Landscape design for multimodal transport corridors

LANDSCAPE DESIGN OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS | dissertation
R1
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( a study w.r.t Chennai )

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STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION | research process
INTRODUCTION OF
THE PROBLEM
DATA
COLLECTION
ANALYSIS &
FINDINGS
CONCLUSION &
INTERPREATATION
1. ABOUT MULTIMODAL TRANSIT
CORRIDORS
2. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
3. AIM
4. OBJECTIVE
5. NEED FOR STUDY AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE
6. POTENTIAL OF LANDSCAPE IN
MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT
CORRIDORS
1. TRANSIT SYSTEMS IN CHENNAI
2. USERS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
3. ISSUES FACED IN TRANSIT SYSTEMS
4. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL NODES
5. CHALLENGES IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN
1. CASE STUDIES OF MULTIMODAL TRANSIT
SYSTEMS – INDIA & ABROAD
2. COMPARISON OF PROJECTS IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES
3. PROJECT SUCCESS COMPARISON IN INDIAN CITIES
4. LANDSAPING POTENTIAL & INFLUENCE IN THESE
PROJECTS

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RESEARCH PROCESS | data collection
DATA COLLECTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
ARTICLES &
RESEARCH WORKS
STANDARDS
CASE STUDY
LITERATURE CASE
STUDY
QUESTIONNAIRE
LIVE CASE STUDY
SECONDARY DATA
STUDY SIMILAR
PROJECTS IN INDIA AND
ABROAD
PRIMARY DATA
• INTERACTION WITH THE
PUBLIC – TO ANALYSE THE
ISSUES
• VISIT DIFFERENT TRANSIT
CORRIDORS TO UNDERSTAND
THE EXISTING SCENARIO
• INTERVIEWS WITH THE FIELD
EXPERTS DISCUSSING THE
FUTURE PROPOSALS IN
CHENNAI
• RESEARCH WORKS ON
MULTIMODAL TRANSIT
SYSTEMS
• UNDERSTANDING THE TRAFFIC
FLOW, USAGE, DESIGN,
PATTERN
• UNDERSTANDING BYE LAWS
ON THE DESIGN OF TRANSIT
SYSTEMS
POTENTIALOFLANDSCAPEINMULTIMODALTRANSITSYSTEM
CASE STUDY AND MIXED METHOD OF RESEARCH

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AIM
OBJECTIVE
• This study aims to project the need for landscapes in multimodal transit corridors, which improves the aesthetics, prevents
illegal activities and makes more usable public spaces.
• This study also analyses efficient methods to achieving the same through existing case studies and proposals.
• This study also aims to understand the factors influencing imageability of a city and to study in detail about the elements
contributing to the image of the city.
• And to analyze the methods to enhance these elements – nodes, path and edges which is our transport corridors.
• This study also analyses sustainable contexts in urban landscape design, usage of local materials, techniques and skills to make
it an eco-friendly design.
• This study analyses various road transport corridors of different contexts, and understand different approaches towards
landscape architecture in these corridors.
• The study limits it to different road transit systems like roadways, railways, pedestrian ways, and flyover system of transport.
• This study also looks upon local regulations, bylaws, recommendations and standards which can be adapted in revitalization.
Also analyses how landscape can be efficiently used in these projects.
• This study also analyses plant species which are suitable for this design, and various elements of landscape which can be used
in the design.

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WHAT ARE MULTI – MODAL TRANSPORT CORRIDORS
• Multi Modal Transportation System (MMTS) explores the co-ordinated use of two or more modes of transport for speedy, safe,
pleasant and comfortable movement of passengers in urban areas. It provides convenient and economical connection of
various modes to make complete journey from origin to destination.
• Generally, MMTS has been characterized by increased capacity, efficient access and better location of both integration and
nodes.
• Public transport is an important constituent of multi–modal transportation system and hence local and regional public
transportation system must be as integral part of the same.

