Exotic fishes,merits and demerits, Pakistan
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Exotic fishes,merits and demerits, Pakistan
8 de Apr de 2018•0 gostou•2,901 visualizações
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Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits 193 native Fish-Fresh water (2013) 28 native to Cold water Exotic meaning ‘not-native’ “Alien fish species having origin in another part of world, acclimatize to our climate when transplanted.” List of Exotic Fishes Why are they introduced? Improving local fishery potential Broadening species diversity in aquaculture programs Sport fishing Aquarium Fish-Aesthetic purpose Improving aquaculture or open water fishery productivity Controlling of unwanted organisms (mosquitoes). Satisfy the growing demands of fish protein Breed in stagnant water Easily cultivable species in algae and plant filled ponds Low culture cost. To get desired amount of production in less time Easy Maintenance Whether the introduction of said species has been a productive venture or not? Whether the growth of indigenous carps has been affected positively or negatively or not? Impact On Bio-diversity Bad impacts of Exotic fishes may be categorized as 1) Genetic Impact 2) Ecological (including biological) Impact 3) Socio-economical. Impact Merits and Demerits of common exotic carps Features of Exotic Fishes Recommendation Conclusion References
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Exotic fishes,merits and demerits, Pakistan
- 2. Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits
- 3. Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Introduction 193 native Fish-Fresh water (2013) 28 native to Cold water
- 4. Exotic Fishes Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Exotic meaning ‘not-native’ “Alien fish species having origin in another part of world, acclimatize to our climate when transplanted.”
- 5. List of Exotic Fishes Oreochromis aureus Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Ctenopharyngodon idella Gambusia affinis Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Salmo trutta Oncorhynchus mykiss Cyprinus carpio Oreochromis niloticus Oreochromis mossambicus Carassius auratus
- 6. Images of Exotic Fishes-Fresh Water Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Gambusia affinis Ctenopharyngodon idella Oreochromis aureusHypophthalmichthys molitrix Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
- 7. Exotic Fishes-Cold Water Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Salmo trutta Cyprinus carpioOncorhynchus mykiss
- 8. Exotic Fishes-Saline water Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Oreochromis mossambicusOreochromis niloticus
- 9. Exotic Fish-Ornamental Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Carassius auratus
- 10. Why are they introduced? Improving local fishery potential Broadening species diversity in aquaculture programs Sport fishing Aquarium Fish-Aesthetic purpose Improving aquaculture or open water fishery productivity Controlling of unwanted organisms (mosquitoes). Exotic species of the fishes were introduced in many parts of the world with high hopes of promoting……..
- 11. Why are they introduced? Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Satisfy the growing demands of fish protein Breed in stagnant water Easily cultivable species in algae and plant filled ponds Low culture cost. To get desired amount of production in less time Easy Maintenance
- 12. Impact Assessment Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Whether the introduction of said species has been a productive venture or not?
- 13. Impact Assessment Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Whether the growth of indigenous carps has been affected positively or negatively or not?
- 14. Exotic fish species have been receiving international attention in different forums like Convention on Biological Diversity The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. The recent attention is mainly focused on the adverse impacts of alien fish with realization that they are detrimental to native ones in all circumstances.
- 15. Impact On Bio-diversity Bad impacts of Exotic fishes may be categorized as 1) Genetic Impact 2) Ecological (including biological) Impact 3) Socio-economical. Impact
- 16. 1.Genetic impact The genetic impact of EXOTIC FISHES on NATIVE FISHES can be classified into 2 categories A. Reduction of effective population size by the ecological, biological & genetic effect B. Alteration/extinction of gene pools of the species by hybridization & backcrossing.
- 17. Introgression through hybridization ‘The transmission of genes from one species to another through hybridization.’ Increase in Hybrid population Hybrid vigor or heterosis-Over dominance Heterozygosity at many loci-Genetic pollution. Hybridization unpredictable in advance.
- 19. Genetic bottleneck A genetic bottleneck is the sudden and drastic decline in numbers. Loss of variation has two components 1. Reduction in variance of qualitative traits 2. loss of specific and usually rare alleles.
- 20. Loss of Traits Loss of traits leading to economic value decline Example Bighead X Silver carp showed (Aristichthysnobilis) (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) later generation offsprings’ lost the acquired beneficial traits.
- 21. Inbreeding Depression Most serious and yet most nebulous problem in small populations of endangered fishes. Consanguuious matings Affect Fitness characters with low heritability like severe Body deformity Growth reduction Behavioral changes Reproductive failures.
