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description of several advanced packaging technologies along with issues and resolutions.
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DfR Advanced Packaging
1.
Advanced Packaging DfR
Solutions Open House December 14, 2011 Presented by: Greg Caswell © 2004 -–2200011070
2.
Agenda o Package
on Package -3D(PoP) o System in Package 3D (SiP) o Through Silicon Via (TSV) o Bottom Terminated Components © 2004 - 200107 o QFN o LFCSP o .3 mm pitch CSP o Copper Wire Bonding
3.
Roadmap vs Market
Application © 2004 - 200107
4.
Benefits of PoP
o The benefits of PoP are well known. They include o Less board real estate o Better performance (shorter communication paths © 2004 - 200107 between the micro and memory) o Lower junction temperatures (at least compared to stacked die) o Greater control over the supply chain (opportunity to upgrade memory and multiple vendors) o Easier to debug and perform F/A (again, compared to stacked die or multi-chip module or system in package) o Ownership is clearly defined: Bottom package is the logic manufacturer, the top package is the memory manufacturer, and the two connections (at least for one-pass) are the OEM
5.
Benefits of PoP
o The benefits of PoP are well known. They include o Less board real estate o Better performance (shorter communication paths © 2004 - 200107 between the micro and memory) o Lower junction temperatures (at least compared to stacked die) o Greater control over the supply chain (opportunity to upgrade memory and multiple vendors) o Easier to debug and perform F/A (again, compared to stacked die or multi-chip module or system in package) o Ownership is clearly defined: Bottom package is the logic manufacturer, the top package is the memory manufacturer, and the two connections (at least for one-pass) are the OEM
6.
Smartphone advancements aided
by PoP technology and cost of ownership benefits. PoP addresses integration challenges to enable semiconductor advancements . . . © 2004 - 200107 . . . to cost affectively deliver physical world benefits.
7.
Stacked Packages =
PoP – 3D 101 PoP © 2004 - 200107 Double stack Triple stack Double stack Courtesy: ASE
8.
© 2004 -
200107 8 Thermal Comparison
9.
PoP Assembly Process
o Assembly of PoP can be through one or two reflows o Most commonly single reflow (aka, one-pass) o Top package is typically dipped before placement o Flux (sticky) or solder paste © 2004 - 200107 9
10.
1st Generation PoP
– Infrastructure Development OEMs Architecture stacking © 2004 - 200107 12 major OEMs in Handset and DSC market adopting PoP Industry Standards JEDEC – JC.11.2 Design guide, JC11.11 POD, JC-63 pin outs Equipment Panasonic, Siemens, Fuji, Unovis, Assembléon, Hitachi EMS / ODM 5 major EMS providers in production or development Logic IDM 15 major IDMs adopted PoP Memory IDM 8 major Memory suppliers adopted PoP Amkor Full service – Develop, Design, Model, Standards, bottom, top PoP, Modules, pre-stacked engineering samples, BLR Practical Components – stocks Amkor 12, 14 & 15mm bottom / top DC samples www.amkor.com Design, stacking, test and Brd level reliability (joint study papers)
11.
Design Factors Impacting
Warpage • Die – Die size – Die Thickness © 2004 - 200107 o Mold o Material property o Shrinkage o Thickness • Laminate Substrate – Properties – Thickness – Cu ratio – Routing • Die attach – Material property – Thickness
12.
Package Warpage o
Due to mismatch in CTE between the substrate, mold compound and die o Die attach can also play a role o High Tg mold compounds are used to balance CTE mismatch between die and substrate o Effect of mold compound becomes negligible at reflow temperatures © 2004 - 200107 12
13.
Warpage and Yields
© 2004 - 200107 13
14.
Warpage and Reflow
Profile © 2004 - 200107 14 Ramkumar, 2008 European Electronic Assembly Reliability Summit
15.
1st Gen PoP
Technologies limit PoP I/O and Bottom Stacked Die Density – Requiring New Technology o Die stacking in bottom package requires thicker mold cap o New memory architectures require higher I/O interfaces o Higher Semiconductor density requires package size reduction o Thin form factors and increased battery size require thinner PoP stacks o Improved warpage control required when go thinner with higher density o A new bottom PoP technology is needed to continue growth © 2004 - 200107 0.50mm pitch Multiple die in bottom package
16.
