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Understanding
Town and Parish
Council Needs for a
Sustainable
Cornwall
Interim Report
By
Gregory Borne
2009 Promoting Sustainable
Communities, Vol, 1(2)
ISSN: 2041- 6741
2
Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs
for a Sustainable Cornwall
Interim Report
By
Gregory Borne
3
Contents
Acknowledgements 7
Executive Summary 8
Introduction 10
Background to Research 11
Setting the context 12
Aims 15
Methodology 16
Preliminary Results 17
Section 1: Members of Town and Parish Councils and their Parish 17
Barrier to Becoming a Councillor 23
Section 1 Summary 26
Section 2: Education and Training 27
Types of Training and Education 28
Section 2 Summary 37
Section 3: Partnership 38
Broader Partnership 41
Section 3 Summary 43
Section 4: Community 44
Barriers to Service Provision 50
Section 4 Summary 55
Section 5: Sustainable Development 56
Sustainable Development Mechanisms 62
Drivers for Climate Change in Cornwall 66
Global and Local Connections 71
Section 5 Summary 72
Conclusion 74
Future Directions 75
References
4
Index of Figures
Figure 1: Creating Sustainable Communities 15
Figure 2: Gender 17
Figure 3: Age 18
Figure 4: Occupation 18
Figure 5: Education 19
Figure 6: Role in Parish 20
Figure 7: Motivation for Becoming a Councillor 20
Figure 8: Reside in Parish 21
Figure 9: Settlement Type 22
Figure 10: Continue as a Councillor 22
Figure 11: Financial Barrier 23
Figure 12: Perception Barrier 24
Figure 13: Time Barrier 24
Figure 14: Understanding Barrier 25
Figure 15: Work Barrier 25
Figure 16: Participate in Training 27
Figure 17: Special Skills 28
Figure 18: Types of Skills 29
Figure 19: Receive Particular Types of Training 30
Figure 20: Require Service Specific Training 31
Figure 21: Prepared to Fund own Training 31
Figure 22: Travel for Training 32
Figure 23: Distance to Training 33
Figure 24: Time Travelling 34
Figure 25: Method of Training and Education 35
Figure 26: Adequate Financial Support from Parish 35
Figure 27: Have a Parish Plan 36
5
Figure 28: Plan Improved Through Education 37
Figure 29: Linkages to County Council 38
Figure 30: County Council Considerate of Local Needs 39
Figure 31: Consider County Council Goals 39
Figure 32: County Council Support Parish Council 40
Figure 33: Work in Partnership 41
Figure 34: Partners 41
Figure 35: Feel Part of a Community 44
Figure 36: Part of More Than One Community 45
Figure 37: Community is Work 45
Figure 38: Community is Family and Friends 46
Figure 39: Community Based Around the Internet 47
Figure 40: Community is Nation Wide 47
Figure 41: Community is the Local Area 48
Figure 42: Support Community Organisations 49
Figure 43: Sustainable Communities 49
Figure 44: Priority Issues 50
Figure 45: Scattered Layout of Communities 51
Figure 46: Lack of Involvement 52
Figure 47: Ageing Population 53
Figure 48: Complex Needs 54
Figure 49: Sustainable Development 56
Figure 50: Three Pillars 57
Figure 51: Cornwall Pillars 57
Figure 52: Environment More Important Than Money 58
Figure 53: Preserve Natural Resources 59
Figure 54: Protect the Environment at all Costs 60
Figure 55: Sustainable Development is Jargon 61
Figure 56: Statements 62
6
Figure 57: Awareness of Sustainable Development Mechanisms 63
Figure 58: Involved with Sustainable Development Mechanisms 63
Figure 59: Aware of Sustainable Development Related Issues 64
Figure 60: Concerned About Carbon Footprint 65
Figure 61: Global Warming 65
Figure 62: Global Warming and Cornwall 66
Figure 63: Housing Stock 67
Figure 64: Affordable Housing 68
Figure 65: Flood Planes 68
Figure 66: Communities Not Self Sustaining 69
Figure 67: Car Ownership 70
Figure 68: Insufficient Appraisal of Greenhouse Gases 71
Figure 69: Global and Local Connections 72
7
Acknowledgements
The author of the interim report ‘Understanding Town and Parish Council
Needs for a Sustainable Cornwall’ would like to acknowledge the contribution
of the following people; the research team including Ian Sherriff, Helen May
and Ruth Watkins. Thanks also to Martin Eddy and Steven Ford of Cornwall
County Council for continued support. Sue Swift, chair of the Cornwall
Association of Local Councils has also been very supportive. Thanks to
Geoff Tate for initial introductions. The councillors and staff of the many
parish/town councils who took the time to participate in the research; without
their co-operation this work could not have taken place. Thanks also to
Janine O’Flaherty for proof reading this document. Thanks also to Victoria
Bennion for advice and help with document settings. Thanks to the South
West Lifelong Learning Network, particularly Nick Wiseman and Director,
Belinda Payne
This report has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is
understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no
quotation from the report and no information derived from it may be
published without the author’s prior consent in either hard copy or electronic
format. Further, the author does not support any assertions, speculations or
conclusions drawn from the data contained within this report. All reference to
this work should be laid out in the following manner.
Borne, G., (2009) Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a
Sustainable Cornwall, Interim Report, Promoting Sustainable Communities,
1(2):1-80
Contact: Gregory.borne@plymouth.ac.uk
Visit: www.sustainableparish.com
8
Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable
Cornwall
Executive Summary
This research aims to understand the education and training needs for town
and parish councils in the context of achieving sustainable communities and
the broader debates surrounding sustainable development. There is a
particular focus within the research on understanding these needs, not just
now but also in the future. As such, the following executive summary
outlines key points. Results are presented in this report in the context of
‘work in progress’, final results, conclusions and recommendations are
subject to the collection and analysis of all data. Subsequent in-depth
research is currently underway in order to gain a greater understanding of
the following findings.
Key Issues:
Based on the initial results there is an overwhelming feeling
among members of town and parish councils that additional
training and education is needed.
Findings indicate that the nature of this education and training is
diverse, but that members of town and parish councils feel that
there are special skill sets needed to operate effectively within
their parish.
Members of town and parish councils would be willing to travel
outside of their parish area in order to receive additional training
and education.
9
Key Issues (Cont)
There is an overwhelming feeling that there is a need to
encourage sustainable communities ‘but’ there is confusion over
the action that should be taken.
There is a general lack of awareness of the existing mechanisms
that could be employed in the local governance process that
could contribute towards the creation of sustainable communities.
Partnership is essential for the effective running of town and
parish councils and the development of sustainable communities.
Members of town and parish councils felt that the relationship
between the parishes and the county council was important and
should be strengthened.
Sustainable development was seen as an important concept but
was not clearly understood.
There is concern over the effect of global risks such as global
warming upon local communities, but there is need for further
and effective communication of these issues.
10
Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable
Cornwall
Introduction
This report will outline the main interim findings of recent research conducted
on behalf of the South West Lifelong Learning Network into the training and
educational needs for Cornwall town/parish councils in order to create
sustainable communities. At this stage only a brief analysis of the data is
offered. Upon conclusion of the data collection stage of this work a full
analysis with associated recommendations will be available. This report is
organised in the following manner.
Initially, a brief background to the research will be provided, this will be
followed by outlining the specific aims of the project. Next, the methodology
used in collecting the data will be briefly discussed followed by the main
findings of the survey. The findings are organised into five sections. Section
1 examines basic information on members of town and parish councils.
Section 2 presents results related specifically to training and education
needs of members of town and parish councils. Section 3 presents results
on partnership. Section 4 presents the results in the survey that are
associated with community. Section 5 focuses on sustainable development
and associated issues. Each section is concluded with a brief summary of
the overall findings of that section.
11
Background to the Research
The many processes associated with globalisation are fundamentally altering
governance structures across the globe (Beck 1999, 2006; Borne 2009a).
These processes are influencing all dimensions of life including
environmental, social and economic areas. The recent global economic
down turn has illustrated in a very visible way how all parts of the globe are
interconnected, with distant events having significant local consequences.
Effects are being felt in international organisations such as the United
Nations to national governments as well as more localised public sector
organisations, community groups and of course individuals and their families.
Numerous reports have identified the ramifications of these issues (Leitch
2006; Lyons 2004; Stern 2007), and the adjustment and redirection of policy
has attempted to accommodate the gravity as well as the uncertainty of
these processes by attempting to translate them into concrete political
imperatives. (CALG 2008; DCLG 2006; HEFCE 2005; HMGOV 2005; ODPM
2003). With this said, there is a deficit of research that is capable of
understanding how these processes are connecting the global and local
levels and in particular, how these processes are affecting localised
governance structures and the consequences this has for local communities.
This research addresses this short fall by focusing on local government with
a particular emphasis on the increasingly important role of the town and
parish council level of government. Three interrelated areas are considered.
Firstly, there is continued recognition that the changing context from within
local government and broader community groups need to operate directly
affect the types of skills, educational needs and general competencies that
are required to operate successfully and efficiently. Building on previous
work (Borne 2008, 2009a), this research examines the effect that the
aforementioned processes have on members of town and parish councils
across the county of Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Outcomes from the
work will enable a number of stakeholders to understand how local
government and local communities are responding to changing global
processes, and what skills and knowledge will be needed to respond
effectively and constructively to these challenges. Secondly, this is done
12
with a focus on community and thirdly, the work is situated in the broader
debates surrounding sustainable development. The following section will
elaborate on the context from which this research operates, with a particular
reference to sustainable development and the need to create sustainable
communities.
Setting the Context
The idea of sustainable communities has become an important topic at all
levels of government. It is a goal that has formed under the umbrella of the
broader concept of sustainable development. The World Commission on
Environment and Development in 1987, defined sustainable development as:
‘Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (WCED 1987:8). This
definition, to varying degrees has filtered through governance structures, to
the European Union, national governments and local and regional bodies.
The most salient example of the integration of sustainable development
principles into the governance frameworks at the national level, and as a
direct result of the Rio Conference and Agenda 21, are the emergence of
what have been termed national sustainable development strategies
(NSDS). These strategies have been defined as:
A coordinated set of participatory and continuously improving
processes of analysis, debate, capacity strengthening, planning
and investment, which integrates the economic-social and
environmental objectives of society, seeking trade offs where
this is not possible. (Dalal Clayton and Bass 2002:31)
The authors suggest that NSDS’s have moved away from a model that
focuses on central planning, to one that is capable of ‘creating enabling
conditions’ that should be based around improving and making strategic
connections between existing strategic planning frameworks. These
connections need to be made at all levels of government and on a cross
sector basis.
13
The British Government’s national sustainable development strategy
‘Securing the Future: Delivering the UK SD Programme’ (HMGOV 2005)
continues this rhetoric by emphasizing the importance of local communities
in enhancing sustainable development. Examples of this may be found in
the integration of sustainable development in Regional Spatial Strategies,
Development Plan Documents and the broad introduction of sustainability
appraisals. A notable expansion of this agenda has been the Sustainable
Communities Act, which received Royal Ascent in 2007 and is a conspicuous
demonstration of the increasing importance that is being placed on the local
level for achieving the principles of sustainable development through
community enhancement. Reflecting the definition of national sustainable
development strategies, the act ties together existing mechanisms such as
Local Area Agreements (LAA) with Comprehensive Area Assessments
(CAA) with the need for broader participatory processes (see SDC 2009).
The act creates a responsibility for Local Authorities to produce ‘Sustainable
Community Plans’ designed to set out a comprehensive vision for the
regional and local sustainable development. All of these processes
represent a significant attempt to coordinate existing mechanisms, as well as
developing new processes and connections in a bid to improve communities
and individual lives.
Cornwall County Council has internalised the aforementioned debates and
integrated the principles of sustainable development into its operational
framework. For Cornwall County Council, sustainable development is: ‘A
dynamic process which enables all people to realise their potential and
improve their quality of life in ways which simultaneously protect and
enhance the earth's life support systems.’ (CCC 2009). Building on this
definition Cornwall County Council makes the following commitment:
‘Cornwall County Council promotes sustainable development for the benefit
of one and all in the management and delivery of all its services through
integrated social, economic and environmental objectives; seeking to
achieve its vision of a strong and sustainable community for One and All.’
(CCC 2009). These commitments for the creation of sustainable
communities are laid out in the Sustainable Community Strategy (CCC 2008)
14
approved by the Cornwall Strategic Partnership and Cornwall County Council
in 2008. The Strategy outlines 3 principles for achieving a sustainable
Cornwall:
• Principle 1: Prevention and a focus on the individual
• Principle 2: Collaboration on a focus on Communities
• Principle 3: A focus on Cornwall for the Future
Importantly, the Sustainable Community Strategy outlines the broad based
consultation that has gone into the document, including the role of town and
parish councils in this process. Town and parish councils represent a
significant tier of local government not only in Cornwall but also nationally in
England. There are over 10000 parishes in England, of which 8700 have
councils, with approximately 70000 parish councillors (DCLG 2009). Initially,
and still predominantly a rural phenomenon, in the wake of the Local
Government Act of 1972 parishes are increasingly present in urban
environments. This has been exemplified by recent moves to suggest the
establishment of parish councils throughout London as a result of the Local
Government and Public Involvement in Health Act (2007).
The recognition of the importance of the parish council level of government in
the sustainable development agenda is pivotal as it is the closest tier of
government to the community. Parish and town councils are therefore in a
unique position to provide leadership and advice on promoting sustainable
communities. The county of Cornwall has approximately 209 parish councils.
With the abolition of district councils and the establishment of a unitary
authority in Cornwall, there is an increased emphasis on the role of the
parish council coordinated through 19 Community network Areas.
This research therefore aims to understand what members of town/parish
councils feel they need in order to create sustainable communities from a
local perspective. This is important for the broader promotion of sustainable
development because: ‘If the strategy does not reflect local values, it is
15
unlikely to be owned or implemented, even if the decisions appear logical,
interesting or scientifically sound’ (Dalal- Clayton and Bass 2002:262).