- 22. Extinction due to Hybridization Hybridization between exotic and native species has not only brought in genetic contamination but even resulted in species extinction in some cases. In Southwest USA Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache) Gila trout(O. gilae) faced extinction primarily due to hybridization with the Exotic species Cutthroat trout (O. clarkii) O. mykiss.
- 23. 2.Ecological Impacts Predation on native fishes Competition Disease Impact Habitat Impact Economic Impact
- 24. Predator-prey Interaction The most significant threat as Exotic fishes are Carnivores. Predation directly reduces population size of the prey species, and may cause cascading ecological effects, such as increased plant growth when herbivores are removed by top predators.
- 25. Competition Competition can occur between alien and resident species for Food Habitat Mates or other essential resources. Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and especially the Mozambique tilapia are considered to be a threat to native diversity in many areas
- 26. Disease Impact Several international agencies are working on spread of Pathogens such as FAO, World Health Organization (WHO), world Trade Organization(WTO), The International Office of Epizootics (OIE). The level of uncertainty is higher about pathogens in new environment. For example, along with Abalone that the California aquaculture industry imported from South Africa came a sabellid worm parasite that caused no problems in South Africa but has had devastating effects of abalone under culture in California; the impact on other Californian mollusks is unknown.
- 27. Abalone (Mollusk) South Africa Sabellid worm (parasite of Abalone) Abalone infested by sabellid worm California For example
- 29. Habitat Impact Many species of freshwater animals greatly modify aquatic habitats when placed into a new area Example Beavers, Crayfish, Common carp, and Grass carp.
- 30. 3.Economic impacts The exotic fishes never fetch higher price than the native varieties The economic impacts can be seen at two levels 1. capture fisheries 2. aquaculture.
- 31. Merits and Demerits of common exotic carps Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits
- 32. Common carp (cyprinus carpio) Merits Cultivated at high and low temperature Omnivorus bottom feeder Pond breeder Rapid growth Pituitary gland-Induced breeding Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits
- 33. Competitive Uproot plants Small pond-Improper growth High Mortality-Spawn to fry Less desirable taste Less demand Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Demerits
- 34. Surface feeder of Phytoplankton Non-competetant to indigenous carp-Catla Ideal for composite culture Mature within one year in Indian climate Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Silver carp(Hypophthalmicthys molitrix)
- 35. Maturity in one year may create problems towards catla Selective phytoplankton Feeder Sensitive skin Consumes more O2 Less preferable taste Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Merits and Demerits of common exotic carps
- 36. Voracious Feeder High growth rate Help regulate aquatic weeds, enable native carps’ growth Better taste Relatively high price Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Grass Carp (Ctenophyrangodon Idella)
- 37. Poor egg laying capability High mortality of Fingerling High plant need disfavors indigenous carps Less market value Not profitable Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Merits and Demerits of common exotic carps
- 38. Tasty and less spined Pond breeder Can be cultivated in waste water Tolerate environmental fluctuations Aquatic chicken Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Tilapia carp (Oreochromis mossambica)
- 39. Lay eggs more than 3 times Difficult to regulate population Unfit for composite culture Difficult sex determination Sex reversal Rapid Grower-more O2 and food consumption Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Merits and Demerits of common exotic carps
- 40. Features of Exotic Fishes Advanced genetic features Non-competitive behavior Optimum productivity No sexual communication with Indigenous fishes Well acclimatized with our climate Free from parasitic and disease infection Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits
- 41. Recommendation Exotic Fishes In Pakistan, Merits and Demerits Strict quarantine before entry into a new country / region. Herbivore species should get preference in selection for culture. Utilizing a vacant niche by appropriate exotic species Increasing exotic fish production in the introduced environment
- 42. Conclusion The global experience and the present status of introduction of exotic species in different counties including Pakistan their ecological, biological and genetic impact analysis in this contribution indicates their generally deleterious effect on autochthonous species. In addition to direct devastating eco-biological impacts, it has also been seen that some fish are even extinct owing to loss of genetic variability and heterozygosity.
- 43. References • Consequence Of Alien Fish Introduction by P. Das .(In Fishing Chimes, Vol 26 No. 10,January 2007). • Plecostomus multiradiatus an armored catfish from freshwater ponds near Kunnamkulam, Kerala and itspossible impact on indigenous fishes – by Ajithkumar, C.R., C.R. Biju and R. Thomas (1998). LAK News, Limnological Association of Kerala, 1-2. • Fish fauna of Bharathapuzha (Nila river), Kerala. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc – by Bijukumar, A. and S. Sushama (In press).