Thru Mold Via
Technology (TMV®) o Enabling technology for next generation PoP reqmts o Improves warpage control and PoP thickness reduction o TMV removes bottlenecks for fine pitch memory interfaces o Increases die to package size ratio (30%) o Improves fine pitch board level reliability o Supports Wirebond, FC, stacked die and passive © 2004 - 200107 integration
17.
Construction and package
stack-up for the TMV PoP Test Vehicle Reference : "Surface Mount Assembly and Board Level Reliability for High Density PoP (Package on Package) Utilizing Through Mold Via Interconnect Technology - Joint Amkor and Sony Ericsson", Paper © 2004 - 200107
18.
CCaatteeggoorriieess ooff SSiiPP
–– eexxaammpplleess ooff 33DD Horizontal Placement Stacked Structure © 2004 - 200107 Interposer Type Interposer-less Type Wire Bonding Type Flip Chip Type Wire Bonding Type Wire Bonding + Flip Chip Type Flip Chip Type Terminal Through Via Type Embedded Structure Chip(WLP) Embedded + Chip on Surface Type 3D Chip Embedded Type WLP Embedded + Chip on Surface Type
19.
© 2004 -
200107 SiP: from Die to Package to Hybrid Stacking The Road to 3D Packaging ~2010 2011 2012 2013 die stacking 8 dies 4 dies TRD PoP PIP FCCSP aMAP PoP aWLP PoP aMAP PoP (Cu pillar) Bare-die FC PoP 3D IC PoP Exposed-die aMAP PoP 2.5D IC SiP CoC FBGA Hybrid FCCSP ASIC EDS PoP aEDSi PoP Courtesy: ASE
20.
TSV Development Courtesy:ASE
© 2004 - 200107
21.
Silicon Interposer ©
2004 - 200107 Chip 1 Chip 2 Si Interposer 65 nm ASIC Si Interposer w/ TSV Substrate Courtesy ASE
22.
© 2004 -
200107 XBit: Aug 17, 2011: Samsung announcement of 32 Gbit Memory with TSV Samsung TSV Implementation
23.
Through-Silicon-Vias o Through
Silicon Vias (TSV) are the next generation © 2004 - 200107 technology for system in package devices o Similar to plated through holes in a PCB o Promised advantages include o Thinner packages o Greater level of integration between active die. o Process still being optimized and cost must be reduced for widespread adoption.
24.
TSV (cont.)
TSV is rarely justified by just miniaturization alone More cost-effective to thin, stack and wire bond Cost can be 2X-4X price of flip chip ($200/wafer is the goal) and 5X-10X the price of wire bonding TSV will be justified by performance Increase in inter-die I/O Increase in bandwidth Decrease in interconnect length © 2004 - 200107 24 http://www.intel.com/technology/itj/2007/v11i3/3- bandwidth/6-architectures.htm (August 22, 2007)
25.
TSV Processes o
Via First, before Front End of Line (FEOL) © 2004 - 200107 o Vias etched in bare wafer prior to fab o Not likely o Back End of Line (BEOL) o Via First, before BEOL o Via Last, after BEOL o Vias can be created at various stages of the process o By the wafer provider, IC manufacturer, or packaging house
26.
TSV Process –
BEOL © 2004 - 200107
27.
How Can Through
Silicon Vias (TSV) Fail? o Three primary failure mechanisms © 2004 - 200107 o Cracking of the Copper Plating o Cracking of the Silicon /Change in Resistance of Silicon o Interfacial Delamination of Via Wall from Silicon o Challenges o The exact process and architecture (materials, design) for TSV has yet to be finalized o Can lead to large changes in stress state
28.
TSV Design o
Via walls can be straight (etch) or tapered (laser) o Vias can be filled (likely) or not filled (aka, annular) © 2004 - 200107
29.
TSV Design o
Depending on Via First or Via Last design layout, TSV © 2004 - 200107 can have a ‘floor’ of copper o Also known as Carpeted or Nailheading S. Barnat et. al., EuroSIME 2010
30.