Aims
With the above discussion in mind, and whilst this project focuses on skills
and training amongst town and parish councils across Cornwall, it does so
on a contextualised basis that aims to come to terms with complexities of
global and local interactions inherent in the promotion of sustainable
communities. Three primary areas are accessed in order to achieve this
goal. These are outlined in figure 1.
Figure 1: Creating Sustainable Communities
Figure 1 is designed to illustrate the non linear and cyclical relationship that
exists between the three areas of the project. This includes
Sustainable
Communities
Sustainable
Development
Education and
training
Communities
16
training/education, communities and sustainable development. The ultimate
goal of this research is to provide the necessary base line information which
can contribute to the development of effective and responsive
training/education necessary to create sustainable communities. However,
the results from this work will also have benefits to governmental and
nongovernmental organisations at the international and national scales.
Results and recommendations from this project will assist policy makers in
developing policies that accurately reflect the needs of local communities.
Methodology
In order to achieve the above mentioned goals, the research is being
conducted using a sophisticated multi-methodological framework,
incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. An
initial search of the available literature covered areas of theory (Beck 2006;
Borne 2009a, 2009b), policy (Coulson 1999; Davies 2008; Pearce and
Ellwood 2002), practice and implementation (Borne 2009c; Charnock 2007;
Godfrey 2007; Fenwick and Bailey 2007; Jones and Newman 2006; Owen
2002; Newman 2005; Toke 2005; Yarwood 2002). Particular attention was
paid to current policy documents and the changing ways in which
town/parish councils are expected to operate. This report presents results
from the quantitative component of the research which took the form of a
survey.
The survey was dispatched to all of Cornwall’s town and parish councils
(where contact details were available). Basic data and contact information
was provided by the Cornwall Country Council via the One Cornwall Team
which formed the basis of the first mailing. The research is being conducted
in two phases. Phase One is based around the aforementioned quantitative
survey. Phase Two of the research will involve conducting in-depth
interviews with members of town and parish councils. The combination of
qualitative and quantitative methods will provide a substantial and robust
information source.
17
Preliminary Results
The following section will outline preliminary results from the survey
component of the research. Overall, 67 per cent of councils in Cornwall
participated in the survey. The findings are organised into five sections.
Section 1 examines basic information on members of town and parish
councils. Section 2 presents results related specifically to training and
education needs of members of town and parish councils. Section 3 presents
results on partnership. Section 4 presents the results in the survey that are
associated with community. Section 5 focuses on sustainable development
and associated issues. Each section is concluded with a brief summary of
the overall findings of that section.
Section 1: Members of Town and Parish Councils and their Parish
Figure 2: Gender
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they were
male or female. Figure 2 shows that 63 per cent of respondents were male
and 35 per cent of respondents were female.
63
35
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Male Female
Per
Cent
Gender
18
Figure 3: Age
Respondents were asked to indicate their approximate age. Figure 3 shows
that 0 per cent of respondents were between 18-25; 1 per cent of
respondents were between 26-32; 4 per cent of respondents were between
33-40; 12 per cent of respondents were between 41-48; 19 per cent of
respondents were between 49-56; 31 per cent of respondents were between
57-64; 19 per cent of respondents were between 65-72 and 11 per cent of
respondents were 72+.
Figure 4: Occupation
0 1
4
12
19
31
19
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
18-25 26-32 33-40 41-48 49-56 57-64 65-72 72+
Per
Cent
Years
Age
9
31
4
0
41
3
8
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Per
Cent
Occupation
19
Members of town and parish councils were asked to identify their occupation.
Figure 4 shows that 9 per cent said they were tradesmen; 31 per cent
indicated that they were professionals; 4 per cent said that they were manual
workers; no respondents were students; 41 per cent said that they were
retired; 3 per cent indicated that they were housewives or househusbands;
None of the respondents were unemployed.
Figure 5: Education
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate their level of
education. 18 per cent said that they held ‘O’ levels or General Certificates of
Secondary Education; 13 per cent indicated that they held A Levels or
General National Vocational Qualifications; 17.5 per cent indicated that they
had a Degree; 13 per cent said that they had Post Graduate qualifications;
13 per cent indicated that they had non conventional qualifications and 19
per cent said that their qualifications were other.
18
13
17.5
13 13
19
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Per
Cent
Education
20
Figure 6: Role in Parish
Figure 6 illustrates that predominantly 74 per cent of respondents indicated
that they were councillors within local town and parish councils; 11 per cent
indicated that they were clerks; 3 per cent indicated that they were the
employees of their town and parish council; 1 per cent indicated that they
were other.
Figure 7: Motivation for Becoming a Councillor
9 11
74
3 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Chair Clerk Councillor Employee Other
Per
Cent
Role in Parish
Role in Parish
89
1 5 4 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Improve
Community
Interest in
Local
Employment
Paid Local
Employment
Other Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Motivation
21
Respondents were asked to indicate what motivated them to become
town/parish councillors. As is evident from Figure 7, 89 per cent indicated
that they became parish councillors in order to improve the wellbeing of their
community; 1 per cent indicated that they were interested in local
employment; 5 per cent indicated that they were interested in obtaining paid
local employment; 4 per cent said there were other reasons.
Figure 8: Reside in Parish
Respondents were asked to indicate if they actually lived within their parish
boundaries. Figure 8 shows that the vast majority, at 90 per cent indicated
that they did live within the boundaries of their parish with only 10 per cent
indicating that they lived outside of their parish boundaries.
90
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No
Per
Cent
Reside in Parish
Reside in Parish
22
Figure 9: Settlement Type
Respondents were asked if they felt their town/parish was urban, rural or
mixed. As illustrated in Figure 9, the vast majority of town/parish council
members felt their parish/town was rural, at a response rate of 84 per cent.
Only 6 per cent felt that their parish was urban; 12 per cent indicated that
their parish was mixed and 0 per cent said that their parish was other.
Figure 10: Continue as Councillor
Respondents were asked if they felt that they would continue to be a
councillor/clerk in the future. Overwhelmingly, 74 per cent indicated that they
would continue to operate as councillor in the future; 3 per cent said that
6
81
12
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Urban Rural Mixed Other
Per
Cent
Settlement Type
74
3
22
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No Don't Know
Per
Cent
Continue as Councillor
23
they would not operate as a councillor in the future and 22 per cent specified
that they did not know if they would operate as a member of the parish
council in the future.
Barriers to Becoming a councillor:
Members of parish councils were provided with a number of possible barriers
to becoming a parish councillor.
Figure 11: Financial Barrier
Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt that there was a
financial barrier to becoming a parish councillor. As shown in Figure 11,
overwhelmingly, 92 per cent indicated that there was no financial barrier to
becoming a parish councillor; 8 per cent said that there was a financial
barrier to becoming a parish councillor.
8
92
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No
Per
Cent
Financial Barrier
24
Figure 12: Perception Barrier
Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that perception was a barrier
to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 12 shows that 45 per cent indicated
that it was a barrier to becoming a councillor. 55 per cent said that it was not
a barrier to becoming a member of a parish council.
Figure 13: Time Barrier
Members of parish councils were asked if they felt that there was a time
barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 13 shows that 55 per cent
45
55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No
Per
Cent
Perception Barrier
55
45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No
Per
Cent
Time Barrier
25
said that time was a barrier to becoming a parish councillor and 45 per cent
said time was not a barrier to becoming a parish councillor.
Figure 14: Understanding Barrier
Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that understanding of what
the role entailed would be a barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Figure
14 shows that the majority of respondents, at 64 per cent, indicated that
understanding was not a barrier to becoming a parish councillor; 36 per cent
said that understanding was a barrier to becoming a parish councillor.
Figure 15: Work Barrier
36
64
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yes No
Per
Cent
Understanding Barrier
57
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No
Per
Cent
Work Barrier
26
Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that work commitments were
a barrier to becoming a member of a parish council. Figure 15 shows that 57
per cent indicated that work was a barrier to becoming a parish councillor;
43 per cent indicated that work was not a barrier to becoming a parish
councillor.
Section 1 Summary
In summary, the majority of respondents indicated that they were
male between the ages of 49 and 64. Respondents indicated
that they were either professionals or retired with a broad
distribution of educational attainment. The majority of
respondents indicated that they functioned as councillors on their
town and parish council who joined their council to improve their
communities. Most of the participants in the survey live in their
parish area and will continue to be members of their town/parish
council in the future. The majority of respondents indicated that
their parish was rural as opposed to urban. Most respondents
indicated that there was a significant financial barrier to becoming
a parish councillor.
27
Section 2: Education and Training
The following section focuses on the main areas in the survey relating to
education and training needs of town/parish councils. Questions ranged
from whether respondents would be willing to participate in training and
education through to how participants felt that they would like to receive
education/training.
Figure 16: Participate in Training
Members of town and parish councils were asked to say if they felt that they
would be willing to participate in training. Figure 16 shows that 66 per cent
indicated that they would participate in training; 5 per cent said that they
would not participate in training and 6 per cent said that they did not know if
they would participate in training.
66
5 6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Participate in Training
28
Figure 17: Special Skills
Respondents were asked if they felt that special skills were needed to
operate as a parish councillor. Figure 17 shows that 43 per cent indicated
that special training was necessary; 40 per cent indicated that it was not
necessary and 13 per cent said that they did not know if special training was
necessary.
Types of Training and Education
Members of town and parish councils were presented with a number of areas
of training and education that may be considered of importance in their role
within the town or parish.
43
40
13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Special Skills
29
Figure 18: Types of Skills
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate what types of
skills they felt were essential to operate as a member of a town or parish
council. Figure 18 shows that on aggregate 18 per cent indicated that
management was an essential skill to operate as a member of a town and
parish council; 20 per cent said that interpersonal skills were essential to
operate as a member of a town/parish council. By the largest majority, 58 per
cent indicated that planning was an essential skill to operate as a member of
a town and parish council; 17.5 per cent indicated that leadership was an
essential skill for a member of a town/parish council; 30 per cent said that
communication was an essential skill for being a member of a town/parish
council; 23 per cent said that project management was an essential skill for
members of town and parish councils; 26 per cent said that financial skills
were essential for being a member of a town and parish council; 43 per cent
indicated that legislation was an essential skill for a member of a town/parish
council.
18 20
58
17.5
30
23 26
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Per
Cent
Types of Skills
30
Figure 19: Receive Particular Types of Training
Respondents were presented with a number of areas of training and
education that could be presented in a modular form. The members of the
town and parish councils were asked to indicate which of these they felt
would most benefit them and their communities. Figure 19 shows that 24 per
cent specified that they would like to receive a module in health and safety;
37 per cent indicated that they would like to receive a module in legal issues;
36 per cent indicated that they would like to receive training and education in
the area of local government; 19 per cent specified that they would like to
receive training and education in asset management; 11 per cent said that
they would like to receive a module in equality and diversity; 24 per cent said
that they would like to receive a module on issues concerning the localism
agenda; 15.5 per cent stated that they would like to receive a module in the
use of computers; 16 per cent indicated that they would like a module in
managing complaints and 19 per cent indicated that they would like to
receive a module in codes of conduct.
24
37 36
19
11
24
15.5 16
19
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Per
Cent
Recieve Modular Training/Education
31
Figure 20: Require Service Specific Training
Respondents were asked if they would like to receive training in service
specific areas. Figure 20 shows that 43 per cent indicated that they would
like to receive training in the service area of developmental control; 13 per
cent indicated that they would like to receive training in the service areas of
commissioning and 42 per cent indicated that they would like to receive
training in environmental services.
Figure 21: Prepared to Fund Own Training
43
13
42
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Developmental Control Commissioning Environmental Services
Per
Cent
Service Specific Training
14
64
14.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Fund Own Training
32
Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt they would be
prepared to fund their own training and education. Figure 21 shows that 14
per cent indicated that they would be prepared to fund their own training.
However, the majority, at 64 per cent said that they said that they would not
be prepared to fund their own education or training; 14.5 per cent indicated
that they did not know whether they would be prepared to fund their own
training and education.
Figure 22: Travel for Training
Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that they would
be prepared to travel for training. Figure 22 shows that 50 per cent indicated
that they would be prepared to travel for training; 16 per cent indicated that
they would not travel for training and 4.5 per cent did not know if they would
travel for training.
50
16
4.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Travel for Training
33
Figure 23: Distance to Training
Respondents were asked how far they would be willing to travel in order to
receive training and education. Figure 23 shows that 4 per cent indicated that
they would be prepared to travel between one and five miles; 9 per cent
indicated that they would be willing to travel between six to ten miles; 11 per
cent said that they would be willing to travel between eleven and fifteen
miles; 14 per cent said that they would be willing to travel between sixteen
and twenty miles and 23 per cent said that they would be willing to travel
more than twenty miles to receive education and training.
4
9
11
14
23
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 20+
Distance to Training
34
Figure 24: Time Travelling
Due to the geographically dispersed nature of Cornwall, distance travelled
does not necessarily correlate to time spent travelling. Respondents were
therefore asked to indicate how much time they would be prepared to spend
travelling to receive education and training. Figure 24 shows that 14 per
cent indicated that they would be willing to travel for up to thirty minutes to
receive education and training; 25 per cent indicated that they would be
willing to travel between thirty and sixty minutes to receive education and
training; 12 per cent said that they would be willing to travel between sixty
and ninety minutes to receive education and training and 13 per cent said
that they would be prepared to travel more than 120 minutes.
14
25
12 13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 to 30 30 to 60 60 to 90 120+
Per
Cent
Time Travelling
35
Figure 25: Method of Training and Education
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate what they felt
would be the most appropriate method of training for them. Figure 25 shows
that the majority at 55.5 per cent indicated that they would like to receive
training through short courses; 43 per cent indicated that they would like to
receive their training in group sessions; 25 per cent said that they would like
to receive training and education through the medium of the internet and 6.5
per cent indicated that they would like to receive their education and training
in ‘one to one’ sessions.
