1. Labour migration and migrant integration
in the perspective of recent EU Policy
developments:
Selected Highlights
Tadas Leoncikas
Living Conditions and Quality of Life unit
Expert seminar ‘Labour migration in the Baltic Sea countries’
Vilnius, 25 April 2013

2. What is Eurofound?
• A tripartite European agency
• Carrying out comparative
socio-economic research
• Budget of EUR 20.7m (2013)
• 115 people in Dublin and in
Brussels
• Established in 1975
2

3. Eurofound will
provide high quality,
timely and policy
relevant knowledge
as input to better
informed policies in
four priority areas
Increasing labour market
participation and combating
unemployment by creating jobs,
improving labour markets and
promoting integration
Improving working conditions
and make work sustainable
throughout the life course
Developing industrial relations to
ensure equitable and productive
solutions in a changing policy
context
Improving standards of living and
promoting social cohesion in the
face of economic disparities and
social inequalities
Strategic objectives 2013 - 2016
3

4. I. Context:
• Demography
• Polarisation tendencies in job structure
• EU policy context
4

5. Contribution of natural change and net migration (and statistical adjustment) to
population change, 2011
EU Employment and Social Situation, Quarterly Review, March 2013,
Special Supplement on Demographic Trends
Demographic background

6. Non EU citizens represented two-thirds of the EU
population growth in the past decade and half of
employment growth in the past five years.
Out of just over 30 million non-nationals in the
various EU Member States, 20 million are non-
EU citizens. Up to 10-15 million more people
were born as non-EU citizens and later acquired
citizenship of an EU Member State.
Demographic background

7. Policy context
• Labour market demands at both ends of skills spectrum
• Europe 2020: better matching labour supply and demand
• Social Investment Package (EC 2013):
 Acknowledges: More diverse populations, a more diverse workforce,
more diverse lives
 Requests: efficiency improvements in policies
 Implies and/or suggests: cost-benefit analysis
 Overall: opens a window of opportunity for research to show the costs of
non-action, of missing policies

8. Job structure developments in EU
during crisis
Employment change in EU27 by wage quintile 2008-2012
Source: Eurofound (2013) Employment polarisation and job quality in the crisis: European Jobs Monitor 2013
p.11 (based on LFS and ESES)

9. Job structure developments:
upgrading, polarisation, or downgrading?
Employment change in EU27 by wage quintile and country 2011 Q2 – 2012 Q2
Source: Eurofound (2013) Employment polarisation and job quality in the crisis: European Jobs Monitor 2013
p.12 (based on LFS and ESES)
Upgrading Polarisation Downgrading/hybrid

10. II. Major elements of EU level
policies in area of migration and integration
10

11. Major elements of EU level
policy measures: access to labour market
• Efforts for coherent EU strategy since 1999
• TCNs:
 Blue card directive (2009)
 European Single Permit Directive (2011)
 Further legislation proposed: Intra-corporate transfers
• Mobile MS nationals:
 EU Directive on the recognition of professional qualifications
(2005/36/EC)
 Posted workers
 EURES 11

12. Major elements of EU level
policy measures: integration
European Agenda for the integration of TCNs (EC 2011)
TCN integration fund
Subsidiarity
Acknowledgement of importance of local level governance
The Stockholm programme (2010-2014) – what will the
forthcoming renewal entail?
What about integration needs of 12m mobile EU citizens?
ESF project funding used in some countries
12

13. Developments in European institutions
• European Parliament: Report on the integration of
migrants, its effects on the labour market and the
external dimension of social security coordination
(11.02.2013)
• European Commission: how will future
responsibilities for migration and mobility issues will
be allocated?
 Roles of DG HOME and DG EMPLOYMENT?
13

14. Eurofound action research:
CLIP (cities for local integration policy)
• CLIP (2006 – 2010): network of 30 European cities
working together to support the social and economic
integration of migrants (Tallinn, Malmo, Helsinki, Wroclaw,
Copenhagen, Turku – from the Baltic sea countries)
• Structured sharing of experiences: city reports and
workshops on four research modules
 Housing and integration of migrants in Europe
 Equality and diversity in jobs and services
 Intercultural policies in European cities
 Ethnic entrepreneurship
• Local authorities learn from each other and deliver a more
effective integration policy. 14

15. III. Why situation of labour migrants and mobile
workers matters?
Insights from the
European Working Conditions Survey
15

16. A sample segment
with the migrant background
• 12.6% - Share of working
population with migrant
background (other than
those who and whose both
parents were born in a
country)
EWCS 2010 - EU27 (total N=35,251)
87.4%
12.6%