TSV Materials o
Will the via be filled? o If yes, with what material? © 2004 - 200107 o Copper o Tungsten o Conductive polymer Why Tungsten? Low CTE mismatch with Silicon
31.
Via Fill (Tradeoffs)
o Solid Fill (copper, nickel, tungsten, aluminum, etc.) © 2004 - 200107 o Most robust (fatigue) o High stress in silicon o Longest process o Enhanced thermal performance o Greater density (think filled microvias) o Polymer Fill o Still robust o Reduced stress in silicon o Shorter process, more expensive material o No Fill (annular) o Least robust o Lowest stress in silicon o Fastest process, lowest cost
32.
Cracking of Copper
TSV o Will copper in TSV experience fatigue cracking? © 2004 - 200107 o Classic circumferential fatigue cracking of copper plating is currently unlikely for two reasons o Reason #1: Hole Fill o Most TSV concepts seem to be moving to a solid plug design (fully filled) o A partial fill or plated barrel likely a process defect (pinch off due to non-optimized leveler)
33.
Example: Filled PCB
Vias o Filled PCB vias (copper, solder, or conductive fill) do not fail when subjected to temperature cycling o KEY EXCEPTION o Partially filled PCB vias fail faster due to the presence of a stress concentration © 2004 - 200107
34.
Cracking of Copper
TSV (cont.) o Reason #2: Unfilled Via and Compressive Stress o Unlike in PCB, the ‘matrix’ (i.e., silicon) has a lower coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than the barrel o There is also a lower CTE mismatch o PCB: 50ppm vs. 17ppm (33) / TSV: 2ppm vs. 17ppm (-15) o If electroplated, stress free state should be at room temperature o Any increase in temperature, due to hot spots or change in ambient conditions, will place the copper plating under an axial compressive stress o The tensile stress then arises circumferentially o Could induce cracking along the length of the via, but will not cause electrical failure © 2004 - 200107
35.
Cracking of Copper
TSV – Possible Exceptions o Lu claimed very large stresses in the copper plating for © 2004 - 200107 annular TSV Lu, Dissertation, UTexas, 2010
36.
Cracking of Copper
TSV – Possible Exceptions o Liu measured (XRD) similar stress levels in filled TSV Liu, ECTC, 2009 © 2004 - 200107 Note zero stress state
37.
Cracking of Copper
TSV – Possible Exceptions (cont.) o One publication seems to show stress-driven cracking © 2004 - 200107 of TSV, but little additional information is provided J. McDonald, Thermal and Stress Analysis Modeling for 3D Memory over Processor Stacks, SEMATECH Workshop on Manufacturing and Reliability Challenges for 3D IC’s using TSV’s, 2008
38.
Cracking of Silicon
– Single TSV o Stresses within the silicon can be computed using plane-strain © 2004 - 200107 analytical solution known as Lamé stress solution Cylindrical Cartesian o sxx and syy are inplane stresses o B is modulus, T is thermal mismatch strain, r is TSV radius o sr and sq are radial and circumferential stresses o E is modulus, eT = (af-am)DT (thermal mismatch strain), Df is TSV diameter, u is Poisson’s ratio Ignores elastic Lu, Dissertation, UTexas, 2010 mismatch Zhang, IEEE Trans. ED, 2011
39.
Stresses in Silicon
Zhang, IEEE Trans. ED, 2011 © 2004 - 200107
40.
Stresses in Silicon
(cont.) o Are these stresses high enough to cracking © 2004 - 200107 semiconductor-grade silicon? o Unlikely o Fracture strengths of silicon wafers have been reported between 1 – 20 GPa Ritchie, Failure of Silicon, 2003 o Some debate about silicon and fatigue o Dauskardt reports no fatigue behavior o Ritchie reports fatigue behavior up to 0.5 fracture strength
41.
Interfacial Failure of
TSV o This failure mechanism is the most likely failure mode of © 2004 - 200107 TSVs o Very high stresses o Very complex stresses o Difficult to measure material properties o Key material properties not controlled (i.e., fracture strength)
42.