Figure 26: Adequate Financial Support from Parish
55.5
25
6.5
43
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Short Courses Internet One to One Group
Per
Cent
Method of Training/Education
41
24 25
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Yes No Don't Know
Per
Cent
Adequate Support From Parish
36
Members of town and parish councils were asked to specify whether they
had adequate financial support from their parish council. Figure 26 shows
that 41 per cent said that they were getting support from their parish council;
24 per cent felt that they were not getting adequate support from their
council; and 25 per cent indicated that they did not know if they were getting
adequate support from their parish council.
Figure 27: Have a Parish Plan
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if their parish
had a parish plan. Figure 27 shows that 69 per cent said that they did have
a parish plan; 24 per cent said that they did not have a parish plan and 4 per
cent indicated that they did not know if they had a parish plan.
69
24
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Have a Parish Plan
37
Figure 28: Plan Improved Through Training and Education
Respondents were asked if they felt that their parish plan could be improved
through education. Figure 28 shows that 32 per cent indicated that it could
be improved; 25 per cent said that it could not be improved and 14 per cent
said that they did not know.
32
25
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Plan Improved Through Education
Section 2 Summary
In summary, section 2 has presented results that have focused
on the issue of education and training for members of town and
parish councils. There is a strong indication from respondents
that education and training is required and that there is a
willingness to participate in education and training if provided.
The majority of respondents felt that they would like training and
education to be provided through short courses and that they
would be willing to travel to receive training and education. The
majority of the members of town and parish councils indicated
that they would not be willing to fund their own training or
education. The types of training that respondents felt were
important were diverse, with an indication that planning was an
important area for increased education and training.
38
Section 3: Partnership
The following section explores the elements of the survey that relate to
partnership. Partnerships considered include partnerships between the
county council and town and parish councils as well as a broader
organisations.
Figure 29: Linkages to County Council
Respondents were asked if there should be a linkage to their county council.
Figure 29 shows that 16 per cent indicated that there should be a link to the
County Council; 7 per cent indicated that there should not be a linkage
between the parish and the principal authority. More significant than the
indicated results however, is the outcome that 72 per cent of respondents
chose not to respond to the initial question.
16
7
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Yes No Don’t Know
Link to County Council
39
Figure 30: County Council Considerate of Local Needs
Members of town and parish councils were asked whether they felt that the
county council authority was considerate of local needs. Figure 30 shows
that 52 per cent indicated that they did not feel that their principal authority
was considerate of local needs; 8 per cent indicated that the principal
authority did respond to local needs; 14 per cent indicated that they did not
know.
Figure 31: Consider County Council Goals
8
52
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
County Council Considerate of Local
Needs
31
14
34
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Consider County Councils Goals
40
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they,
as a parish council, considered the goals of the principal authority. Figure 31
shows that 31 per cent said that they did consider the goals of the principal
authority; 14 per cent said that they did not consider the goals of the principal
authority and 34 per cent did not know.
Figure 32: County Council Support Parish Council
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they felt that
their county council was supportive of their parish councils. Figure 32 shows
that the majority of respondents, at 54 per cent, indicated that the county
council did not support their role as a parish councillor; 14 per cent indicated
that they did not know.
21
54
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
County Council Support Parish
Councillor
41
Broader Partnership
Figure 33: Work in partnership
Respondents were asked if they felt that it was important to work in
partnership. Figure 33 shows that, overwhelmingly, at 96 per cent,
respondents indicated that working in partnership was important. Only 0.5
per cent said that working in partnership was not important and 1 per cent
said that they did not know if working in partnership was important.
Figure 34: Partners
96
0.5 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Work in Partnership
29
77 79
38
54 50
5
2
43
34
12
27
11 9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Per
Cent
Organisation
Partners
Potential Partnership
Actual Partnership
42
Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt that it was important to
work in partnership with a number of other organisations. Members of town
and parish councils were also asked to indicate whether they felt that they
were actually in partnership with the organisations presented. Firstly,
respondents were asked to indicate whether partnership was important with
national government. Figure 34 shows that 29 per cent of respondents felt
that it was important to be in partnership with national government. Only 2
per cent felt that they were actually in partnership with national government.
Secondly, respondents were asked to indicate whether partnership was
important with their county council. The large majority, at 77 per cent,
indicated that yes working in partnership with their county council was
important. However, when asked to indicate whether they felt that they were
actually in partnership with their county council, only 43 per cent indicated
that this was actually in place. Thirdly, participants in the survey were asked
to indicate whether it was important to work in partnership with other
parishes; 79 per cent indicated that they thought it was important to work in
partnership with other parishes; 34 per cent said that they were actually in
partnership with other parishes. Fourthly, respondents were asked to
indicate whether they thought it was important to work in partnership with the
private sector; 38 per cent indicated that it was important to work in
partnership with the private sector and 12 per cent indicated that they were
actually in partnership with the private sector. Fifthly, participants were asked
to indicate if they felt that was important to be in partnership with the
voluntary sector; 54 per cent said that it was important to work in partnership
with the voluntary sector and 27 per cent indicated that they were actually in
partnership with the voluntary sector. Finally, respondents were asked to
indicate whether they felt it was important to work in partnership with a
unitary authority; 50 per cent of the respondents indicated that it was
important to work in partnership with a unitary authority and only 11 per cent
felt that they were actually in partnership with a unitary authority.
43
Section 3 Summary
In summary, respondents felt that working in partnership was an
important part of being a member of a town and parish council.
Partnership between the parish councils and the county council
was seen as important but it was felt that the county council
could do more to support the parishes. Respondents felt that
there was a significant potential to work with other parishes. The
following section will present results on the element of the survey
that dealt with community and associated issues.
44
SECTION 4: COMMUNITY
This section presents results from the part of the survey that examines
sustainable communities. Community is an emotive issue. Policy aimed at
achieving sustainable development and more specifically, sustainable
communities, is becoming increasingly sophisticated at incorporating the
complexities of the issues involved. With this said, however, there is still a
significant lack of understanding of the way that community is perceived and
understood. In the 21st
Century, the nature of community has changed
significantly with advancements in technology, particularly transportation and
the increasing speed of global communications. The following section
outlines results from the survey that accesses members of town/parish
councils understanding of community.
Figure 35: Feel Part of a Community
Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt part of a community. Figure
35 shows that the majority of respondents, at 95 per cent, indicated that they
were part of a community; 2 per cent said that they were not part of a
community and 1 per cent indicated that they did not know if they were part
of a community.
95
2 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Feel Part of a Community
45
Figure 36: Part of more than one Community
Figure 36 clearly demonstrates that the majority of respondents consider
themselves to be part of more than one community. A total of 65 per cent
consider themselves to be part of more than one community; 25 per cent
indicated that they were not part of more than one community and 4 per cent
said that they did not know if they were part of more than one community.
Figure 37: Community is Work
65
25
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Part of More Than One Community
39
58
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Community is Work
46
Respondents were asked if they felt that their community was focused
around work. Figure 37 shows that the majority of the members of parish
councils indicated that their community was not based around work; 39 per
cent said that their community was based around work and 3 per cent said
they did not know.
Figure 38: Community is Family and Friends
Respondents were asked if they felt that their communities were based
around their family and friends. Figure 38 shows that 63 per cent said that
their community was based around their family and friends; 34 per cent said
their community was not based around their family and friends and 2 per
cent said they did not know if their community was based around family and
friends.
63
34
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Community is Family and Friends
47
Figure 39: Community Based Around the Internet
In light of the increasing importance of global communications and the well
documented and continuing debates over the consequences this has for the
community structure and cohesion, respondents were asked if they felt that
their communities were based around the internet. Figure 39 shows that the
vast majority of respondents at 90 per cent specified that their community
was not based around the internet; 8 per cent indicated that it was based
around the internet and 3 per cent said that they did not know if their
community was based around the internet.
Figure 40: Community is Nationwide
8
90
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Community Internet
8
90
2.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Community is Nationwide
48
Respondents were asked to specify whether they felt that their community
was nationwide. Figure 40 shows that overwhelmingly, 90 per cent said that
their community was not nationwide; 8 per cent said that their community
was nationwide and 2.5 per cent did not know if their community was
nationwide.
Figure 41: Community is the Local Area
Respondents were asked to specify whether their community was based
around the local area. Figure 41 shows that 89 per cent said that their
community was based around the local area; 8 per cent said that the
community was not based around the local area.
89
8
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Pent
Community is the Local Area
49
Figure 42: Support Community Organisations
Respondents were asked if they felt that they supported community
organisations. Figure 42 shows that overwhelmingly, 85 per cent indicated
that they did support community organisations; 3 per cent indicated that they
did not support community organisations and 5.5 per cent said they did not
know if they supported community organisations.
Figure 43: Sustainable Communities
85
3 5.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Yes No Don't Know
Per
Cent
Support Community Organisations
64
71 71
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
Economic Social Environment
Per
Cent
Sustainable Communities
50
Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt sustainable
communities referred to one of the three pillars of sustainable development.
Figure 43 shows that 71 per cent indicated that sustainable communities
were social; 71 per cent indicated that sustainable communities were
environmental; 64 per cent said that sustainable communities were
economic.
Figure 44: Priority Issues
Members of town and parish councils in Cornwall were asked to indicate
what overarching issues they felt were most important. Figure 44 shows that
the majority of respondents, at 33 per cent, indicated that health was most
important; 21.5 percent said that the environment was most important; 18 per
cent said that crime was most important; 11 per cent said that social welfare
was important and only 10 per cent believed education to be important.
Barriers to Service Provision
Members of town and parish councils were presented with a number of
issues identified by Cornwall County Council as possible barriers for the
adequate provision of services. Respondents were asked to indicate on a
18
33
21.5
10 11
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Crime Health Environment Education Social Welfare
Per
Cent
Priority Issues
51
scale of 1 to 5 whether the barrier outlined was very significant, 1, or
alternatively, not at all significant, 5.
Figure 45: Scattered Layout of Communities
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they
felt that the scattered layout of Cornwall’s communities was a significant
barrier to effective service delivery. Figure 45 shows that 35 per cent stated
that scattered communities was a very significant barrier to service delivery;
28 per cent indicated that scattered communities was a significant barrier to
service delivery; 21 per cent indicated that scattered communities was a
moderately significant barrier to service delivery; 7 per cent stated that the
scattered nature of Cornwall’s communities was of little significance; 5 per
cent said that the scattered nature of Cornwall’s communities was of not
significance to the adequate provision of services.
35
28
21
7
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Scattered Layout of Communities
52
Figure 46: Lack of Involvement
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what degree
they felt that a lack of involvement of community and individuals in the
planning, development and delivery of services provides a barrier to
adequate service provision in Cornwall. Figure 46 shows that 28 per cent
indicated that a lack of involvement was very significant; 34 per cent said that
a lack of involvement was significant; 25 per cent indicated that a lack of
involvement was moderately significant; 7 per cent stated that a lack of
involvement was of little significance and 2 per cent said that a lack of
involvement was not of significance at all.
28
34
25
7
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Lack of Involvement
53
Figure 47: Ageing Population
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate how significant
an ageing population of Cornwall is to the adequate provision of services.
Figure 47 shows that 20 per cent indicated that an ageing population was
very significant to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall; 27 per cent
said that an ageing population was significant to the adequate provision of
services in Cornwall; 27 per cent said that an ageing population was a
moderately significant barrier to the adequate provision of services in
Cornwall; 14 per cent indicated that an ageing population is of little
significance to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall and 8 per cent
stated that an ageing population was of no significance at all to the adequate
provision of services in Cornwall.
20
27 27
14
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Ageing Population
54
Figure 48: Complex Needs
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate how significant
the complex needs of Cornwall’s communities are as a barrier to the
adequate provision of services. Figure 48 shows that 19 per cent indicated
that complex needs was a very significant barrier to the adequate provision
of services; 31 per cent stated that complex needs was a significant barrier
to the adequate provision of services; 31 per cent indicated that complex
needs was of moderate significance as a barrier to the adequate provision of
services; 9 per cent indicated that complex needs was of little significance to
the adequate provision of services; 3 per cent said that complex needs was
not at all significant as a barrier to the adequate provision of services in
Cornwall.
19
31 31
9
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Complex Needs
55
Section 4 Summary
In summary, Section 4 has outlined the results from the survey
that have explored the nature of community in Cornwall. It is
clear that members of town and parish councils have a strong
concern for their communities. The survey results also indicate
that whilst respondents feel that their community is their local
area, they also feel that they are part of numerous communities.
These results are relevant to both education and service
provision.
56
Section 5: Sustainable Development
This section will outline the results of the survey that relate to the sustainable
development. This includes questions specifically on sustainable
development as well as questions that relate to broader issues such as
global warming.
Figure 49: Sustainable Development
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they had
heard of sustainable development. Figure 49 shows that the vast majority, at
90 per cent said that they had heard of sustainable development; 5 per cent
said that they had not heard of sustainable development; 2 per cent said that
they did not know if they had heard of sustainable development.
90
5 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Sustainable Development
57
Figure 50: Three Pillars
Respondents were asked to indicate which of the three pillars of economy,
society and environment they thought sustainable development referred too.
Figure 50 shows that on aggregate 64 per cent said that sustainable
development was the economy; 47 per cent said that sustainable
development was society. The majority of respondents at 80 per cent
indicated sustainable development referred to the environment.
Figure 51: Cornwall Pillars
Members of town and parish councils were also asked if they would indicate
which of the three pillars of sustainable development were important in
64
47
80
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Economy Society Environment
Per
Cent
Three Pillars
77.5
71
47
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Economy Environment Society
Per
Cent
Cornwall Pillars
58
Cornwall. Figure 51 shows that 77.5 per cent indicated that the economy
was most important to Cornwall; 71 per cent said that the environment was
most important to Cornwall; 47 per cent of respondents indicated that
society was important to Cornwall.
