5 (normal 3.5)
Each 1kW of electricity produces 8.5 kW of heat.

76.
Wellington Civic & Leisure Centre, UK
ICAX extracts heat from solar roofing,
and from changing room and swimming pool ventilation.
Used for domestic hot water, swimming pool. Excess
summer heat stored in ThermalBank for re-cycling in winter.

77.
Merton, London, UK
Intergenerational Acacia Centre
Initially the architects looked at a biomass boiler.
Costs grew as they included storage for the woodchip fuel,
space for delivering fuel to the site,
and the practicalities of managing a boiler installation.
A review of energy requirements pointed to the need for
summer cooling, which the boiler could not provide.

78.
ICAX proposal less expensive than biomass heat + electrical
air cooling. Took up less space, saved constructing special
building for biomass boiler. Annual running costs less.
ICAX proposal able to provide over 40% of on-site renewable
energy.
Merton Intergenerational Centre

79.
Heats the building using heat from the building in summer
(by-product of cooling), stored in underground boreholes.
Advanced ground source heat pump linked to the boreholes,
recycles the stored waste heat in winter.
Merton Intergenerational Centre

80.
Toddington, UK

81.
Solar heat road test in Hiroshima, Japan

82.
SOLAR THERMAL STORAGE

83.
Molten Salt: 7.5 hours after dark

84.
Slab and Earth Heat Storage

85.
Saturated sand

86.
100% solar heated house, Emmental, Switzerland
www.jenni.ch

87.
Austria

88.
REHAU Borehole for 95°C industrial waste heat
Sheffield, UK

89.
In Sweden, Stockholm sends heat
from treated sewage effluent to 80,000 apartments

90.
Vancouver False Creek Sewage-Based District Heat

91.
Pre-insulated piping used to
heat most homes and
commercial buildings in
Scandinavia.
Insulation allows the delivery
of hot water at 200o C to
customers up to 23 km away,
with a net loss of only a few
degrees.

92.
Drake Landing, Okotoks, Alberta.
Solar Thermal District Heating

93.
800
solar hot water
panels
on the garages
90% of residential space heating needs
met by solar thermal energy (40-50o C)
Reduction - 5 tonnes of greenhouse gas
emissions per home per year.

94.
The Energy Centre
Solar Thermal Heating 12 months a year
Community solar heat
panels
Solar hot water
panels
Guy Dauncey 2007
www.earthfuture.com

95.
Collective solar thermal system
on a residential building, Germany www.wagner-solar.com

96.
Almere, Holland

97.
Tunnel transfers heated water and steam from the
Amager Powerplant to the National Hospital in Copenhagen

98.
Insulated
heat pipes

99.
The District Heat Plant, Vienna
Architect – Hundertwasser

100.
District heat tower at Theiss, Lower Austria
50,000 cubic meters

101.
Solar Thermal Heat Storage Tank

102.
Marstal, Danish island of Aero
100% solar district heat + 23.4 MWth solar thermal storage
+ Biomass cogeneration plant

103.
www.sunmark.com Marstal, Denmark

104.
Olivier Drucke, 2009

105.
www.solarthermalworld.org

106.
134 GW
in 2013
9000%
increase
since 2000

107.
Vauban, Freiburg, Germany

108.
Kagoshima Nanatsujima 70 MW solar plant

109.
London’s new solar bridge

110.
2014: 4 kW PV = $16,000
4,400 kWh year

111.
2020: 4 kW PV = $6,000
4,400 kWh year
Will save $30,000 - $60,000 over
the 30 year life of the panels

112.
20 kW Solar, St Mary’s Hospital, Sechelt

113.
$3.50/watt 20 kW = $73,500
20 kW generates 22,000 kwh/year
2014: $2728 pa
2024: $3834 pa
2034: $5154 pa
Over 25 years: $110,000

114.
By 2020: $1.50/watt 20 kW = $31,500
Over 25 years: saves $131,000
(Assumes BC Hydro price inflation 3% pa)

115.
Solar Valley, China

116.
Huang Ming started Himin with the production of solar
thermal components in 1990.
• 360 internal company standards (48 relevant
international standards; 20 national standards China)
• Employs 6,300 people in Dezhou
• 60,000 partners throughout China.
• Combines all production steps from borosilicate glass to
the collector panels, tanks and complete thermosiphon
systems

117.
Solar Valley, Dezhou, China
• 3 vacuum tube factories + 3 water heater factories
• Automated tube assembly line – 40,000 tubes a day
• PV road lighting over 16 km
• Solar office and hotel complex
• Solar university with 2000 students educated in solar
energy products, engineering and business. Most study
free of charge
• Solar sports and entertainment complex, parks and
apartments.
• Brings together developers, city planners, school
directors, hospital directors
• Goal: to set a global example of solar as a viable solution.
• Receives 1,500-4,000 visitors a day

118.
www.chinasolarvalley.net

119.
Solar Egg Spa Resort, Sun Valley, China
Solar + Geothermal Heat

120.
Sun-Moon Mansion
Solar Thermal Year-Round

121.
Utopia Gardens, Solar Valley, China

122.
504 solar tubes feed heat into a central heating and cooling system
Owners save up to 75% of annual energy costs.
In summer, the solar field powers the absorption chillers for air-conditioning.
Excess heat is stored in a seasonal storage area below the building complex with
1,800 bore holes, large enough to supply the entire Utopia Garden Project.
Electric compression and gas absorption chillers serve as backup when the solar heat
does not reach a high enough temperature to run the solar chillers.
Winter space heating primarily covered by seasonal storage ground source heat
pumps. If not sufficient, rest of their energy from a district heat system.

123.
Utopia Gardens

124.
Himin Solar Valley
Solar Shell International Conference Center

125.
• Solar water heating
• BIPV lighting
• Energy-saving glass
• Ceiling radiation
• Intelligent sun-shading
• Intelligent building control
• 1994 square meters solar heat collection
• Mono-silicon and poly-silicon thin film batteries
• 70% solar energy conversion

126.
1/10th energy of a conventional building.
Heating and cooling from huge solar thermal
installation with aquifuge trans-seasonal energy
storage and ground source heat pump.

127.
April 2014

128.
The last 10,000 years
...................................................
What happens here,
when we stop using
fossil fuels?

129.
A billion years
The Sun does not begin to turn
into a Red Giant for more than a billion years.
That’s 100,000 periods
each with 10,000 years

130.
A billion years
The Sun does not begin to turn
into a Red Giant for more than a billion years.
And with every passing year,
solar technology will improve
and get cheaper.

131.
CITY
of the
FUTURE
A Journey to the Year 2032
GUY DAUNCEY
Summer
2014

132.
www.slideshare.net/GuyDauncey

133.
Table Task
You have been given $10 million to invest
with the goal of reducing GHGs.
What’s your preference?
Decide – Share why - Discuss
1. Biomass heat
2. Ground-source/water-source heat
3. Solar thermal heat + inter-seasonal storage
4. Solar thermal heat + inter-seasonal storage
+ ground-source heat pump

134.
Guy Dauncey 2013
www.earthfuture.com
Guy Dauncey
www.earthfuture.com