Interfacial Delamination (cont.)
o Analysis by Dudek identified risk of micro cracking and © 2004 - 200107 delamination problems at the upper via pad in a local model. o R. Dudek, et. al., Thermo-Mechanical Reliability Assessment for 3D Through-Si Stacking, EuroSimE, 2009 o Liu found that Cu/SiO2 interfacial cracks and SiO2 cohesive cracks are likely to initiate and propagate at the corners of electroplated Cu pads, where large stress gradients and plastic deformation exist o X. Liu, et. al., Failure Mechanisms and Optimum Design for Electroplated Copper TSV, ECTC, 2009
43.
Interfacial Delamination o
Interfacial delamination of TSVs was found to be © 2004 - 200107 mainly driven by a shear stress concentration at the TSV/Si interface o Can result in TSV extrusion, fracturing the overlaying dielectric material P. Garrou, “Researchers Strive for Copper TSV Reliability,” Semi Int, 03-Dec-2009.
44.
TSV Failures (Summary)
o Ability to predict TSV reliability still in its infancy © 2004 - 200107 o Hampered by little published test data (primarily simulation) o Any prediction must taken into account changes in interfacial material o Don’t simulate/test nominal; investigate realistic worst-case o However, there is no need to reinvent the wheel o A significant amount of relevant material, especially in regards to interfacial reliability can be found in studies on fiber-reinforced ceramic composites
45.
Manufacturability and Reliability
of 0.3mm Pitch Chip Scale Packages and QFNs © 2004 -–2200011070
46.
Reliability and Next
Generation Technologies o One of the most common drivers for failure is inappropriate adoption of new technologies o The path from consumer (high volume, short lifetime) to high rel is not always clear o Obtaining relevant information can be difficult o Information is often segmented o Focus on opportunity, not risks o Can be especially true for component packaging o Fine pitch CSP (Chip Scale Packages) © 2004 - 200107 46
47.
Solder Wearout o
Design change: More silicon, less plastic o Increases mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) BOARD LEVEL ASSEMBLY AND RELIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR LNCSP TYPE PACKAGES, Ahmer Syed and WonJoon Kang, Amkor Technology. © 2004 - 200107 47
48.
Solder Wearout (cont.)
o Hotter devices o Increases change in temperature (DT) 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 50 100 150 200 Change in Temperature (oC) Characteristic Life (Cycles to Failure) tf = DTn n = 2 (SnPb) n = 2.3 (SnNiCu) n = 2.7 (SnAgCu) © 2004 - 200107 48
49.
.3 mm CSP:
Why Not? o .3 mm CSP is a ‘next generation’ technology for non-consumer electronic OEMs due to concerns with o Manufacturability o Compatibility with other OEM processes o Reliability o Acceptance of this package, especially in long-life, severe environment, high-reliability applications, is currently limited as a result © 2004 - 200107 49
50.
Chip Scale Packages
© 2004 - 200107 Wafer Level CSP Lead Frame Chip Scale Package
51.
Design and Fab
Thoughts? o Board Fabricators © 2004 - 200107 o A first step in adapting to .3 mm pitch(12 mil) o 2 mil traces and spaces o Why? Bond pad will be .15mm o 2 mil trace is only size that will fit between o Most likely use via in pad o Copper Thickness o Board fabricators introducing a reduction in copper foil thickness to work with these smaller components o Going down to .25 ounce copper – good for lateral etching, trace width control, uniform trace width. ISSUE IS REDUCED RELIABILITY DUE TO POTENTIAL FOR TRACE CRACKING
52.
Fine Pitch CSP
Manufacturability: Bond Pads o Non Solder Mask Defined Pads Preferred (NSMD) o Copper etch process has tighter process control than solder mask process o Makes for more consistent, strong solder joints since solder bonds to both tops and sides of pads o Use solder mask defined pads (SMD) with care o Can be used to avoid bridging between pads, especially between thermal and signal pads. o Pads can significantly grow in size based on PCB manufacturer capabilities NSMD Images courtesy of Screaming Circuits © 2004 - 200107 52
53.