Figure 52: Environment More Important Than Money
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they felt that
sustainable development meant that the environment was more important
than money. Figure 52 shows that 15 per cent strongly agreed with this
statement; 22 per cent agreed that sustainable development meant that the
environment was more important than money; 25 per cent indicated that
they were neutral; 11 per cent disagreed that sustainable development
meant that the environment was more important than money; 9 per cent
indicated that they strongly disagreed that sustainable development meant
that that the environment was more important than money.
15
22
25
11
9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Per
Cent
Environment More Important Than
Money
59
Figure 53: Preserve Natural Resources
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what extent
they agreed with the statement that sustainable development is about
preserving natural resources. Figure 53 shows that 49 per cent said that they
strongly agreed with this statement; 22 per cent agreed that sustainable
development was a way of preserving natural resources; 12 per cent
maintained a neutral position; 2 per cent disagreed that sustainable
development was a way to preserve natural resources; 2 per cent strongly
disagreed that sustainable development was a way of preserving natural
resources.
49
22
12
2 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Per
Cent
Preserve Natural Resources
60
Figure 54: Protect the Environment at all Costs
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what extent
they agreed with the statement that sustainable development was a term that
meant the protection of the environment at all costs. Figure 54 shows that
12 per cent of respondents strongly agreed with this statement; 13 per cent
indicated that they agreed that sustainable development meant the
protection of the environment at all costs; 26 per cent indicated a neutral
position on this statement; 16 per cent disagreed that sustainable
development meant the protection of the environment at all costs; 17 per
cent strongly disagreed that sustainable development meant the protection of
the environment at all costs.
12 13
26
16 17
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Per
Cent
Protect Environment at all Costs
61
Figure 55: Sustainable Development is Jargon
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what extent
they agreed with the statement sustainable development was jargon to make
governments sound greener. Figure 55 shows that 28 per cent strongly
agreed with this statement; 15.5 per cent agree that sustainable
development is jargon designed to make governments sound greener; 15 per
cent indicated a neutral position concerning this statement; 9.5 per cent
disagreed that sustainable development was jargon to make governments
sound greener; 15.5 per cent strongly disagreed that sustainable
development is jargon to make governments sound greener.
28
15.5 15
9.5
15.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Per
Cent
Jargon
62
Figure 56: Statements
Figure 56 represents an aggregate of responses that indicated that they
strongly agreed or agreed with the aforementioned statements. The majority
of respondents at, 71 per cent, indicated that they strongly agreed or agreed
that sustainable development was a term that meant preserving natural
resources; 43.5 per cent indicated that they either agreed or strongly agreed
that sustainable development was jargon; 37 per cent said that sustainable
development meant that the environment was more important than money;
25 per cent indicated that sustainable development meant that the
environment should be protected at all costs.
Sustainable Development Mechanisms
Following an investigation into the perceptions of sustainable development
respondents were asked to indicate if they were aware of any of the
mechanisms that existed within the local government arena that can be said
to promote sustainable communities and sustainable development.
37
71
25
43.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
A B C D
Per
Cent
Statements
Sustainable Development
Statements
KEY
A. Environment
more important
than money
B. Preserve
Natural resources
C. Protect
environment at all
costs
D. Jargon
63
Figure 57: Awareness of Sustainable Development Mechanisms
Respondents were asked to indicate if they were aware of a number of
mechanisms used to promote sustainable communities and sustainable
development more broadly. Figure 57 shows that 34 per cent said that they
had heard of Local Area Agreements; 10 per cent said that they had heard of
Comprehensive Area Assessments; 52 per cent said that they were aware of
the Sustainable Community Strategy; 61 per cent indicated that they were
aware of the Quality Parish scheme.
Figure 58: Involved with Sustainable Development Mechanisms
34
10
52
61
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
LAA's CAA Sustainable
Community
Strategy
Quality Parish
Per
Cent
Mechanisms
Awareness
14
2
11
22
0
5
10
15
20
25
LAA's CAA Sustainable
Community
Strategy
Quality Parish
Per
Cent
Mechanisms
Involved
64
Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that they were
involved in the identified sustainable development mechanisms. Figure 58
shows that 14 per cent said that they were involved with Local Area
Agreements; 2 per cent said that they were involved with Comprehensive
Area Assessments; 11 per cent said that they were involved with the
Sustainable Community Strategy; and 22 per cent said that they were
involved with the Quality Parish Scheme.
Figure 59: Aware Sustainable Development Related Issues
Members of town and parish councils were presented with a list issues that
related to sustainable development and asked to indicate if they were aware
of a particular issue. Figure 59 shows that on aggregate 98 per cent said
that they had heard of climate change; 87 per cent said that they had heard
of the ozone layer; 35 per cent had heard of Agenda 21; 84.5 per cent said
that they had heard of biodiversity; 98 per cent said that they had heard of
global warming; 95.5 per cent said that they had heard of carbon footprint.
98
87
35.5
84.5
98 95.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Climate
Change
Ozone
Layer
Agenda 21 Biodiversity Global
Warming
Carbon
Footprint
Per
Cent
Aware of Sustainable Development
Related Issues
65
Figure 60: Concerned About Carbon Footprint
Respondents were asked if they felt concerned about their carbon footprint.
Figure 60 shows that 51 per cent said they were concerned; 36 per cent
indicated that they were not concerned and 9 per cent did not know if they
were concerned about their parish’s carbon footprint.
Figure 61: Global Warming
Respondents were presented with five statements concerning global
warming and asked to indicate to what degree they agreed or disagreed with
51
36
9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Concerned About Carbon Footprint
4
8
80
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Not Happening All Natural Causes Made Worse By
Humans
All Humanity's
Fault
Per
Cent
Global Warming
66
these statements. Figure 61 shows that 4 per cent agreed that global
warming was not really happening; 8 per cent agreed that global warming
was a natural occurrence; overwhelmingly, 80 per cent agreed that global
warming was made worse by humans; 6 per cent agreed that global
warming was all of humanity’s fault.
Figure 62: Global Warming and Cornwall
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they
felt that global warming was an important issue for Cornwall. Figure 62
shows that the majority of respondents, at 68 per cent, said that global
warming was an important issue for Cornwall; 21.5 per cent indicated that
global warming was not an important issue for Cornwall and 7 per cent said
that they did not know if global warming was an important issue for Cornwall.
Drivers for Climate Change in Cornwall
Members of town and parish councils were presented with a number of
factors identified by Cornwall County Council as drivers for climate change
in Cornwall. Respondents were asked to indicate to what level they agreed
that these factors were drivers for climate change in Cornwall.
68
21.5
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Yes No Don’t Know
Per
Cent
Global Warming and Cornwall
67
Figure 63: Housing Stock
Respondents were asked whether they felt that housing stock with a poor
environmental performance was a driver for climate change in Cornwall.
Figure 63 shows that 19 per cent indicated that a poor housing stock was a
very significant driver for change; 21 per cent indicated that a poor housing
stock was a significant driver for climate change; 20 per cent indicated that a
poor housing stock was moderately significant as a driver for climate change
in Cornwall; 7 per cent said that poor housing stock was of little significance
as a driver for climate change in Cornwall; 3 per cent said that housing stock
was not at all significant as a driver for climate change in Cornwall.
19
21 20
7
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Housing Stock
68
Figure 64: Affordable Housing
Respondents were asked if an absence of affordable housing, which was
driving pressure for house building, was a significant driver for climate
change in Cornwall. Figure 64 shows that 23 per cent said that an absence
of affordable housing was a very significant driver for climate change in
Cornwall. 16 per cent said that an absence of affordable housing was a
significant driver for climate change in Cornwall; 15.5 said it was of moderate
significance; 11 per cent said indicated little significance and 5 per cent
indicated no significance at all.
Figure 65: Flood Planes
23
16 15.5
11
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
SIgnificance
Affordable Housing
26
12
13.5
10 9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Flood Planes
69
Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that building structures
located on flood planes was a driver for climate change. Figure 65 shows
that 26 per cent said that building structures located on flood planes was a
very signifiant driver for climate change; 12 per cent said it was a significant
driver for climate change; 13.5 per cent said that it was a moderatley
significant driver for climate change; 10 per cent stated that it was of little
significance as a driver for climate change; 9 per cent said that it was of no
significance at all as a driver for climate change.
Figure 66: Communities Not Self Sustaining
Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they
felt that the dispersed settlements of Cornwall no longer support self
sustaining communities and lead to increased travel. Figure 66 shows that
31 per cent indicated that non sustainable communities was a very
significant driver to climate change; 21 per cent said that non sustaining
communities was a significant driver for climate change; 12.5 per cent
said that non sustaining communities was moderately significant as a driver
to climate change; 4 per cent said that non sustaining communities was of
little significance as a driver to climate change; 2 per cent said that non
sustaining communities was of no significance as a driver to climate change.
29
20
12
5
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Communities Not Self Sustaining
70
Figure 67: Car Ownership
Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that ambitions
towards car ownership was a significant driver to climate change. Figure 67
shows that 29 per cent said that it was a very significant driver to climate
change; 20 per cent said that it was a significant driver to climate change; 12
per cent said that it was moderately significant as a driver to climate change;
5 per cent indicated that it was of little significance as a driver to climate
change; 3 per cent said that it was of no significance as a driver to climate
change.
29
20
12
5
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Car Ownership
71
Figure 68: Insufficient Appraisal of Greenhouse Gases
Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that an
insufficient appraisal and analysis of greenhouse gas emissions was a
significant driver for climate change. Figure 68 shows that 20 per cent said
the insufficient appraisal of greenhouse gases was a very significant driver
for climate change; 18.5 per cent indicated that it was a significant driver to
climate change; 22 per cent stated that it was of moderate significance as a
driver to climate change; 7 per cent said that the insufficient appraisal of
greenhouse gases was of little significance as a driver for climate change
and 2 per cent said that the insufficient appraisal and analysis of greenhouse
gases was of no significance at all as a driver for climate change.
Global and Local Connection
Research indicates that an individual’s willingness to act in a sustainable
manner depends to a large degree on the importance associated with certain
risks in contemporary society (Borne 2009a; Borne 2008b). The willingness
to participate in education and training programmes that will enable the
promotion of sustainable communities therefore, will also depend on the level
of importance members of town and parish councils assign to particular
issues. With this in mind, respondents were asked to indicate whether they
20
18.5
22
7
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Per
Cent
Significance
Insufficient Appraisal of Greenhouse
Gases
72
felt certain issues were firstly, important to the local area and secondly,
important on a global basis.
Figure 69: Global and local connections
Members of town parish councils were presented with a number of issues.
Respondents were asked to indicate if these issues were important to the
local area and the global area. What is evident from Figure 69 is that there
are some clear disparities between the importance of risks at the global and
the local levels.
Air Pollution was considered to be of low importance at both the global and
local level; 10 per cent of respondents said that air pollution was important to
the local area; 9 per cent indicated that air pollution was important on a
global basis. Water Pollution was also considered to be of importance to a
small number of respondents at both the global and the local level;15 per
cent said that water pollution was important to the local area; 9 per cent
indicated that water pollution was important on a global basis. Overall
,concern for flooding was low at both the global and the local level; 8 per
cent said that flooding was a concern in the local area and 12 per cent said
that it was of concern on a global basis. Traffic presented a significant
disparity between the global and the local area; 26 per cent of respondents
stated that traffic was an important issue for the local area; only 3 per cent of
participants said that traffic was important on a global basis, 55 per cent of
10
15
26
53
17
8
21
47
9 9
3
16
43
12
46 49
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Per
Cent
Global and Local
Local
Global
73
the members of town and parish councils said that waste was a concern for
the local area. This represented the highest percentage both with regard to
the issues presented and the on the global and local basis; 16 per cent said
that waste was important for the global area.
Global Warming saw a significant disparity between the global and the local
area; 17 per cent of respondents said that global warming was important for
the local area. The majority of respondents, at 43 per cent, indicated that
global warming was important on a global basis. The economy was seen to
be more of a concern for the global area, at 46 per cent than the local area at
21 per cent. Population was a seen as a significant concern at both the
global and the local area; 47 per cent of respondents said that population
was important to the local area; 49 per cent indicated that population was
important on a global basis. In sum, responses to sustainable development
and related issues were diverse and multifaceted. Members of town and
parish councils indicated that they had heard of the term. However,
subsequent responses to a number of questions showed that sustainable
development was a term that was poorly understood. This finding is in line
with previous research which has drawn into focus the contested, ambiguous
and multidimensional nature of the concept (Borne 2009a).
Section 5 Summary
In summary, the majority of respondents were aware of the term
sustainable development. Most respondents indicated that
sustainable development represented the environment but that
for Cornwall sustainable development reference to the economy.
There was a general lack of awareness of the mechanisms
currently in place that may be used to promote sustainable
development including Local Areas Agreements. There was a
high level of awareness of sustainable development related
issues particularly with reference to global warming. A high
proportion of respondents felt that global warming was an
important issue for Cornwall.
74
Conclusion
This report has outlined results of the survey in the following manner. Section
1 presented basic background information on the respondents and their
parishes. Section 2 presented results on participant’s responses to
questions that related directly to education and training needs amongst town
and parish councillors. Section 3 displayed the results of the survey that
related to the partnership. Section 4 focused on the results that related to
the dimensions of community in the survey. Section 5 presented the results
of the various elements of the survey that dealt with sustainable
development.
Overall, the results from the survey reveal the complex relationships that
exist between the need for enhancing the education and training
opportunities, the nature of communities and sustainable development.