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S W
O T
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
OPPORTUNITY THREAT
• Providing reliable and affordable public transport
• Improving transportation safety
• Developing transportation legislations
• Integration of various transport corridors
• Cleanliness and improved legibility
• Managing traffic congestion
• Discouraging the use of cars and encouraging the
use of public transport.
• Providing access to passengers with special needs
• Protecting the environment
• Improve imageability of the city
• Remove hawkers / encroachments
• Large areas of land needed
• Cost of construction is more
• Maintenance is more
• Cannot be applied in less traffic area
• Cannot be applied in cities with no road widening
options / historic cities
• If the project is not used to its fullest capacity,
large acres of land in high economic areas are
wasted.
• If the design or planning is not efficient, it may
lead to squatters, encroachments or illegal
activities.
• If not designed efficiently, it spoils the
imageability of the city.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• Most of the people observe the city when travelling. Thus what they see, they picture a mental map of the city.
• Unfortunately, in most of the cities, this is ignored and it results in unutilized or underutilized spaces. As these are
large open spaces, landscape can be a vital tool to solve this issue.
• A good image of the city should portray its evolution, culture, and should be a balance between global and local
environment. Thus landscape plays a vital role in narration of this history.
• The multimodal transit corridors which are not effectively designed, creates a lot of negative impacts in the city.
• Since the transport corridors include large piece of lands, if it’s not planned, hectares of land in a high economic area
is wasted.
• When the city itself is lacking proper open spaces or space for recreation, these pockets which are negatively used
spoils the cityscape.
• These spaces which are underutilized is occupied by squatters and used as encroachments. Or these are used for
criminal activities, by street hawkers, and makes it unsafe for the public.
• It creates undesirable views, often littered and becomes area of garbage disposal.
• Thus making the neighborhood unfit for living and promotes development of slums.

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NEED FOR STUDY
• Though the city has great infrastructural advancement, if the viewers don’t get the intended imageability
of the city, the design will not be successful.
• And in the need for expansion of the transit corridors and development of the transport systems in three
dimension in the form of flyovers and metro lanes, the imageability is affected all the more. Since most
of these transport systems causes infrastructural voids below or adjacent to the development.
• This inturn results in illegal usage, encroachments and by hawkers. Even the smaller lanes – streets are
affected if it’s unplanned.
• Most of the pedestrian walkways in the city is either occupied by the hawkers or used by the motor
vehicles.
• The dead zones form the dump yard of the city.
• Thus proper care should be taken while planning these areas. Since the city is moving towards a
sustainable development, landscape can play a key role in this process.

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POTENTIAL OF SPACE IN MULTIMODAL CORRIDOR
• The space in the multimodal transit corridors is not always programmed, it doesn’t have a
territory and it’s used by different people at different point of time.
• Thus in city, this can be used as a place for public gathering. It can either be formal or informal
public space.
• This portion of urban land is generally free from tenure disputes, real estate and politics. Thus this
can become a breathing area in an urban space.
• The transport corridors and pedestrian walkways are often neglected from landscape. Thus the
negative impacts produced by these underutilized spaces in transport corridors can be reduced
through careful landscape design and efficient incorporation of spaces in their surrounding urban
environment.
• With the increased need for landscaping due to environmental changes, there is also a need for
sustainable transport systems. Thus this in turn reduces the effects of pollution.
• Thus this study brings out different context and solution through landscape design.

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CASE STUDY STRUCTURE
CASESTUDIES
INDIAN
1. Mumbai Multimodal Corridor
2. Rainbow BRT, Pune
3. Bangalore Metro
INTERNATIONAL
1. Hong Kong, China
2. Singapore
3. Dubai
SITE STUDIES
1. OMR Corridor - road
2. MRTS Corridor - rail
3. CMRL Corridor - metro
ChennaiAsian

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CHENNAI | multimodal transit system study

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CHENNAI TODAY
Source: CMRL presentation on challenges in multimodal
transportation in Chennai City
• TOTAL VEHICLE POPULATION: 33.75 lakhs
• Registered vehicles increased 5 times during last 16 years
• Around 2 lakh vehicle registration per year
• Compound Annual Average Growth Rate: 12.5%
• Bus / Lakh Population remained almost stagnant – 1981 – 2008
• Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) operates –
Bus Routes – 640
Fleet Size – 3300
• BUS – 58 lakhs trips / day
• SUB URBAN RAIL – 9 lakh trips / day
• MRTS – 1 lakhs trips / day
GeminiFlyover

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COMPARISON OF MODAL TRANSPORT BETWEEN CITIES
Source: MoUD, Traffic & Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, 2008
Chennai 30% 14% 7% 2.5% 4%
Source: Traffic & Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, adjusted data from 1990’s
Chennai 38%
PUBLIC TRANSPORT SHARE DRASTICALLY REDUCED FROM 54% (1970) TO 31% (2008) in Chennai

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EXISTING TRANSPORTATION STUDY
Road classifications in CMA
Type of Junctions in CMA
Source: Chennai Comprehensive Transportation Study, CMDA, 2010

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FUTURE PROJECTION
Goals achievable by implementing the multimodal transport schemes

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DATA COLLECTION | questionnaires