Solder Paste o
Continued reduction in apertures and bond pad dimensions © 2004 - 200107 are driving toward Types 5 or 6 shown in the chart to facilitate .3mm pitch components o While changes in the solder paste is expected – this move toward “nanosolder” - the increasing ratio of surface area to volume in these small particle systems may start to influence coalescence behavior and storage times as well.
54.
Stencils o The
actual minimum area ratio tends to change for different © 2004 - 200107 solder paste types. o For standard Type 3, the number tends to be 0.66, while pastes with even smaller powder have minimum area ratios closer to 0.5. Regardless, for a 0.15 mm (6 mil) bond pad, maintaining either of these ratios would require stencil thicknesses of less than 4 mil. o These stencil requirements can be problematic for larger or non-fine pitch components, which can potentially experience solder starvation or solder bridging or solder balls (if the stencil aperture is widened to introduce more paste on pad). o All of these challenges are, of course, before attempting to select the type of stencil technology (electroformed or laser cut) or the process parameters (pressure, speed, etc.).
55.
Manufacturability: Stencil Design
Datasheet says solder paste coverage should be 40-80% Drawing supplied in same datasheet is for 26% coverage © 2004 - 200107 55
56.
Reliability o As
usual, reliability is often the last issue to be © 2004 - 200107 considered. o While minimum modeling or testing has been performed, the relatively small volume of solder and the non-uniformity of the interconnect geometry (0.15 mm bond pads on board and 0.075 mm bond pads on package) could create unique scenarios in regards to solder joint response to the application of stresses. o This is in addition to the increasing introduction of mixed mode (shear and tensile stresses) that are greatly accelerating creep and fatigue damage accumulation.
57.
.3mm CSP Reliability
Conclusions o While the move to 0.3 mm pitch CSPs will be challenging, © 2004 - 200107 there is significant opportunity for leveraging the experiences of other portions of the supply chain. o Examples include wafer-level bumping, which has been stencil printing 0.15mm pitch solder bumps for some time period, o BGA substrates, which has been using 2 mil width and spacing on advanced packages, and o 01005s, which have bond pads only 7 mil wide. Success will be ensured through adopting the information gained from these other processes, being aware of the potential gaps in this knowledge, and implementing industry best practices and physics of failure to understand margins and interconnect robustness.
58.
LFCSP Manufacturability: Bond
Pads o Can lose solder volume and standoff height through vias in thermal pads o May need to tent, plug, or cap vias to keep sufficient paste volume o Reduced standoff height reduces cleanability and pathways for flux outgassing o Increased potential for contamination related failures o Tenting and plugging vias is often not well controlled and can lead to placement and chemical entrapment issues o Exercise care with devices placed on opposing side of LNCSP o Can create placement issues if solder “bumps” are created in vias o Can create solder short conditions on the opposing device o Capping is a more robust, more expensive process that eliminates these concerns Images courtesy of Screaming Circuits Thermal vias capped with solder mask © 2004 - 200107 58
59.
Bond Pads o
Extend bond pad 0.2 – 0.3 mm beyond package footprint o May or may not solder to cut edge o Allows for better visual inspection o Need X-ray for best results o Allows for verification of bridging, adequate solder coverage and void percentage o Cannot detect head in pillow or fractures o Note: Lack of good criteria for acceptable voiding of the thermal pad. Depends upon thermal needs. © 2004 - 200107 59
60.
Manufacturability: Reflow
Moisture o LFCSP solder joints are more susceptible to dimensional changes o Case Study: Military supplier experienced solder separation under LFCSP o LFCSP supplier admitted that the package was more susceptible to moisture absorption that initially expected o Resulted in transient swelling during reflow soldering o Induced vertical lift, causing solder separation o Was not popcorning o No evidence of cracking or delamination in component package © 2004 - 200107 60
61.
Corrective Actions: Manufacturing
• Verify good MSL (moisture sensitivity level) handling and procedure procedures • Reflow Profile: Specify and confirm • Room temperature to preheat: maximum 2-3oC/sec • Preheat to at least 150oC • Preheat to maximum temperature: maximum 4-5oC/sec • Cooling: maximum 2-3oC/sec 6©1 2004 - 200107 • In conflict with profile from J-STD-020C which allows up to 6oC/sec • Make sure assembly is less than 60oC before any cleaning processes
62.