There was a very strong response amongst members of town and parish
councils that they would benefit from increased training and education
opportunities. What is clear from the survey is that within the context of
achieving sustainable communities there is a strong commitment to the
enhancement of communities amongst the members of town and parish
councils. What is also apparent is that whilst respondents felt strongly that
their community was their local area, there were also multiple communities
that exist within these geographical boundaries. The provision of education
and training therefore will benefit from a deeper understanding of this
diversity, avoiding a one size fits all approach. Members of town and parish
councils indicated that it was important to achieve a constructive discourse
between themselves and the county council. There was an indication that
members of town and parish councils felt that the relationship between
themselves and the county council could be strengthened.
75
Future Directions
The survey was designed to explore the complex relationships that exist
between education and training, community and sustainable development.
The second phase of the work will involve conducting a significant number
of interviews with members of town/parish councils. The interviews will
allow an in-depth investigation into the issues raised in the survey and
presented in this report.
76
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Promoting sustainablecommunities1(2)

  • 1. Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable Cornwall Interim Report By Gregory Borne 2009 Promoting Sustainable Communities, Vol, 1(2) ISSN: 2041- 6741
  • 2. 2 Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable Cornwall Interim Report By Gregory Borne
  • 3. 3 Contents Acknowledgements 7 Executive Summary 8 Introduction 10 Background to Research 11 Setting the context 12 Aims 15 Methodology 16 Preliminary Results 17 Section 1: Members of Town and Parish Councils and their Parish 17 Barrier to Becoming a Councillor 23 Section 1 Summary 26 Section 2: Education and Training 27 Types of Training and Education 28 Section 2 Summary 37 Section 3: Partnership 38 Broader Partnership 41 Section 3 Summary 43 Section 4: Community 44 Barriers to Service Provision 50 Section 4 Summary 55 Section 5: Sustainable Development 56 Sustainable Development Mechanisms 62 Drivers for Climate Change in Cornwall 66 Global and Local Connections 71 Section 5 Summary 72 Conclusion 74 Future Directions 75 References
  • 4. 4 Index of Figures Figure 1: Creating Sustainable Communities 15 Figure 2: Gender 17 Figure 3: Age 18 Figure 4: Occupation 18 Figure 5: Education 19 Figure 6: Role in Parish 20 Figure 7: Motivation for Becoming a Councillor 20 Figure 8: Reside in Parish 21 Figure 9: Settlement Type 22 Figure 10: Continue as a Councillor 22 Figure 11: Financial Barrier 23 Figure 12: Perception Barrier 24 Figure 13: Time Barrier 24 Figure 14: Understanding Barrier 25 Figure 15: Work Barrier 25 Figure 16: Participate in Training 27 Figure 17: Special Skills 28 Figure 18: Types of Skills 29 Figure 19: Receive Particular Types of Training 30 Figure 20: Require Service Specific Training 31 Figure 21: Prepared to Fund own Training 31 Figure 22: Travel for Training 32 Figure 23: Distance to Training 33 Figure 24: Time Travelling 34 Figure 25: Method of Training and Education 35 Figure 26: Adequate Financial Support from Parish 35 Figure 27: Have a Parish Plan 36
  • 5. 5 Figure 28: Plan Improved Through Education 37 Figure 29: Linkages to County Council 38 Figure 30: County Council Considerate of Local Needs 39 Figure 31: Consider County Council Goals 39 Figure 32: County Council Support Parish Council 40 Figure 33: Work in Partnership 41 Figure 34: Partners 41 Figure 35: Feel Part of a Community 44 Figure 36: Part of More Than One Community 45 Figure 37: Community is Work 45 Figure 38: Community is Family and Friends 46 Figure 39: Community Based Around the Internet 47 Figure 40: Community is Nation Wide 47 Figure 41: Community is the Local Area 48 Figure 42: Support Community Organisations 49 Figure 43: Sustainable Communities 49 Figure 44: Priority Issues 50 Figure 45: Scattered Layout of Communities 51 Figure 46: Lack of Involvement 52 Figure 47: Ageing Population 53 Figure 48: Complex Needs 54 Figure 49: Sustainable Development 56 Figure 50: Three Pillars 57 Figure 51: Cornwall Pillars 57 Figure 52: Environment More Important Than Money 58 Figure 53: Preserve Natural Resources 59 Figure 54: Protect the Environment at all Costs 60 Figure 55: Sustainable Development is Jargon 61 Figure 56: Statements 62
  • 6. 6 Figure 57: Awareness of Sustainable Development Mechanisms 63 Figure 58: Involved with Sustainable Development Mechanisms 63 Figure 59: Aware of Sustainable Development Related Issues 64 Figure 60: Concerned About Carbon Footprint 65 Figure 61: Global Warming 65 Figure 62: Global Warming and Cornwall 66 Figure 63: Housing Stock 67 Figure 64: Affordable Housing 68 Figure 65: Flood Planes 68 Figure 66: Communities Not Self Sustaining 69 Figure 67: Car Ownership 70 Figure 68: Insufficient Appraisal of Greenhouse Gases 71 Figure 69: Global and Local Connections 72
  • 7. 7 Acknowledgements The author of the interim report ‘Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable Cornwall’ would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following people; the research team including Ian Sherriff, Helen May and Ruth Watkins. Thanks also to Martin Eddy and Steven Ford of Cornwall County Council for continued support. Sue Swift, chair of the Cornwall Association of Local Councils has also been very supportive. Thanks to Geoff Tate for initial introductions. The councillors and staff of the many parish/town councils who took the time to participate in the research; without their co-operation this work could not have taken place. Thanks also to Janine O’Flaherty for proof reading this document. Thanks also to Victoria Bennion for advice and help with document settings. Thanks to the South West Lifelong Learning Network, particularly Nick Wiseman and Director, Belinda Payne This report has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the report and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent in either hard copy or electronic format. Further, the author does not support any assertions, speculations or conclusions drawn from the data contained within this report. All reference to this work should be laid out in the following manner. Borne, G., (2009) Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable Cornwall, Interim Report, Promoting Sustainable Communities, 1(2):1-80 Contact: Gregory.borne@plymouth.ac.uk Visit: www.sustainableparish.com
  • 8. 8 Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable Cornwall Executive Summary This research aims to understand the education and training needs for town and parish councils in the context of achieving sustainable communities and the broader debates surrounding sustainable development. There is a particular focus within the research on understanding these needs, not just now but also in the future. As such, the following executive summary outlines key points. Results are presented in this report in the context of ‘work in progress’, final results, conclusions and recommendations are subject to the collection and analysis of all data. Subsequent in-depth research is currently underway in order to gain a greater understanding of the following findings. Key Issues: Based on the initial results there is an overwhelming feeling among members of town and parish councils that additional training and education is needed. Findings indicate that the nature of this education and training is diverse, but that members of town and parish councils feel that there are special skill sets needed to operate effectively within their parish. Members of town and parish councils would be willing to travel outside of their parish area in order to receive additional training and education.
  • 9. 9 Key Issues (Cont) There is an overwhelming feeling that there is a need to encourage sustainable communities ‘but’ there is confusion over the action that should be taken. There is a general lack of awareness of the existing mechanisms that could be employed in the local governance process that could contribute towards the creation of sustainable communities. Partnership is essential for the effective running of town and parish councils and the development of sustainable communities. Members of town and parish councils felt that the relationship between the parishes and the county council was important and should be strengthened. Sustainable development was seen as an important concept but was not clearly understood. There is concern over the effect of global risks such as global warming upon local communities, but there is need for further and effective communication of these issues.
  • 10. 10 Understanding Town and Parish Council Needs for a Sustainable Cornwall Introduction This report will outline the main interim findings of recent research conducted on behalf of the South West Lifelong Learning Network into the training and educational needs for Cornwall town/parish councils in order to create sustainable communities. At this stage only a brief analysis of the data is offered. Upon conclusion of the data collection stage of this work a full analysis with associated recommendations will be available. This report is organised in the following manner. Initially, a brief background to the research will be provided, this will be followed by outlining the specific aims of the project. Next, the methodology used in collecting the data will be briefly discussed followed by the main findings of the survey. The findings are organised into five sections. Section 1 examines basic information on members of town and parish councils. Section 2 presents results related specifically to training and education needs of members of town and parish councils. Section 3 presents results on partnership. Section 4 presents the results in the survey that are associated with community. Section 5 focuses on sustainable development and associated issues. Each section is concluded with a brief summary of the overall findings of that section.
  • 11. 11 Background to the Research The many processes associated with globalisation are fundamentally altering governance structures across the globe (Beck 1999, 2006; Borne 2009a). These processes are influencing all dimensions of life including environmental, social and economic areas. The recent global economic down turn has illustrated in a very visible way how all parts of the globe are interconnected, with distant events having significant local consequences. Effects are being felt in international organisations such as the United Nations to national governments as well as more localised public sector organisations, community groups and of course individuals and their families. Numerous reports have identified the ramifications of these issues (Leitch 2006; Lyons 2004; Stern 2007), and the adjustment and redirection of policy has attempted to accommodate the gravity as well as the uncertainty of these processes by attempting to translate them into concrete political imperatives. (CALG 2008; DCLG 2006; HEFCE 2005; HMGOV 2005; ODPM 2003). With this said, there is a deficit of research that is capable of understanding how these processes are connecting the global and local levels and in particular, how these processes are affecting localised governance structures and the consequences this has for local communities. This research addresses this short fall by focusing on local government with a particular emphasis on the increasingly important role of the town and parish council level of government. Three interrelated areas are considered. Firstly, there is continued recognition that the changing context from within local government and broader community groups need to operate directly affect the types of skills, educational needs and general competencies that are required to operate successfully and efficiently. Building on previous work (Borne 2008, 2009a), this research examines the effect that the aforementioned processes have on members of town and parish councils across the county of Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Outcomes from the work will enable a number of stakeholders to understand how local government and local communities are responding to changing global processes, and what skills and knowledge will be needed to respond effectively and constructively to these challenges. Secondly, this is done
  • 12. 12 with a focus on community and thirdly, the work is situated in the broader debates surrounding sustainable development. The following section will elaborate on the context from which this research operates, with a particular reference to sustainable development and the need to create sustainable communities. Setting the Context The idea of sustainable communities has become an important topic at all levels of government. It is a goal that has formed under the umbrella of the broader concept of sustainable development. The World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987, defined sustainable development as: ‘Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (WCED 1987:8). This definition, to varying degrees has filtered through governance structures, to the European Union, national governments and local and regional bodies. The most salient example of the integration of sustainable development principles into the governance frameworks at the national level, and as a direct result of the Rio Conference and Agenda 21, are the emergence of what have been termed national sustainable development strategies (NSDS). These strategies have been defined as: A coordinated set of participatory and continuously improving processes of analysis, debate, capacity strengthening, planning and investment, which integrates the economic-social and environmental objectives of society, seeking trade offs where this is not possible. (Dalal Clayton and Bass 2002:31) The authors suggest that NSDS’s have moved away from a model that focuses on central planning, to one that is capable of ‘creating enabling conditions’ that should be based around improving and making strategic connections between existing strategic planning frameworks. These connections need to be made at all levels of government and on a cross sector basis.
  • 13. 13 The British Government’s national sustainable development strategy ‘Securing the Future: Delivering the UK SD Programme’ (HMGOV 2005) continues this rhetoric by emphasizing the importance of local communities in enhancing sustainable development. Examples of this may be found in the integration of sustainable development in Regional Spatial Strategies, Development Plan Documents and the broad introduction of sustainability appraisals. A notable expansion of this agenda has been the Sustainable Communities Act, which received Royal Ascent in 2007 and is a conspicuous demonstration of the increasing importance that is being placed on the local level for achieving the principles of sustainable development through community enhancement. Reflecting the definition of national sustainable development strategies, the act ties together existing mechanisms such as Local Area Agreements (LAA) with Comprehensive Area Assessments (CAA) with the need for broader participatory processes (see SDC 2009). The act creates a responsibility for Local Authorities to produce ‘Sustainable Community Plans’ designed to set out a comprehensive vision for the regional and local sustainable development. All of these processes represent a significant attempt to coordinate existing mechanisms, as well as developing new processes and connections in a bid to improve communities and individual lives. Cornwall County Council has internalised the aforementioned debates and integrated the principles of sustainable development into its operational framework. For Cornwall County Council, sustainable development is: ‘A dynamic process which enables all people to realise their potential and improve their quality of life in ways which simultaneously protect and enhance the earth's life support systems.’ (CCC 2009). Building on this definition Cornwall County Council makes the following commitment: ‘Cornwall County Council promotes sustainable development for the benefit of one and all in the management and delivery of all its services through integrated social, economic and environmental objectives; seeking to achieve its vision of a strong and sustainable community for One and All.’ (CCC 2009). These commitments for the creation of sustainable communities are laid out in the Sustainable Community Strategy (CCC 2008)
  • 14. 14 approved by the Cornwall Strategic Partnership and Cornwall County Council in 2008. The Strategy outlines 3 principles for achieving a sustainable Cornwall: • Principle 1: Prevention and a focus on the individual • Principle 2: Collaboration on a focus on Communities • Principle 3: A focus on Cornwall for the Future Importantly, the Sustainable Community Strategy outlines the broad based consultation that has gone into the document, including the role of town and parish councils in this process. Town and parish councils represent a significant tier of local government not only in Cornwall but also nationally in England. There are over 10000 parishes in England, of which 8700 have councils, with approximately 70000 parish councillors (DCLG 2009). Initially, and still predominantly a rural phenomenon, in the wake of the Local Government Act of 1972 parishes are increasingly present in urban environments. This has been exemplified by recent moves to suggest the establishment of parish councils throughout London as a result of the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act (2007). The recognition of the importance of the parish council level of government in the sustainable development agenda is pivotal as it is the closest tier of government to the community. Parish and town councils are therefore in a unique position to provide leadership and advice on promoting sustainable communities. The county of Cornwall has approximately 209 parish councils. With the abolition of district councils and the establishment of a unitary authority in Cornwall, there is an increased emphasis on the role of the parish council coordinated through 19 Community network Areas. This research therefore aims to understand what members of town/parish councils feel they need in order to create sustainable communities from a local perspective. This is important for the broader promotion of sustainable development because: ‘If the strategy does not reflect local values, it is
  • 15. 15 unlikely to be owned or implemented, even if the decisions appear logical, interesting or scientifically sound’ (Dalal- Clayton and Bass 2002:262). Aims With the above discussion in mind, and whilst this project focuses on skills and training amongst town and parish councils across Cornwall, it does so on a contextualised basis that aims to come to terms with complexities of global and local interactions inherent in the promotion of sustainable communities. Three primary areas are accessed in order to achieve this goal. These are outlined in figure 1. Figure 1: Creating Sustainable Communities Figure 1 is designed to illustrate the non linear and cyclical relationship that exists between the three areas of the project. This includes Sustainable Communities Sustainable Development Education and training Communities
  • 16. 16 training/education, communities and sustainable development. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide the necessary base line information which can contribute to the development of effective and responsive training/education necessary to create sustainable communities. However, the results from this work will also have benefits to governmental and nongovernmental organisations at the international and national scales. Results and recommendations from this project will assist policy makers in developing policies that accurately reflect the needs of local communities. Methodology In order to achieve the above mentioned goals, the research is being conducted using a sophisticated multi-methodological framework, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. An initial search of the available literature covered areas of theory (Beck 2006; Borne 2009a, 2009b), policy (Coulson 1999; Davies 2008; Pearce and Ellwood 2002), practice and implementation (Borne 2009c; Charnock 2007; Godfrey 2007; Fenwick and Bailey 2007; Jones and Newman 2006; Owen 2002; Newman 2005; Toke 2005; Yarwood 2002). Particular attention was paid to current policy documents and the changing ways in which town/parish councils are expected to operate. This report presents results from the quantitative component of the research which took the form of a survey. The survey was dispatched to all of Cornwall’s town and parish councils (where contact details were available). Basic data and contact information was provided by the Cornwall Country Council via the One Cornwall Team which formed the basis of the first mailing. The research is being conducted in two phases. Phase One is based around the aforementioned quantitative survey. Phase Two of the research will involve conducting in-depth interviews with members of town and parish councils. The combination of qualitative and quantitative methods will provide a substantial and robust information source.
