The document discusses solar energy, including its various forms and applications. It provides information on: 1) The different types of solar energy including thermal, electric, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, and discusses technologies like solar water heaters, solar cells, and solar cookers. 2) How solar cells work, including the photovoltaic effect and formation of electrons when photons strike silicon. 3) Components of flat plate and evacuated tube solar thermal collectors and materials used. 4) Performance analysis of solar collectors and factors that determine useful heat gain. 5) Current status of solar energy in India and its potential for meeting energy demands.

1. Solar energy Conversion
Presented by- Submitted to
Gurpreet singh Dr. V S Sahmbi
L-2K16-AE-178-M

2. ENERGY FORMS
• SOLAR
• WATER
• WIND
• GEOTHERMAL

3. SOLAR ENERGY

4. Introduction
• Solar energy as its name shows the energy of
the sun. since the beginning of mankind we
have used the energy of the sun to dry clothes
and food but it wasn’t until 1954 scientists in
the United States worked out a way to use the
sun to create electricity.
• Solar Energy originates with the thermonuclear
fusion reactions occurring in the sun.

5. The sun
• Diameter: 1.39E9 m (120 x greater than earth)
• Distance from earth = 1.495E11 m (93 million
miles) ± 1.7%
• Center: Density 100 x density of water and
T>1E6 K ≅
• Powered by hydrogen fusion
• Composed of layers. The
outer layer is the photosphere.
• Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K
Solar energy
B.P.P.I.M.T

6. what is solar energy?
• It is the radiation from the sun that is capable of
producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or
generating electricity.
• It is the largest source of energy received on
Earth, but its intensity on the earth’s surface is
quite low.
• The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface
is mostly spread across the visible and near
infrared ranges with a small part in the ultraviolet
region.
Solar Energy & Solar Panels
Alternative energies

7. Solar energy
• There are two types of solar energy: Thermal
Energy & Electric Energy
• Thermal Energy: Thermal Energy is everywhere.
It’s lights up our days. It heats the earth, our
bodies and our homes. It dries our clothes .
• Electric Energy: Electric Energy uses the power
of the sun to produce electricity through solar
cells, otherwise known as Photovoltaics (PV).
Solar energy
B.P.P.I.M.T
Conti.

8. How much Solar energy?
Source:-

9. About radiation
Solar Energy
By B.P.P.I.M.T

10. Photovoltaic Effect
• Photovoltaic comes from the words photo,
meaning light, and volt, a measurement of
electricity.
• Photovoltaic Electricity is obtained by using
photovoltaic system.
• A basic photovoltaic system consists of four
components: Solar Panel, Battery, Regulator
and the load.

11. Photovoltaic
• The generation of voltage across the PN
junction in a semiconductor due to the
absorption of light radiation is called
photovoltaic effect.
• The Devices based on this effect is called
photovoltaic device.
Conti..

12. Photovoltaic effect

13. Advantages of solar energy
• Saves you money
-After the initial investment has been recovered,
the energy from the sun is practically FREE.
-Financial incentives are available form the
government that will reduce your cost.

14. Advantages
• Environment friendly
-It's not affected by the supply and demand of
fuel and is therefore not subjected to the ever-
increasing price of gasoline.
-Solar Energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas,
oil and coal), sustainable and helping to protect
our environment.
-As we see previously ,it does no pollute air.
conti

15. Advantages
• Therefore Solar Energy does not contribute to
global warming, acid rain or smog.
• It actively contributes to the decrease of
harmful green house gas emissions.
• By not using any fuel, Solar Energy does not
contribute to the cost and problems of the
recovery and transportation of fuel or the
storage of radioactive waste
conti

16. Advantages
• Low/ no maintenance
-Solar Energy systems are virtually
maintenance free and will last for decades.
-Once installed, there are no recurring costs.
They operate silently, have no moving parts, do
not release offensive smells and do not require
you to add any fuel. More solar panels can easily
be added according to needs grow.
Conti

17. Disadvantages of solar energy
• Sun does not shine consistently.
• The main disadvantage of solar cell is initial
cost.
• solar cell require large areas of land to achieve
average efficiency.
• Addressed by approaching the problem
through:1) collection, 2) conversion, 3)storage.
file:///H:/solar/solare-141229235048-conversion-gate01.pdf

18. Disadvantages
• Air pollution and weather can also have a large
effect on the efficiency of the cells.
• The silicon used is also very expensive and the
solar cells can only ever generate electricity
during the daytime.
Solar Cells
By: Omar Ahmed Syed

19. Types of solar energy
• Passive Solar Energy
• Active Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic Solar Power
• Solar Thermal Energy
• Concentrated Solar Power
B.V. Patel Umarakh

20. Passive Solar Energy
• It is a method in which solar energy is
harnessed in its direct form without using any
mechanical devices. Drying Clothes in
daylight is an example of using solar energy
passively. Passive Solar Energy has a few
applications which all of us can use.
• Day lighting
• Passive Solar Heating
• Passive Solar Cooling
B.V. Patel Umarakh