Manufacturability: LFCSP Joint
Inspection Goal is 2-3 mils of post-reflow solder thickness © 2004 - 200107 62
63.
Manufacturability: Board Flexure
o Area array devices are known to have board flexure limitations o In circuit testing (ICT), board depanelization, connector insertion, manual assembly operations, shock and vibration, etc. are common causes. o For SAC attachment, maximum microstrain can be as low as 500 ue o Use IPC-JEDEC 9701 and 9704 specifications o .3mm CSPs and LFCSPs have an even lower level of compliance o Limited quantifiable knowledge in this area o Must be conservative during board build o IPC is working on a specification similar to BGAs © 2004 - 200107 63
64.
Pad Cratering o
Drivers o Finer pitch components o More brittle laminates o Stiffer solders (SAC vs. SnPb) o Presence of a large heat sink o Difficult to detect using standard procedures o X-ray, dye-n-pry, ball shear, and ball pull Intel (2006) © 2004 - 200107 64 64
65.
Solutions to Pad
Cratering o Board Redesign o Solder mask defined vs. non-solder mask defined o Limitations on board flexure o 750 to 500 microstrain, Component dependent o More compliant solder o SAC305 is relatively rigid, SAC105 and SNC are possible alternatives o New acceptance criteria for laminate materials o Intel-led industry effort o Attempting to characterize laminate material using high-speed ball pull and shear testing, Results inconclusive to-date o Alternative approach o Require reporting of fracture toughness and elastic modulus © 2004 - 200107 65 65
66.
Reliability: Thermal Cycling
o Order of magnitude reduction in time to failure from QFP o 3X reduction from BGA o Driven by die / package ratio o 40% die; tf = 8K cycles (-40 / 125C) o 75% die; tf = 800 cycles (-40 / 125C) o Driven by size and I/O# o 44 I/O; tf = 1500 cycles (-40 / 125C) o 56 I/O; tf = 1000 cycles (-40 / 125C) o Very dependent upon solder bond with thermal pad QFP: 10,000 BGA: 3,000 to 8,000 LFCSP: 1,000 to 3,000 © 2004 - 200107 66
67.
Electro-Chemical Migration: Details
o Insidious failure mechanism o Self-healing: leads to large number of no-trouble-found (NTF) o Can occur at nominal voltages (5 V) and room conditions (25C, 60%RH) o Due to the presence of contaminants on the surface of the board elapsed time 12 sec. o Strongest drivers are halides (chlorides and bromides) o Weak organic acids (WOAs) and polyglycols can also lead to drops in the surface insulation resistance o Primarily controlled through controls on cleanliness o Minimal differentiation between existing Pb-free solders, SAC and SnCu, and SnPb o Other Pb-free alloys may be more susceptible (e.g., SnZn) © 2004 - 200107 67 67
68.
Reliability: Dendritic Growth
/ Electrochemical Migration o Large area, multi-I/O and low standoff can trap flux under the LNCSP o Processes using no-clean flux should be requalified o Particular configuration could result in weak organic acid concentrations above maximum (150 – 200 ug/in2) o Aqueous Cleaning processes will likely experience dendritic growth without modifications like: o Increase in water temperature o Additions of saponifiers or solvents o Changes to number and angle of impingement jets © 2004 - 200107 68
69.
Cleanliness Controls: Ion
Chromatography o Contamination tends to be controlled through industrial specifications (IPC- 6012, J-STD-001) o Primarily based on original military specification o 10 μg/in2 of NaCl ‘equivalent’ o Calculated to result in 2 megaohm surface insulation resistance (SIR) o Not necessarily best practice o Best practice is contamination controlled through ion chromatography (IC) testing o IPC-TM-650, Method 2.3.28A © 2004 - 200107 *Based on R/O/I testing Pauls General Electric NDCEE DoD* IPC* ACI Chloride (μg/in2) 2 3.5 4.5 6.1 6.1 10 Bromide (μg/in2) 20 10 15 7.8 7.8 15
70.