  • 17. 17 Preliminary Results The following section will outline preliminary results from the survey component of the research. Overall, 67 per cent of councils in Cornwall participated in the survey. The findings are organised into five sections. Section 1 examines basic information on members of town and parish councils. Section 2 presents results related specifically to training and education needs of members of town and parish councils. Section 3 presents results on partnership. Section 4 presents the results in the survey that are associated with community. Section 5 focuses on sustainable development and associated issues. Each section is concluded with a brief summary of the overall findings of that section. Section 1: Members of Town and Parish Councils and their Parish Figure 2: Gender Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they were male or female. Figure 2 shows that 63 per cent of respondents were male and 35 per cent of respondents were female. 63 35 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Male Female Per Cent Gender
  • 18. 18 Figure 3: Age Respondents were asked to indicate their approximate age. Figure 3 shows that 0 per cent of respondents were between 18-25; 1 per cent of respondents were between 26-32; 4 per cent of respondents were between 33-40; 12 per cent of respondents were between 41-48; 19 per cent of respondents were between 49-56; 31 per cent of respondents were between 57-64; 19 per cent of respondents were between 65-72 and 11 per cent of respondents were 72+. Figure 4: Occupation 0 1 4 12 19 31 19 11 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 18-25 26-32 33-40 41-48 49-56 57-64 65-72 72+ Per Cent Years Age 9 31 4 0 41 3 8 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Per Cent Occupation
  • 19. 19 Members of town and parish councils were asked to identify their occupation. Figure 4 shows that 9 per cent said they were tradesmen; 31 per cent indicated that they were professionals; 4 per cent said that they were manual workers; no respondents were students; 41 per cent said that they were retired; 3 per cent indicated that they were housewives or househusbands; None of the respondents were unemployed. Figure 5: Education Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate their level of education. 18 per cent said that they held ‘O’ levels or General Certificates of Secondary Education; 13 per cent indicated that they held A Levels or General National Vocational Qualifications; 17.5 per cent indicated that they had a Degree; 13 per cent said that they had Post Graduate qualifications; 13 per cent indicated that they had non conventional qualifications and 19 per cent said that their qualifications were other. 18 13 17.5 13 13 19 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Per Cent Education
  • 20. 20 Figure 6: Role in Parish Figure 6 illustrates that predominantly 74 per cent of respondents indicated that they were councillors within local town and parish councils; 11 per cent indicated that they were clerks; 3 per cent indicated that they were the employees of their town and parish council; 1 per cent indicated that they were other. Figure 7: Motivation for Becoming a Councillor 9 11 74 3 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Chair Clerk Councillor Employee Other Per Cent Role in Parish Role in Parish 89 1 5 4 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Improve Community Interest in Local Employment Paid Local Employment Other Don’t Know Per Cent Motivation
  • 21. 21 Respondents were asked to indicate what motivated them to become town/parish councillors. As is evident from Figure 7, 89 per cent indicated that they became parish councillors in order to improve the wellbeing of their community; 1 per cent indicated that they were interested in local employment; 5 per cent indicated that they were interested in obtaining paid local employment; 4 per cent said there were other reasons. Figure 8: Reside in Parish Respondents were asked to indicate if they actually lived within their parish boundaries. Figure 8 shows that the vast majority, at 90 per cent indicated that they did live within the boundaries of their parish with only 10 per cent indicating that they lived outside of their parish boundaries. 90 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Yes No Per Cent Reside in Parish Reside in Parish
  • 22. 22 Figure 9: Settlement Type Respondents were asked if they felt their town/parish was urban, rural or mixed. As illustrated in Figure 9, the vast majority of town/parish council members felt their parish/town was rural, at a response rate of 84 per cent. Only 6 per cent felt that their parish was urban; 12 per cent indicated that their parish was mixed and 0 per cent said that their parish was other. Figure 10: Continue as Councillor Respondents were asked if they felt that they would continue to be a councillor/clerk in the future. Overwhelmingly, 74 per cent indicated that they would continue to operate as councillor in the future; 3 per cent said that 6 81 12 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Urban Rural Mixed Other Per Cent Settlement Type 74 3 22 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Yes No Don't Know Per Cent Continue as Councillor
  • 23. 23 they would not operate as a councillor in the future and 22 per cent specified that they did not know if they would operate as a member of the parish council in the future. Barriers to Becoming a councillor: Members of parish councils were provided with a number of possible barriers to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 11: Financial Barrier Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt that there was a financial barrier to becoming a parish councillor. As shown in Figure 11, overwhelmingly, 92 per cent indicated that there was no financial barrier to becoming a parish councillor; 8 per cent said that there was a financial barrier to becoming a parish councillor. 8 92 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Yes No Per Cent Financial Barrier
  • 24. 24 Figure 12: Perception Barrier Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that perception was a barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 12 shows that 45 per cent indicated that it was a barrier to becoming a councillor. 55 per cent said that it was not a barrier to becoming a member of a parish council. Figure 13: Time Barrier Members of parish councils were asked if they felt that there was a time barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 13 shows that 55 per cent 45 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Yes No Per Cent Perception Barrier 55 45 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Yes No Per Cent Time Barrier
  • 25. 25 said that time was a barrier to becoming a parish councillor and 45 per cent said time was not a barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 14: Understanding Barrier Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that understanding of what the role entailed would be a barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 14 shows that the majority of respondents, at 64 per cent, indicated that understanding was not a barrier to becoming a parish councillor; 36 per cent said that understanding was a barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Figure 15: Work Barrier 36 64 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Yes No Per Cent Understanding Barrier 57 43 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Yes No Per Cent Work Barrier
  • 26. 26 Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that work commitments were a barrier to becoming a member of a parish council. Figure 15 shows that 57 per cent indicated that work was a barrier to becoming a parish councillor; 43 per cent indicated that work was not a barrier to becoming a parish councillor. Section 1 Summary In summary, the majority of respondents indicated that they were male between the ages of 49 and 64. Respondents indicated that they were either professionals or retired with a broad distribution of educational attainment. The majority of respondents indicated that they functioned as councillors on their town and parish council who joined their council to improve their communities. Most of the participants in the survey live in their parish area and will continue to be members of their town/parish council in the future. The majority of respondents indicated that their parish was rural as opposed to urban. Most respondents indicated that there was a significant financial barrier to becoming a parish councillor.
  • 27. 27 Section 2: Education and Training The following section focuses on the main areas in the survey relating to education and training needs of town/parish councils. Questions ranged from whether respondents would be willing to participate in training and education through to how participants felt that they would like to receive education/training. Figure 16: Participate in Training Members of town and parish councils were asked to say if they felt that they would be willing to participate in training. Figure 16 shows that 66 per cent indicated that they would participate in training; 5 per cent said that they would not participate in training and 6 per cent said that they did not know if they would participate in training. 66 5 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Participate in Training
  • 28. 28 Figure 17: Special Skills Respondents were asked if they felt that special skills were needed to operate as a parish councillor. Figure 17 shows that 43 per cent indicated that special training was necessary; 40 per cent indicated that it was not necessary and 13 per cent said that they did not know if special training was necessary. Types of Training and Education Members of town and parish councils were presented with a number of areas of training and education that may be considered of importance in their role within the town or parish. 43 40 13 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Special Skills
  • 29. 29 Figure 18: Types of Skills Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate what types of skills they felt were essential to operate as a member of a town or parish council. Figure 18 shows that on aggregate 18 per cent indicated that management was an essential skill to operate as a member of a town and parish council; 20 per cent said that interpersonal skills were essential to operate as a member of a town/parish council. By the largest majority, 58 per cent indicated that planning was an essential skill to operate as a member of a town and parish council; 17.5 per cent indicated that leadership was an essential skill for a member of a town/parish council; 30 per cent said that communication was an essential skill for being a member of a town/parish council; 23 per cent said that project management was an essential skill for members of town and parish councils; 26 per cent said that financial skills were essential for being a member of a town and parish council; 43 per cent indicated that legislation was an essential skill for a member of a town/parish council. 18 20 58 17.5 30 23 26 43 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Per Cent Types of Skills
  • 30. 30 Figure 19: Receive Particular Types of Training Respondents were presented with a number of areas of training and education that could be presented in a modular form. The members of the town and parish councils were asked to indicate which of these they felt would most benefit them and their communities. Figure 19 shows that 24 per cent specified that they would like to receive a module in health and safety; 37 per cent indicated that they would like to receive a module in legal issues; 36 per cent indicated that they would like to receive training and education in the area of local government; 19 per cent specified that they would like to receive training and education in asset management; 11 per cent said that they would like to receive a module in equality and diversity; 24 per cent said that they would like to receive a module on issues concerning the localism agenda; 15.5 per cent stated that they would like to receive a module in the use of computers; 16 per cent indicated that they would like a module in managing complaints and 19 per cent indicated that they would like to receive a module in codes of conduct. 24 37 36 19 11 24 15.5 16 19 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Per Cent Recieve Modular Training/Education
  • 31. 31 Figure 20: Require Service Specific Training Respondents were asked if they would like to receive training in service specific areas. Figure 20 shows that 43 per cent indicated that they would like to receive training in the service area of developmental control; 13 per cent indicated that they would like to receive training in the service areas of commissioning and 42 per cent indicated that they would like to receive training in environmental services. Figure 21: Prepared to Fund Own Training 43 13 42 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Developmental Control Commissioning Environmental Services Per Cent Service Specific Training 14 64 14.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Fund Own Training
  • 32. 32 Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt they would be prepared to fund their own training and education. Figure 21 shows that 14 per cent indicated that they would be prepared to fund their own training. However, the majority, at 64 per cent said that they said that they would not be prepared to fund their own education or training; 14.5 per cent indicated that they did not know whether they would be prepared to fund their own training and education. Figure 22: Travel for Training Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that they would be prepared to travel for training. Figure 22 shows that 50 per cent indicated that they would be prepared to travel for training; 16 per cent indicated that they would not travel for training and 4.5 per cent did not know if they would travel for training. 50 16 4.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Travel for Training
  • 33. 33 Figure 23: Distance to Training Respondents were asked how far they would be willing to travel in order to receive training and education. Figure 23 shows that 4 per cent indicated that they would be prepared to travel between one and five miles; 9 per cent indicated that they would be willing to travel between six to ten miles; 11 per cent said that they would be willing to travel between eleven and fifteen miles; 14 per cent said that they would be willing to travel between sixteen and twenty miles and 23 per cent said that they would be willing to travel more than twenty miles to receive education and training. 4 9 11 14 23 0 5 10 15 20 25 1 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 20+ Distance to Training
  • 34. 34 Figure 24: Time Travelling Due to the geographically dispersed nature of Cornwall, distance travelled does not necessarily correlate to time spent travelling. Respondents were therefore asked to indicate how much time they would be prepared to spend travelling to receive education and training. Figure 24 shows that 14 per cent indicated that they would be willing to travel for up to thirty minutes to receive education and training; 25 per cent indicated that they would be willing to travel between thirty and sixty minutes to receive education and training; 12 per cent said that they would be willing to travel between sixty and ninety minutes to receive education and training and 13 per cent said that they would be prepared to travel more than 120 minutes. 14 25 12 13 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 to 30 30 to 60 60 to 90 120+ Per Cent Time Travelling
  • 35. 35 Figure 25: Method of Training and Education Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate what they felt would be the most appropriate method of training for them. Figure 25 shows that the majority at 55.5 per cent indicated that they would like to receive training through short courses; 43 per cent indicated that they would like to receive their training in group sessions; 25 per cent said that they would like to receive training and education through the medium of the internet and 6.5 per cent indicated that they would like to receive their education and training in ‘one to one’ sessions. Figure 26: Adequate Financial Support from Parish 55.5 25 6.5 43 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Short Courses Internet One to One Group Per Cent Method of Training/Education 41 24 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Yes No Don't Know Per Cent Adequate Support From Parish
  • 36. 36 Members of town and parish councils were asked to specify whether they had adequate financial support from their parish council. Figure 26 shows that 41 per cent said that they were getting support from their parish council; 24 per cent felt that they were not getting adequate support from their council; and 25 per cent indicated that they did not know if they were getting adequate support from their parish council. Figure 27: Have a Parish Plan Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if their parish had a parish plan. Figure 27 shows that 69 per cent said that they did have a parish plan; 24 per cent said that they did not have a parish plan and 4 per cent indicated that they did not know if they had a parish plan. 69 24 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Have a Parish Plan
  • 37. 37 Figure 28: Plan Improved Through Training and Education Respondents were asked if they felt that their parish plan could be improved through education. Figure 28 shows that 32 per cent indicated that it could be improved; 25 per cent said that it could not be improved and 14 per cent said that they did not know. 32 25 14 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Plan Improved Through Education Section 2 Summary In summary, section 2 has presented results that have focused on the issue of education and training for members of town and parish councils. There is a strong indication from respondents that education and training is required and that there is a willingness to participate in education and training if provided. The majority of respondents felt that they would like training and education to be provided through short courses and that they would be willing to travel to receive training and education. The majority of the members of town and parish councils indicated that they would not be willing to fund their own training or education. The types of training that respondents felt were important were diverse, with an indication that planning was an important area for increased education and training.