17. Satisfaction with working conditions
information about health and safety risks
EWCS 2010
q76. On the whole, are you very satisfied, satisfied,
not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with
working conditions in your main paid job?
1 Very satisfied 2 Satisfied
3 Not very
satisfied
4 Not at
all
satisfied
Were you and both of your
parents born in this country?
yes 25.1% 59.7% 12.6% 2.7%
no 24.5% 57.2% 15.7% 2.6%
q30. Regarding the health and safety risks related
to performance of your job, how well informed
would you say you are?
1 Very well
informed
2 Well
informed
3 Not very
well
informed
4 Not at all
well
informed
Were you and both of your
parents born in this country?
Yes 45.4% 45.2% 7.0% 2.4%
No 40.5% 45.0% 11.0% 3.5%

18. Exposure to various risks
EWCS 2010
Migrant
background
Other
index of exposure to
ergonomic risks
106.98 98.99
index of exposure to
biological and chemical
risks
105.32 99.23
index of exposure to
ambient risks
103.40 99.50
Note: with 2010 EU27 average as reference (100)

19. Subjection to discrimination for
different reason, by origin (EWCS 2010)
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
7%
8%
Age
Gender
Nationality
Ethnicbackgroundor
skincolour
Religion
Disability
Sexualorientation
Native Migrant All

20. Migrant
background
Other
q70. Over the last
month, during the
course of your work
have you been
subjected to... ?
verbal abuse*** 13.4 10.4
unwanted sexual attention *** 2.5 1.6
threats and humiliating
behaviour ***
6.6 4.8
q71. Over the past
12 months, during
the course of your
work have you been
subjected to… ?
physical violence 2.1 1.8
bullying /harassment *** 6.0 3.8
sexual harassment *** 1.5 1.0
EWCS 2010, EU-27
Percentage of those answered ‘Yes’
*** - p ≤ 0.001

21. Key EWCS findings regarding
diversity
The flipside of greater diversity (in all forms) in the workforce is that
discrimination at work remains a risk:
 In 2010, 6% of European workers said that they had
experienced some form of discrimination at work – a slight
increase compared with 2005.
 Strikingly, given the European policy goal of retaining people
in work for longer, the most common complaint was of age
discrimination – reported by 3% of workers.
 People with migrant background are more likely to encounter
most forms of abusive behaviour such as verbal abuse (13%),
threats, bullying (6%) or unwanted sexual attention.
Note: the survey focuses on the working population and does not measure the
discrimination preventing the access to labour market.

22. Effect of discrimination and harassment on
health and well-being
Mental
health at
risk
(WHO 5)
Able to do
job at 60
Absent from
work for more
than 5 days
due to health
problems
Dissatisfied
with
working
conditions
Subjected to
discrimination at work
(past year)
Yes 32% 48% 35% 34%
No 19% 59% 23% 14%
Subjected to adverse
social behaviour
Yes 29% 46% 32% 32%
No 18% 61% 22% 13%
EWCS, 2010

23. EWCS 2010, EU-27, %
Vulnerability aspects
Differences between migrants and non-migrants are less pronounced
in terms of perceived health risk, perceived financial security in case of
illness, or general social support from colleagues or management
than they are in terms of formal contracts and awareness.
9.4
4.3
14.5
7.7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Not at all or Not very
well informed about
health risks
Have no contract
Other Migrant background

24. New focus points
in research and policy (1)
• Challenges to social services?
 Welfare pick-up by migrants and access to social services
IZA study findings
 Public / private sector characteristics
DG HOME considering a draft directive to define au-pair
situation
• Social costs of mobility:
 for migrants themselves; related to portability of social rights
 integration needs of mobile EU citizens
 for labour market sectors in sending countries (e.g. mobility of
healthcare professionals – EF report forthcoming 2013)
 Different types of costs for sending and receiving MSs (note EP
report on statistics on demography)
24

25. • Single European labour market (EPC)? Scenarios?
• CEDEFOP: Skills obsolescence and mismatch survey 2013
• Laval case and its repercussions: ILO opinion regarding
Sweden (April 2013)
* * * * *
• Eurofound future research on mobility and migration:
 Priority to the issue in the EF Work Programme 2013-2016
 Next project: Migration, labour market policies and the
effective integration of TCN
 Expert seminar on 13 June 2013
25
New focus points
in research and policy (2)

26. Concluding points
• The issue is not only about more or less migration, but:
 where, by whom, and to what types of jobs, and with what
job structure outcomes (polarisation? upgrading?..)
• In terms of measures to help integration, it is not only
about targeting groups in terms of their origin or
migration status:
 it is also about general measures for labour market and
working conditions
• Finally, labour migration is not only about migration, it is
also about labour
 Conditions, efficiency, and distribution of work in society
26

27. Thank you
Contact:
Tadas.Leoncikas@eurofound.europa.eu
27