21. Active Solar Energy
• The Active Solar Energy employs mechanical
or electrical equipment for functioning and
increase system efficiency. As an example
water pumps are used to circulate water
through the active solar energy water heating
system.
• Active Solar Water Heating
• Active Solar Pool Heating
• Active Solar Space Heating
B.V. Patel Umarakh

22. Solar Thermal Energy
• Solar Thermal Energy is the heat energy derived
from the incident solar energy (sunlight). This is
used by Solar Heating Panels. Solar Thermal
Energy have advantages like other forms of solar
energy.
-Solar Water Heating
-Solar Pool Heating
-Solar Space Heating
Electricity can be generated using solar
energy commonly this is known as Solar Thermal
Electricity

23. Photovoltaic Solar Power
• The Energy generated by incident solar energy
(light) into electricity is termed as Photovoltaic
Solar Power. This is done using Photovoltaic
Solar Cells.
• Solar Electricity
• Photovoltaic Solar Lighting
• Photovoltaic Cooling

24. Concentrated Solar Power
• Concentrated Solar Power is a branch of Solar
Thermal Energy which is used to generate
solar power electricity. Electricity is produced
on a large scale by using this technology. This
technology is not in either of our scope. But
we can surely get its benefits from a renewable
energy supplier or green power from the
electricity supply company.

25. Uses of solar energy
• Heat Your Swimming Pool With Solar Energy
• Solar Energy Can Heat Your Water
• Solar Energy For Batter y Charging
• Power Your Home With Solar Energy
• Solar Energy For Cooking
• Solar Energy for Indoor Lighting
• Solar Energy Used For Outdoor Lighting

26. Main Products of solar energy
• Solar water heater
• Solar cooker
• Solar cell

27. SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR
• A Solar thermal collectors are special kind of
heat exchangers that transform solar radiation
energy to internal energy of the transport
medium
• Collector is a device which absorbs the
incoming solar radiation, converts it into heat,
and transfers this heat to a fluid (usually air,
water, or oil)flowing through the collector.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR

28. TYPES OF SOLAR THERMAL
COLLECTORS
• For domestic/ industrial water heating and
space heating purposes the solar thermal
collectors are classified as:-
-FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS.
-EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR
COLLECTORS.
Conti.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR

29. FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS
Side view of flat plate collector
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR

30. Components
• Absorber plate: It is usually made of copper , steel
or plastic . The surface is covered with a flat black
material of high absorptance. If copper or steel is
used it is possible to apply a selective coating that
maximizes the absorptance of solar energy and
minimizes the radiation emitted by plate
• Flow passages: The flow passages conduct the
working fluid through the collector. If the working
fluid is a liquid , the flow passage is usually a tube
that is attached to or is a part of absorber plate. If the
working fluid is air , the flow passage should be
below the absorber plate to minimize heat losses.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR

31. Components
• Cover plate(Glass): To reduce convective and
radiative heat losses from the absorber , one or two
transparent covers are generally placed above the
absorber plate . They usually be made from glass or
plastic.
• insulation: These are some materials such as fiberglass
and they are placed at the back and sides of the
collector to reduce heat losses.
• Enclosure: A box that the collector is enclosed in holds
the components together, protect them from weather,
facilitates installation of the collector on a roof or
appropriate frame.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR

32. Material of Absorber and Pipes
• Copper , which has high conductivity and is
corrosion resistant, is the material for absorber
plates, but because copper is expensive, steel is
also widely used.
• The surface of the absorber plate determines how
much of the incident solar radiation is absorbed
and how much is emitted at a given temperature.
Flat black paint which is widely used as a coating
has an absorptance of about 95 percent for
incident shortwave solar radiation. It is durable
and easy to apply.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND TESTING OF FLAT PLATE SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR

33. Material of cover plates
• A cover plate for a collector should have a high
transmittance for solar radiation and should not
detoriate with time. The material most commonly
used is glass. A 0.32-cm thick sheet of window
glass ( iron content, 0.12 percent ) transmits 85
percent of solar energy at normal incidence. And
all glass is practically opaque to long-wavelength
radiation emitted by the absorber plate.
• Some plastic materials can be used for collector
glazing. They are cheaper and lighter than glass
and, because they can be used in very thin sheets

34. Image of cover plate

35. EVACUATED SOLAR TUBE
COLLECTOR
• ETC’s are built to reduce convective and heat
conduction loss (vacuum is a heat insulator).
• Each evacuated tube consists of two glass tubes.
• The outer tube is made of extremely strong
transparent glass that is able to withstand
changing climatic conditions.
• The inner tube is also made of glass, but coated
with a special selective coating which features
excellent solar heat absorption and minimal heat
reflection properties.
• The air is evacuated from the space between the
two glass tubes to form a vacuum