Physics-of-Failure Approach to
© 2004 -–2200011070 Copper Wire Bonding
71.
Copper Wire Bonding
– Market Status o Initial marketing activities for fine pitched applications initiated in mid-2000’s o Replacement of gold wire bonding initiated in 2007- 2008 due to gold pricing, but stunted due to economic recession o Rapid implementation and replacement of gold wire bonding starting in 2009 © 2004 - 200107 Current state of suppliers
72.
Design Changes in
Response to Copper Wire Bonding o The major issues in regards to copper wire bonding are © 2004 - 200107 bonding force (and risk of silicon damage) and reduced nobility (greater risk of corrosion) o In response, some suppliers have been forced to o Redesign the bond pad and underlying structure o Modified the molding compound (lower pH, reduced halogen content) o Still unresolved o Preferred bond pad material (Al and Pd) o The need for Pd coating over copper wire bond o Type of forming gas used in process (N2 or N2H2)
73.
Major concerns identified
by DfR o Palladium (Pd) coating creates galvanic couple with copper © 2004 - 200107 o Studies have demonstrated thinning or loss of Pd coating during bonding o Uncertain if JEDEC test with acceleration factor based on Peck’s equation (based on aluminum/gold galvanic couple) is still valid o Push out of aluminum pad o Could result in subsurface cracking (metal migration?) o Uncertain if existing JEDEC temp cycling test is sufficient to drive crack growth
74.
Other Systems (Cu-Al)
o Copper-aluminum forms intermetallics at a much slower © 2004 - 200107 rate o Most common activation energy of 1.26 – 1.47 eV o Micron reported 0.63 eV o Molding compound has little effect HJ Kim, IEEE CPT, 2003 L Levine, Update on High Volume Copper Ball Bonding L. England, ECTC, 2007 C. Breach, The Great Debate: Copper vs. Gold Ball Bonding
75.
Other Systems (Cu-Al)(cont.)
Cu-Al o Cu-Al shows improved performance over Au-Al o Not to the extent expected based on intermetallic growth o Different failure mode (gradual vs. sudden) © 2004 - 200107 Au-Al
76.
Cu-Al and Elevated
Temperature – Concerns o Different intermetallics form at different temperatures o Can a 150C/200C test be extrapolated to 85C? o Some indications that oxidation of the wedge bond may be a critical weak point o Additional testing and modeling may be necessary © 2004 - 200107
77.
Copper Wire Bond
and Temperature/Humidity o Copper is not as noble as gold o Noble coatings (palladium) can come off during bonding o Palladium (Pd) coating can also create galvanic couple with copper o Studies have shown early failures during temp/humidity testing o Some dependency on molding compound (need lower pH, lower halogen content) o Uncertain if JEDEC test with acceleration factor based on Peck’s equation (based on aluminum/gold) is still valid © 2004 - 200107 Halogen-Free Molding Compounds H. Clauberg, Chip Scale Review, Dec 2010
78.
Copper Wire and
Temperature Cycling o Power module industry believes copper wire is more robust than aluminum o Changes being implemented for electric drivetrain o Part of improvement is believed to be due to reduced temperature variation from improved thermal conductivity o Part of improvement could be due to recrystallization o Can result in self-healing o Part of improvement could be more robust fatigue behavior © 2004 - 200107 D. Siepe, CIPS 2010 N. Tanabe, Journal de Physique IV, 1995
79.
Copper vs. Gold
– Temperature Cycling o Copper clearly superior N. Tanabe, Journal de Physique IV, 1995 © 2004 - 200107 G. Pasquale, J. Microelectromech Sys.,, 2011
80.
Aluminum vs. Copper
– Temperature Cycling o Copper clearly superior 100 10 106 107 108 109 © 2004 - 200107 N. Tanabe, Journal de Physique IV, 1995 J. Bielen, EuroSime, 2006
81.
Thank you! Any
Questions? Contact me: gcaswell@dfrsolutions.com www.dfrsolutions.com © 2004 -–2200011070
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