  • 38. 38 Section 3: Partnership The following section explores the elements of the survey that relate to partnership. Partnerships considered include partnerships between the county council and town and parish councils as well as a broader organisations. Figure 29: Linkages to County Council Respondents were asked if there should be a linkage to their county council. Figure 29 shows that 16 per cent indicated that there should be a link to the County Council; 7 per cent indicated that there should not be a linkage between the parish and the principal authority. More significant than the indicated results however, is the outcome that 72 per cent of respondents chose not to respond to the initial question. 16 7 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Yes No Don’t Know Link to County Council
  • 39. 39 Figure 30: County Council Considerate of Local Needs Members of town and parish councils were asked whether they felt that the county council authority was considerate of local needs. Figure 30 shows that 52 per cent indicated that they did not feel that their principal authority was considerate of local needs; 8 per cent indicated that the principal authority did respond to local needs; 14 per cent indicated that they did not know. Figure 31: Consider County Council Goals 8 52 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent County Council Considerate of Local Needs 31 14 34 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Consider County Councils Goals
  • 40. 40 Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they, as a parish council, considered the goals of the principal authority. Figure 31 shows that 31 per cent said that they did consider the goals of the principal authority; 14 per cent said that they did not consider the goals of the principal authority and 34 per cent did not know. Figure 32: County Council Support Parish Council Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they felt that their county council was supportive of their parish councils. Figure 32 shows that the majority of respondents, at 54 per cent, indicated that the county council did not support their role as a parish councillor; 14 per cent indicated that they did not know. 21 54 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent County Council Support Parish Councillor
  • 41. 41 Broader Partnership Figure 33: Work in partnership Respondents were asked if they felt that it was important to work in partnership. Figure 33 shows that, overwhelmingly, at 96 per cent, respondents indicated that working in partnership was important. Only 0.5 per cent said that working in partnership was not important and 1 per cent said that they did not know if working in partnership was important. Figure 34: Partners 96 0.5 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Work in Partnership 29 77 79 38 54 50 5 2 43 34 12 27 11 9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Per Cent Organisation Partners Potential Partnership Actual Partnership
  • 42. 42 Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt that it was important to work in partnership with a number of other organisations. Members of town and parish councils were also asked to indicate whether they felt that they were actually in partnership with the organisations presented. Firstly, respondents were asked to indicate whether partnership was important with national government. Figure 34 shows that 29 per cent of respondents felt that it was important to be in partnership with national government. Only 2 per cent felt that they were actually in partnership with national government. Secondly, respondents were asked to indicate whether partnership was important with their county council. The large majority, at 77 per cent, indicated that yes working in partnership with their county council was important. However, when asked to indicate whether they felt that they were actually in partnership with their county council, only 43 per cent indicated that this was actually in place. Thirdly, participants in the survey were asked to indicate whether it was important to work in partnership with other parishes; 79 per cent indicated that they thought it was important to work in partnership with other parishes; 34 per cent said that they were actually in partnership with other parishes. Fourthly, respondents were asked to indicate whether they thought it was important to work in partnership with the private sector; 38 per cent indicated that it was important to work in partnership with the private sector and 12 per cent indicated that they were actually in partnership with the private sector. Fifthly, participants were asked to indicate if they felt that was important to be in partnership with the voluntary sector; 54 per cent said that it was important to work in partnership with the voluntary sector and 27 per cent indicated that they were actually in partnership with the voluntary sector. Finally, respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt it was important to work in partnership with a unitary authority; 50 per cent of the respondents indicated that it was important to work in partnership with a unitary authority and only 11 per cent felt that they were actually in partnership with a unitary authority.
  • 43. 43 Section 3 Summary In summary, respondents felt that working in partnership was an important part of being a member of a town and parish council. Partnership between the parish councils and the county council was seen as important but it was felt that the county council could do more to support the parishes. Respondents felt that there was a significant potential to work with other parishes. The following section will present results on the element of the survey that dealt with community and associated issues.
  • 44. 44 SECTION 4: COMMUNITY This section presents results from the part of the survey that examines sustainable communities. Community is an emotive issue. Policy aimed at achieving sustainable development and more specifically, sustainable communities, is becoming increasingly sophisticated at incorporating the complexities of the issues involved. With this said, however, there is still a significant lack of understanding of the way that community is perceived and understood. In the 21st Century, the nature of community has changed significantly with advancements in technology, particularly transportation and the increasing speed of global communications. The following section outlines results from the survey that accesses members of town/parish councils understanding of community. Figure 35: Feel Part of a Community Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt part of a community. Figure 35 shows that the majority of respondents, at 95 per cent, indicated that they were part of a community; 2 per cent said that they were not part of a community and 1 per cent indicated that they did not know if they were part of a community. 95 2 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Feel Part of a Community
  • 45. 45 Figure 36: Part of more than one Community Figure 36 clearly demonstrates that the majority of respondents consider themselves to be part of more than one community. A total of 65 per cent consider themselves to be part of more than one community; 25 per cent indicated that they were not part of more than one community and 4 per cent said that they did not know if they were part of more than one community. Figure 37: Community is Work 65 25 4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Part of More Than One Community 39 58 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Community is Work
  • 46. 46 Respondents were asked if they felt that their community was focused around work. Figure 37 shows that the majority of the members of parish councils indicated that their community was not based around work; 39 per cent said that their community was based around work and 3 per cent said they did not know. Figure 38: Community is Family and Friends Respondents were asked if they felt that their communities were based around their family and friends. Figure 38 shows that 63 per cent said that their community was based around their family and friends; 34 per cent said their community was not based around their family and friends and 2 per cent said they did not know if their community was based around family and friends. 63 34 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Community is Family and Friends
  • 47. 47 Figure 39: Community Based Around the Internet In light of the increasing importance of global communications and the well documented and continuing debates over the consequences this has for the community structure and cohesion, respondents were asked if they felt that their communities were based around the internet. Figure 39 shows that the vast majority of respondents at 90 per cent specified that their community was not based around the internet; 8 per cent indicated that it was based around the internet and 3 per cent said that they did not know if their community was based around the internet. Figure 40: Community is Nationwide 8 90 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Community Internet 8 90 2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Community is Nationwide
  • 48. 48 Respondents were asked to specify whether they felt that their community was nationwide. Figure 40 shows that overwhelmingly, 90 per cent said that their community was not nationwide; 8 per cent said that their community was nationwide and 2.5 per cent did not know if their community was nationwide. Figure 41: Community is the Local Area Respondents were asked to specify whether their community was based around the local area. Figure 41 shows that 89 per cent said that their community was based around the local area; 8 per cent said that the community was not based around the local area. 89 8 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Yes No Don’t Know Per Pent Community is the Local Area
  • 49. 49 Figure 42: Support Community Organisations Respondents were asked if they felt that they supported community organisations. Figure 42 shows that overwhelmingly, 85 per cent indicated that they did support community organisations; 3 per cent indicated that they did not support community organisations and 5.5 per cent said they did not know if they supported community organisations. Figure 43: Sustainable Communities 85 3 5.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Yes No Don't Know Per Cent Support Community Organisations 64 71 71 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 Economic Social Environment Per Cent Sustainable Communities
  • 50. 50 Respondents were asked to indicate whether they felt sustainable communities referred to one of the three pillars of sustainable development. Figure 43 shows that 71 per cent indicated that sustainable communities were social; 71 per cent indicated that sustainable communities were environmental; 64 per cent said that sustainable communities were economic. Figure 44: Priority Issues Members of town and parish councils in Cornwall were asked to indicate what overarching issues they felt were most important. Figure 44 shows that the majority of respondents, at 33 per cent, indicated that health was most important; 21.5 percent said that the environment was most important; 18 per cent said that crime was most important; 11 per cent said that social welfare was important and only 10 per cent believed education to be important. Barriers to Service Provision Members of town and parish councils were presented with a number of issues identified by Cornwall County Council as possible barriers for the adequate provision of services. Respondents were asked to indicate on a 18 33 21.5 10 11 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Crime Health Environment Education Social Welfare Per Cent Priority Issues
  • 51. 51 scale of 1 to 5 whether the barrier outlined was very significant, 1, or alternatively, not at all significant, 5. Figure 45: Scattered Layout of Communities Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they felt that the scattered layout of Cornwall’s communities was a significant barrier to effective service delivery. Figure 45 shows that 35 per cent stated that scattered communities was a very significant barrier to service delivery; 28 per cent indicated that scattered communities was a significant barrier to service delivery; 21 per cent indicated that scattered communities was a moderately significant barrier to service delivery; 7 per cent stated that the scattered nature of Cornwall’s communities was of little significance; 5 per cent said that the scattered nature of Cornwall’s communities was of not significance to the adequate provision of services. 35 28 21 7 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Scattered Layout of Communities
  • 52. 52 Figure 46: Lack of Involvement Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what degree they felt that a lack of involvement of community and individuals in the planning, development and delivery of services provides a barrier to adequate service provision in Cornwall. Figure 46 shows that 28 per cent indicated that a lack of involvement was very significant; 34 per cent said that a lack of involvement was significant; 25 per cent indicated that a lack of involvement was moderately significant; 7 per cent stated that a lack of involvement was of little significance and 2 per cent said that a lack of involvement was not of significance at all. 28 34 25 7 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Lack of Involvement
  • 53. 53 Figure 47: Ageing Population Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate how significant an ageing population of Cornwall is to the adequate provision of services. Figure 47 shows that 20 per cent indicated that an ageing population was very significant to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall; 27 per cent said that an ageing population was significant to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall; 27 per cent said that an ageing population was a moderately significant barrier to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall; 14 per cent indicated that an ageing population is of little significance to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall and 8 per cent stated that an ageing population was of no significance at all to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall. 20 27 27 14 8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Ageing Population
  • 54. 54 Figure 48: Complex Needs Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate how significant the complex needs of Cornwall’s communities are as a barrier to the adequate provision of services. Figure 48 shows that 19 per cent indicated that complex needs was a very significant barrier to the adequate provision of services; 31 per cent stated that complex needs was a significant barrier to the adequate provision of services; 31 per cent indicated that complex needs was of moderate significance as a barrier to the adequate provision of services; 9 per cent indicated that complex needs was of little significance to the adequate provision of services; 3 per cent said that complex needs was not at all significant as a barrier to the adequate provision of services in Cornwall. 19 31 31 9 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Complex Needs
  • 55. 55 Section 4 Summary In summary, Section 4 has outlined the results from the survey that have explored the nature of community in Cornwall. It is clear that members of town and parish councils have a strong concern for their communities. The survey results also indicate that whilst respondents feel that their community is their local area, they also feel that they are part of numerous communities. These results are relevant to both education and service provision.