36. EVACUATED SOLAR TUBE
COLLECTOR

37. Collector Performance Analysis
• The analysis will first be done for a steady state
situation in which the liquid is flowing through
tubes.
an energy balance on the absorber plates yields
the following equation:-
Useful energy = energy absorbed heat loss to
gain (Qu) by the collector surroundings
Source:- SP Sukhatme

38. Analysis
qu = Ap S - ql
Which
qu = Useful heat gain
S = Incident Solar flux
Ap = Area of the absorber plate
ql = rate at which heat is lost by
convection and re-radiation from
the top
Conti.
Source:- SP Sukhatme

39. Analysis
Conti.
Source:- SP Sukhatme

40. Analysis
Conti.
Source:- SP Sukhatme

41. Analysis
Conti.
Source:- SP Sukhatme

42. Analysis
Conti.
Source:- SP Sukhatme

43. Overall loss coefficient and heat
transfer
Source:- SP Sukhatme

44. Overall loss coefficient and heat
transfer
Conti.
Source:- SP Sukhatme

45. Overall loss coefficient and heat
transfer
Conti.

46. What is a solar cell?
• A structure that converts solar energy directly
to DC electric energy. – It supplies a voltage
and a current to a resistive load (light, battery,
motor).
• It is stored in a battery because it supplies DC
power.
• It is different from a battery in the sense that
the voltage supplied by the cell changes with
changes in the resistance of the load

47. Basic of Solar Cells
• Silicon (Si) is from group 4 of the period
table. When many Si atoms are in close
proximity, the energy states form bands of
forbidden energy states.
• One of these bands is called the band gap and
the absorption of light in Si is a strong
function.
• Si is covalently bonded: It shares electrons.
Conti.
Solar Cells
By: Omar Ahmed Syed

48. Basic
• When a Si atom is replaced with a group 3
(Al, B) it forms a positive particle called a
hole that can move around the crystal
through diffusion or drift (electric field).
• When a Si atom is replaced with a group 5
(As, P) it forms an electron that can move
around the crystal
Conti.
Solar Cells
By: Omar Ahmed Syed

49. Electron Formation
• Photovoltaic energy conversion relies on the
number of photons striking the earth. (photon is a
flux of light particles)
• On a clear day, about 4.4 x 1017 photons strike a
square centimeter of the Earth's surface every
second.
• Only some of these photons - those with energy in
excess of the band gap - can be converted into
electricity by the solar cell.
• When such photon enters the semiconductor, it
may be absorbed and promote an electron from
the valence band to the conduction band.

50. Solar Cells
By: Omar Ahmed Syed

51. Why Solar energy ?
• World Energy Conservation predicted estimation about
the rate of utilization of energy resources shows that the
coal deposits coal deposits will deplete within the next
200 to 300 years and petroleum deposits petroleum
deposits will deplete in next few decades next few
decades
• The most advantage using Solar Energy is that this is
distributed over a wide geographical area, ensuring that
developing regions such as India have access to
electricity generation at a stable cost for the long-term
future
• The huge consumption of fossil fuels has caused visible
damage to the environment in various forms

52. Current status
• India is facing an acute energy scarcity which
is hampering its industrial growth and
economic progress of the country.
• The National Action Plan on Climate Change
(NAPCC) also points out: “India is a tropical
country, where sunshine is available for longer
hours per day and in great intensity.
Growth of Solar Energy in India – Present Status and Future Possibilities

53. Current status
• About 7.5 Kwh/m2 /day of solar energy is
received over the country as a whole, for the
major portion of the year, of which the maximum
about 210 Kwh/m2 /month is received during
cloud free winter months and premonsoon months
and the minimum 140 Kwh/m2 /month is received
during monsoon seasons.
• Diffused solar radiation is a minimum 740
KWh/m2 over Rajasthan increasing eastwards to
840 KWh/m2 in Assam and to 920 KWh/m2 in
extreme South of the peninsula
Conti.
Growth of Solar Energy in India – Present Status and Future Possibilities

54. Status of India and states
Growth of Solar Energy in India – Present Status and Future Possibilities

55. Status of solar energy
Solar Energy
By B.P.P.I.M.T

56. Source:- TERI
About 5,000 trillion
kWh per year energy
is incident over
India’s land area with
most parts receiving
4-7 kWh per square
meter per day.

57. Idea of Cost for making solar panal

58. References
• Basu S N, Karmakar A & Pushmita.
BhattacharyaGrowth of Solar Energy in India
– Present Status and Future Possibilities.
• Wind Power Fundamentals.Presented by: Alex
Kalmikov and Katherine Dykes With
contributions from: Kathy Araujo PhD
Candidates, MIT Mechanical Engineering,
Engineering Systems and UbPli Urban
Planning

59. References
• Solar Energy & Solar Panels by gaurav.
• Alternative energies- solarenergy 110406195126
• Book solar energy by SP sukhatme.