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For what purpose you use the OMR & Sardar Patel road? What mode of Transportation you use?
Source: Based on Questionnaire after surveying 100 people in Madhya Kailash Junction
76%
16%
8%
TRIP PURPOSE
WORK / BUSSINESS EDUCATION SOCIAL
47%
22%
14%
11%
1%5%
TRANSPORT TYPE
BIKE / CAR (OWN) BUS MRTS OLA / UBER / AUTO CYCLE OTHERS
QUESTIONNAIRE | Survey

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What do you want to change about transit systems in the city? What comes to your mind when you think about Chennai’s
transport?
Source: Based on Questionnaire after surveying 100 people & Architects opinion
13%
9%
7%
11%
25%
5%
26%
4%
CHANGES NEEDED
WIDER ROADS DESIGNATED WALKWAYS REMOVE HAWKERS
CLEANLINESS SHADE LIGHTING
LESS TRAFFIC OTHERS
33%
28%
15%
19%
5%
IMAGEABILITY
CONGESTED / TRAFFIC GOOD INFRASTRUCTURE CLEANLINESS
GARBAGE DISPOSAL OTHERS

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What's is your opinion on importance of landscaping the transit corridors? What’s your opinion on multimodal transit system?
64%
20%
7%
9%
NECESSITY OF LANDSCAPE
VERY ESSENTIAL DESIRABLE NOT REQUIRED NO IDEA
23%
13%
12%
28%
7%
17%
MULTIMODAL TRANSIT
REDUCE CONGESTION INCREASE ACCESSIBILITY IMPROVED SAFETY
REDUCED TRAVEL TIME LESS FUEL CONSUMPTION LESS TRAVEL EXPENDITURE
ECO FRIENDLY

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What amenities / spaces do you want to be integrated in a transit corridor? Do you need a separate Cycle Track?
43%
29%
19%
9%
NECESSITY OF CYCLE TRACK
VERY ESSENTIAL DESIRABLE NOT REQUIRED NO IDEA
25%
14%
13%7%
11%
6%
4%
3%
4%
2%
11%
AMENITIES
TREES / SHADE SEATING SEPARATE WALKWAYS
LIGHTING OPEN SPACE / GATHERING SPACE RECREATIONAL
WATER FEATURE / STATUES SEPARATE CYCLE TRACKS CROSSINGS
GOOD FRONTAGE PARKING SPACE

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DATA COLLECTION | live case study in OMR - MRTS Corridor

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OMR CORRIDOR | live case study
• Rajiv Gandhi Salai is a major road connecting Chennai with Mamallapuram in Tamil Nadu.
• It is 45 km long and was earlier known as the Old Mahabalipuram Road (OMR).
• The road starts from Madhya Kailash Temple Junction on Sardar Patel Road in south-east Chennai and terminates
on East Coast Road near Mamallapuram.
• The TIDEL Park , home to a number of BPO and IT/ITES companies and many other major IT/ITES Companies in the
country are situated along the Rajiv Gandhi Salai. Prominent technical and educational Institutions, national research
laboratories are also located along the Corridor.

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NEED FOR THE PROJECT
• Due to heavy movement of traffic and on account of poor soil
condition, the pavement of the Corridor had deteriorated.
• The opening of the Mass Rapid Transit Line along the three km
stretch and the presence of densely populated residential areas
along the Kottivakkam-Perungudi stretch had also led to
congestion and accidents.
• The IT Corridor Project aimed at improving the Corridor to a
world-class facility in tune with the progressive and IT/ITES
friendly image of Tamil Nadu.
PROJECT PHASING
• The Rajiv Gandhi Salai Project is being implemented in two
phases. Phase-I between Madhya Kailash Temple Junction and
Siruseri and Phase-II between Siruseri and Mahabalipuram.
• The 2.1 km long ECR Link Road connecting Rajiv Gandhi Salai at
Sholinganallur and East Coast Road at Kudumiyandithoppu is also
included in Phase-I.

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PROJECT FEATURES
• In Phase-I, the 20.1 km stretch between Madhya Kailash Temple
Junction to Siruseri is widened to dual three lane carriageway with
median, service road, pedestrian footpath and planter strip.
• The ECR Link Road has also been improved to dual two lane
carriageway.
• Another significant feature of the Project is the construction of
service trenches/ducts for conveying utility lines including
electrical, telephony and optic fibre cables/wires so as to avoid
digging in future. The water and sewer lines are also being
conveyed under the footpath.
• Landscaping and arboriculture, road side arts and sculpture works
and value added services have also been undertaken.
• A twelve lane state-of-the-art toll plaza has been located at
Perungudi with a modern Toll Administration-cum-Office along
with four satellite plazas at Pallavaram road, ECR Link road,
Medavakkam road and Exit plaza at Navalur.