  • 56. 56 Section 5: Sustainable Development This section will outline the results of the survey that relate to the sustainable development. This includes questions specifically on sustainable development as well as questions that relate to broader issues such as global warming. Figure 49: Sustainable Development Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they had heard of sustainable development. Figure 49 shows that the vast majority, at 90 per cent said that they had heard of sustainable development; 5 per cent said that they had not heard of sustainable development; 2 per cent said that they did not know if they had heard of sustainable development. 90 5 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Sustainable Development
  • 57. 57 Figure 50: Three Pillars Respondents were asked to indicate which of the three pillars of economy, society and environment they thought sustainable development referred too. Figure 50 shows that on aggregate 64 per cent said that sustainable development was the economy; 47 per cent said that sustainable development was society. The majority of respondents at 80 per cent indicated sustainable development referred to the environment. Figure 51: Cornwall Pillars Members of town and parish councils were also asked if they would indicate which of the three pillars of sustainable development were important in 64 47 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Economy Society Environment Per Cent Three Pillars 77.5 71 47 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Economy Environment Society Per Cent Cornwall Pillars
  • 58. 58 Cornwall. Figure 51 shows that 77.5 per cent indicated that the economy was most important to Cornwall; 71 per cent said that the environment was most important to Cornwall; 47 per cent of respondents indicated that society was important to Cornwall. Figure 52: Environment More Important Than Money Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate if they felt that sustainable development meant that the environment was more important than money. Figure 52 shows that 15 per cent strongly agreed with this statement; 22 per cent agreed that sustainable development meant that the environment was more important than money; 25 per cent indicated that they were neutral; 11 per cent disagreed that sustainable development meant that the environment was more important than money; 9 per cent indicated that they strongly disagreed that sustainable development meant that that the environment was more important than money. 15 22 25 11 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Per Cent Environment More Important Than Money
  • 59. 59 Figure 53: Preserve Natural Resources Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what extent they agreed with the statement that sustainable development is about preserving natural resources. Figure 53 shows that 49 per cent said that they strongly agreed with this statement; 22 per cent agreed that sustainable development was a way of preserving natural resources; 12 per cent maintained a neutral position; 2 per cent disagreed that sustainable development was a way to preserve natural resources; 2 per cent strongly disagreed that sustainable development was a way of preserving natural resources. 49 22 12 2 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Per Cent Preserve Natural Resources
  • 60. 60 Figure 54: Protect the Environment at all Costs Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what extent they agreed with the statement that sustainable development was a term that meant the protection of the environment at all costs. Figure 54 shows that 12 per cent of respondents strongly agreed with this statement; 13 per cent indicated that they agreed that sustainable development meant the protection of the environment at all costs; 26 per cent indicated a neutral position on this statement; 16 per cent disagreed that sustainable development meant the protection of the environment at all costs; 17 per cent strongly disagreed that sustainable development meant the protection of the environment at all costs. 12 13 26 16 17 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Per Cent Protect Environment at all Costs
  • 61. 61 Figure 55: Sustainable Development is Jargon Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate to what extent they agreed with the statement sustainable development was jargon to make governments sound greener. Figure 55 shows that 28 per cent strongly agreed with this statement; 15.5 per cent agree that sustainable development is jargon designed to make governments sound greener; 15 per cent indicated a neutral position concerning this statement; 9.5 per cent disagreed that sustainable development was jargon to make governments sound greener; 15.5 per cent strongly disagreed that sustainable development is jargon to make governments sound greener. 28 15.5 15 9.5 15.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Per Cent Jargon
  • 62. 62 Figure 56: Statements Figure 56 represents an aggregate of responses that indicated that they strongly agreed or agreed with the aforementioned statements. The majority of respondents at, 71 per cent, indicated that they strongly agreed or agreed that sustainable development was a term that meant preserving natural resources; 43.5 per cent indicated that they either agreed or strongly agreed that sustainable development was jargon; 37 per cent said that sustainable development meant that the environment was more important than money; 25 per cent indicated that sustainable development meant that the environment should be protected at all costs. Sustainable Development Mechanisms Following an investigation into the perceptions of sustainable development respondents were asked to indicate if they were aware of any of the mechanisms that existed within the local government arena that can be said to promote sustainable communities and sustainable development. 37 71 25 43.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 A B C D Per Cent Statements Sustainable Development Statements KEY A. Environment more important than money B. Preserve Natural resources C. Protect environment at all costs D. Jargon
  • 63. 63 Figure 57: Awareness of Sustainable Development Mechanisms Respondents were asked to indicate if they were aware of a number of mechanisms used to promote sustainable communities and sustainable development more broadly. Figure 57 shows that 34 per cent said that they had heard of Local Area Agreements; 10 per cent said that they had heard of Comprehensive Area Assessments; 52 per cent said that they were aware of the Sustainable Community Strategy; 61 per cent indicated that they were aware of the Quality Parish scheme. Figure 58: Involved with Sustainable Development Mechanisms 34 10 52 61 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 LAA's CAA Sustainable Community Strategy Quality Parish Per Cent Mechanisms Awareness 14 2 11 22 0 5 10 15 20 25 LAA's CAA Sustainable Community Strategy Quality Parish Per Cent Mechanisms Involved
  • 64. 64 Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that they were involved in the identified sustainable development mechanisms. Figure 58 shows that 14 per cent said that they were involved with Local Area Agreements; 2 per cent said that they were involved with Comprehensive Area Assessments; 11 per cent said that they were involved with the Sustainable Community Strategy; and 22 per cent said that they were involved with the Quality Parish Scheme. Figure 59: Aware Sustainable Development Related Issues Members of town and parish councils were presented with a list issues that related to sustainable development and asked to indicate if they were aware of a particular issue. Figure 59 shows that on aggregate 98 per cent said that they had heard of climate change; 87 per cent said that they had heard of the ozone layer; 35 per cent had heard of Agenda 21; 84.5 per cent said that they had heard of biodiversity; 98 per cent said that they had heard of global warming; 95.5 per cent said that they had heard of carbon footprint. 98 87 35.5 84.5 98 95.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Climate Change Ozone Layer Agenda 21 Biodiversity Global Warming Carbon Footprint Per Cent Aware of Sustainable Development Related Issues
  • 65. 65 Figure 60: Concerned About Carbon Footprint Respondents were asked if they felt concerned about their carbon footprint. Figure 60 shows that 51 per cent said they were concerned; 36 per cent indicated that they were not concerned and 9 per cent did not know if they were concerned about their parish’s carbon footprint. Figure 61: Global Warming Respondents were presented with five statements concerning global warming and asked to indicate to what degree they agreed or disagreed with 51 36 9 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Concerned About Carbon Footprint 4 8 80 6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Not Happening All Natural Causes Made Worse By Humans All Humanity's Fault Per Cent Global Warming
  • 66. 66 these statements. Figure 61 shows that 4 per cent agreed that global warming was not really happening; 8 per cent agreed that global warming was a natural occurrence; overwhelmingly, 80 per cent agreed that global warming was made worse by humans; 6 per cent agreed that global warming was all of humanity’s fault. Figure 62: Global Warming and Cornwall Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they felt that global warming was an important issue for Cornwall. Figure 62 shows that the majority of respondents, at 68 per cent, said that global warming was an important issue for Cornwall; 21.5 per cent indicated that global warming was not an important issue for Cornwall and 7 per cent said that they did not know if global warming was an important issue for Cornwall. Drivers for Climate Change in Cornwall Members of town and parish councils were presented with a number of factors identified by Cornwall County Council as drivers for climate change in Cornwall. Respondents were asked to indicate to what level they agreed that these factors were drivers for climate change in Cornwall. 68 21.5 7 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Yes No Don’t Know Per Cent Global Warming and Cornwall
  • 67. 67 Figure 63: Housing Stock Respondents were asked whether they felt that housing stock with a poor environmental performance was a driver for climate change in Cornwall. Figure 63 shows that 19 per cent indicated that a poor housing stock was a very significant driver for change; 21 per cent indicated that a poor housing stock was a significant driver for climate change; 20 per cent indicated that a poor housing stock was moderately significant as a driver for climate change in Cornwall; 7 per cent said that poor housing stock was of little significance as a driver for climate change in Cornwall; 3 per cent said that housing stock was not at all significant as a driver for climate change in Cornwall. 19 21 20 7 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Housing Stock
  • 68. 68 Figure 64: Affordable Housing Respondents were asked if an absence of affordable housing, which was driving pressure for house building, was a significant driver for climate change in Cornwall. Figure 64 shows that 23 per cent said that an absence of affordable housing was a very significant driver for climate change in Cornwall. 16 per cent said that an absence of affordable housing was a significant driver for climate change in Cornwall; 15.5 said it was of moderate significance; 11 per cent said indicated little significance and 5 per cent indicated no significance at all. Figure 65: Flood Planes 23 16 15.5 11 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent SIgnificance Affordable Housing 26 12 13.5 10 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Flood Planes
  • 69. 69 Respondents were asked to indicate if they felt that building structures located on flood planes was a driver for climate change. Figure 65 shows that 26 per cent said that building structures located on flood planes was a very signifiant driver for climate change; 12 per cent said it was a significant driver for climate change; 13.5 per cent said that it was a moderatley significant driver for climate change; 10 per cent stated that it was of little significance as a driver for climate change; 9 per cent said that it was of no significance at all as a driver for climate change. Figure 66: Communities Not Self Sustaining Members of town and parish councils were asked to indicate whether they felt that the dispersed settlements of Cornwall no longer support self sustaining communities and lead to increased travel. Figure 66 shows that 31 per cent indicated that non sustainable communities was a very significant driver to climate change; 21 per cent said that non sustaining communities was a significant driver for climate change; 12.5 per cent said that non sustaining communities was moderately significant as a driver to climate change; 4 per cent said that non sustaining communities was of little significance as a driver to climate change; 2 per cent said that non sustaining communities was of no significance as a driver to climate change. 29 20 12 5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Communities Not Self Sustaining
  • 70. 70 Figure 67: Car Ownership Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that ambitions towards car ownership was a significant driver to climate change. Figure 67 shows that 29 per cent said that it was a very significant driver to climate change; 20 per cent said that it was a significant driver to climate change; 12 per cent said that it was moderately significant as a driver to climate change; 5 per cent indicated that it was of little significance as a driver to climate change; 3 per cent said that it was of no significance as a driver to climate change. 29 20 12 5 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Car Ownership
  • 71. 71 Figure 68: Insufficient Appraisal of Greenhouse Gases Members of town and parish councils were asked if they felt that an insufficient appraisal and analysis of greenhouse gas emissions was a significant driver for climate change. Figure 68 shows that 20 per cent said the insufficient appraisal of greenhouse gases was a very significant driver for climate change; 18.5 per cent indicated that it was a significant driver to climate change; 22 per cent stated that it was of moderate significance as a driver to climate change; 7 per cent said that the insufficient appraisal of greenhouse gases was of little significance as a driver for climate change and 2 per cent said that the insufficient appraisal and analysis of greenhouse gases was of no significance at all as a driver for climate change. Global and Local Connection Research indicates that an individual’s willingness to act in a sustainable manner depends to a large degree on the importance associated with certain risks in contemporary society (Borne 2009a; Borne 2008b). The willingness to participate in education and training programmes that will enable the promotion of sustainable communities therefore, will also depend on the level of importance members of town and parish councils assign to particular issues. With this in mind, respondents were asked to indicate whether they 20 18.5 22 7 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 1 2 3 4 5 Per Cent Significance Insufficient Appraisal of Greenhouse Gases
  • 72. 72 felt certain issues were firstly, important to the local area and secondly, important on a global basis. Figure 69: Global and local connections Members of town parish councils were presented with a number of issues. Respondents were asked to indicate if these issues were important to the local area and the global area. What is evident from Figure 69 is that there are some clear disparities between the importance of risks at the global and the local levels. Air Pollution was considered to be of low importance at both the global and local level; 10 per cent of respondents said that air pollution was important to the local area; 9 per cent indicated that air pollution was important on a global basis. Water Pollution was also considered to be of importance to a small number of respondents at both the global and the local level;15 per cent said that water pollution was important to the local area; 9 per cent indicated that water pollution was important on a global basis. Overall ,concern for flooding was low at both the global and the local level; 8 per cent said that flooding was a concern in the local area and 12 per cent said that it was of concern on a global basis. Traffic presented a significant disparity between the global and the local area; 26 per cent of respondents stated that traffic was an important issue for the local area; only 3 per cent of participants said that traffic was important on a global basis, 55 per cent of 10 15 26 53 17 8 21 47 9 9 3 16 43 12 46 49 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Per Cent Global and Local Local Global
  • 73. 73 the members of town and parish councils said that waste was a concern for the local area. This represented the highest percentage both with regard to the issues presented and the on the global and local basis; 16 per cent said that waste was important for the global area. Global Warming saw a significant disparity between the global and the local area; 17 per cent of respondents said that global warming was important for the local area. The majority of respondents, at 43 per cent, indicated that global warming was important on a global basis. The economy was seen to be more of a concern for the global area, at 46 per cent than the local area at 21 per cent. Population was a seen as a significant concern at both the global and the local area; 47 per cent of respondents said that population was important to the local area; 49 per cent indicated that population was important on a global basis. In sum, responses to sustainable development and related issues were diverse and multifaceted. Members of town and parish councils indicated that they had heard of the term. However, subsequent responses to a number of questions showed that sustainable development was a term that was poorly understood. This finding is in line with previous research which has drawn into focus the contested, ambiguous and multidimensional nature of the concept (Borne 2009a). Section 5 Summary In summary, the majority of respondents were aware of the term sustainable development. Most respondents indicated that sustainable development represented the environment but that for Cornwall sustainable development reference to the economy. There was a general lack of awareness of the mechanisms currently in place that may be used to promote sustainable development including Local Areas Agreements. There was a high level of awareness of sustainable development related issues particularly with reference to global warming. A high proportion of respondents felt that global warming was an important issue for Cornwall.
  • 74. 74 Conclusion This report has outlined results of the survey in the following manner. Section 1 presented basic background information on the respondents and their parishes. Section 2 presented results on participant’s responses to questions that related directly to education and training needs amongst town and parish councillors. Section 3 displayed the results of the survey that related to the partnership. Section 4 focused on the results that related to the dimensions of community in the survey. Section 5 presented the results of the various elements of the survey that dealt with sustainable development. Overall, the results from the survey reveal the complex relationships that exist between the need for enhancing the education and training opportunities, the nature of communities and sustainable development. There was a very strong response amongst members of town and parish councils that they would benefit from increased training and education opportunities. What is clear from the survey is that within the context of achieving sustainable communities there is a strong commitment to the enhancement of communities amongst the members of town and parish councils. What is also apparent is that whilst respondents felt strongly that their community was their local area, there were also multiple communities that exist within these geographical boundaries. The provision of education and training therefore will benefit from a deeper understanding of this diversity, avoiding a one size fits all approach. Members of town and parish councils indicated that it was important to achieve a constructive discourse between themselves and the county council. There was an indication that members of town and parish councils felt that the relationship between themselves and the county council could be strengthened.
  • 75. 75 Future Directions The survey was designed to explore the complex relationships that exist between education and training, community and sustainable development. The second phase of the work will involve conducting a significant number of interviews with members of town/parish councils. The interviews will allow an in-depth investigation into the issues raised in the survey and presented in this report.
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