Notas do Editor
- Almost 30 species are culturable in Pakistan
- Exotic originated from two Greek words ‘EX’ meaning not and ‘otic’ relates prefix to some ‘condition or state’ here the condition is ‘native’
- Silver carp, Grass carp, Tlapia Blue fish, Mosquito fish, Big head carp
- Rainbow trout and common carp
- Aquatic chicken Brackish water fish Less spiney Tasty
- Gold fish ornamental and game fish
- There is realization that all alien species perform bad under every circumstances.
- . Alteration/extinction of gene pools of the species/stocks by crossbreeding or hybridization & backcrossing.
- One of the reasons for the increased frequency of hybridization is introduction of exotic species. Hybridization may lead to hybrid vigor or heterosis due to over dominance and heterozygocity at many loci or may lead to genetic pollution. Thus, the result of hybridization in general and with exotic species in particular is unpredictable in advance. Hybridization between an alien species and a native one leads to genetic introgression. This is the transmission of genes from one species to another through hybridization.
- A genetic bottleneck is the sudden and drastic decline in numbers. It effectively samples (although not necessarily randomly) a few individuals from a larger gene pool, resulting in a remnant population with less overall variation. Loss of variation has two components like reduction in variance of qualitative traits and loss of specific and usually rare alleles.
- Loss of traits leading to economic value decline takes place in uncontrolled hybridization between exotic and native species. Hybridization between Bighead (Aristichthysnobilis) & Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) showed beneficial properties in terms of growth, food conversion & disease resistance. But in further uncontrolled hybridization of these fishes in later generation, the offspring lost the acquired beneficial traits.
- It is mating of individuals related by common ancestry that share common genes due to descent than individuals randomly selected from the population. Fitness characters with low heritability are generally effected in consanguuious matings including severe body deformity, growth reduction, behavioral changes and reproductive failures.
- Hybridization between exotic and native species has not only brought in genetic contamination but even resulted in species extinction in some cases. Example Apache trout (Oncorhynchus apache) & Gila trout (O. gilae), two native species of Southwest USA, have faced extinction primarily due to hybridization with the introduced species, Cutthroat trout (O. clarkii) & O. mykiss.
- Competition of exotic fishes with the native species for living space with same niche preference, for food with fishes of similar types of feeding habits, or of omnivorous feeding habits ,or predation on native fishes by these, spreading parasites and pathogens, thereby are some common ecological concerns.
- Predation directly reduces population size of the prey species, and may cause cascading ecological effects, such as increased plant growth when herbivores are removed by top predators.
- food, habitat, mates, or other essential resources. Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) and especially the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossabicus, are considered to be a threat to native diversity in many areas where they have been introduced and most of the impacts have been reported for inland waters. O. mossambicus in the Philippines and Pacific islands competes for algae and other resources and has displaced preferred species of mullet, Mugil cephalus, brackishwater shrimp, Penaeus merguiensis, and milk fish, Chanos chanos in brackish water fish ponds.
- along with Abalone that the California aquaculture industry imported from South Africa came a sabellid worm parasite that caused no problems in South Africa but has had devastating effects of abalone under culture in California; the impact on other Californian mollusks is unknown. The spread of pathogens along with species transported or traded in aquaculture is a serious concern that is being dealt with by several international agencies such as FAO, WorldHealth Organization (WHO), World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Office of Epizootics (OIE). Of particular concern to exotic species is that the level of uncertainty will be higher with new introductions on what pathogens may be present and may cause problems in the new environment. For example, along with abalone that the California aquaculture industry imported from South Africa came a sabellid worm parasite that caused no problems in South Africa but has had devastating effects of abalone under culture in California; the impact on other Californian mollusks is unknown.
- Many species of freshwater animals greatly modify aquatic habitats when placed into a new area, e.g. beavers, crayfish, common carp, and grass carp. The Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, was probably introduced into the USA by Chinese immigrants as a food item (though possibly not for intentional farming) in 1938. The clam has since spread widely to inland and coastal areas of 38 states in the USA. The most significant affect is in biofouling of freshwater systems, but the clam can grow in such large numbers as to alter the flow and substrate in streams and lakes and can remove large amounts of phytoplankton from the water column.
- The economic impacts can be seen at two levels - 1. capture fisheries and 2. aquaculture. • Since the exotic fishes never fetch higher price than then ative varieties and also the decline of native fish production is observed in the presence of exotic species in natural waters , the total economic returns declined for the stakeholders of the capture fisheries. • In aquaculture however it provided immediate gain, in most cases without consideration of the long term ecological consequences. [;