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OMR – SARDAR PATEL ROAD - TRANSIT CORRIDOR
OMRcorridor-Planned
Source: Live Case Study

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OMR corridor - Planned OMR corridor - Planned
OMR – MRTS TRANSIT CORRIDOR

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OMR corridor - Planned OMR corridor - Planned

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MRTS corridor - UnplannedOMR corridor - Planned

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MRTS corridor - UnplannedOMR corridor - Planned

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OMR corridor - Planned MRTS corridor - Unplanned

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Buckingham Canal - Unplanned Buckingham Canal - Unplanned

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DATA COLLECTION | case study on multimodal proposal in metro corridor

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CMRL NETWORK
• Chennai Metro Rail – Improve the Public Transport
share with the mission of convenient, fast,
economical and reliable
• Total Length – 45.1 Km
• Corridor 1- 23.1Km
• Corridor 2 – 22.0Km
• No. of Stations – 32 Nos
• No of Interchanges – 2Nos
• It is running along the major arterial roads and
connecting important places such as Airport,
Chennai Central station, Egmore Station, Chennai
Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT) etc.
• About 55% of the corridors in Phase 1 is
underground and the remaining is elevated
Source: CMRL report on challenges in multimodal transportation in Chennai City

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CMRL NETWORK | intermodal integration

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CMRL NETWORK
CONCEPT
• Integrating various available modes of transport to make it
complementary to each other modes so as to ensure the
optimal functioning of the existing transportation system.
• Providing easy access across various modes at the Metro
stations – Seamless Travel
TYPES
• PHYSICAL INTEGRATION
Integrating various modes through Physical Structures
• SYSTEM INTEGRATION
Integrating various modes through system such as common
ticketing system, unlimited passes.

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ALANDUR METRO STATION
LocationCMRL NETWORK | intermodal integration

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Concept

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Concept

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Concept

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Concept

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Existing condition

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Proposed corridor

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CASE STUDY | inference
COMPONENTS TO BE CONSIDRED BEFORE DESIGNING LANDSCAPE IN MULTIMODAL CORRIDOR
• Identification of Station influence area
• Pedestrian access / dispersal proposal
• Public transportation pick up & drop off facility
• Intermediate public transportation pick up & drop off facility
• Identification of feeder routes
• Parking demand assessment
• Enhance existing connectivity
• Identification of missing links
• Preparation of concept plan

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CASE STUDY | inference
CHALLENGES IN DESIGNING LANDSCAPE IN MULTIMODAL CORRIDOR
• Stakeholders involvements and ownership
• Coordination activity between various stakeholders
• Institutional / regulatory setup
• Land availability – Provision of facility within available land
• Implementation of various schemes / proposals
• Rationalization of existing public transport systems
• Common ticketing solutions and revenue sharing mechanisms

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PROPOSED INTERMODAL INTEGRATION WITH PUBLIC TRANSPORT
• Washermanpet – Link with Washermanpet sub urban station & Mini Bus Station
• Central – Interchange with Central SR, Moore Market Suburban, Park Station and
MRTS Station
• High Court – with Broadway bus stand
• Egmore – Intercity and Suburban
• CMBT – Intercity Bus Terminus
• Alandur & Central – Interchange
• St. Thomas Mount – with MRTS, Suburban
• Airport

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INDIAN CASE STUDIES | pune, bengaluru & mumbai

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PUNE | bus rapid transit system in pimpri chinchwad
Proposed corridor
• Corridor Length: BRT Network -118.5 km connecting
two cities
• Riders per Day: 120,000
• Notable Strengths: The Rainbow BRT system
introduced BRT in a challenging transportation
context.
• PCMC prepared the Comprehensive Mobility Plan in
2006 & Identified 10 BRT corridors of 130 km.
Source: Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation

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Proposed corridorPUNE | bus rapid transit system in pimpri chinchwad

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Existing HT Towers in the centre of the road have been retained in the BRT corridor. Median Stations constructed in the existing divider with
landscaping.

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Median Stations constructed in the existing divider with landscaping
Dedicated One Way ROW: median bus lanes on NH (Mumbai-Pune)

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MUMBAI | multi-modal corridor from virar to alibaug
Proposed corridor
• Length of 140 km (Approx.)
• 4+4 lanes (other traffic including BRTS) +Service Roads
• Metro (In middle of the Corridor)
• Utility Corridor (Under ground)
• Non Motorized Transport (Cycles) lane
• Estimated Cost : INR 100 billion
FEATURES
• Metro Rail Corridor: 30m wide,
• Access Control Highway for BRT and other traffic: 4 + 4 lane
(each 16.5m wide)
• Pedestrian footpath with Storm Water Drain: 2.5m each side
• Service Road (2 lane): 7m each side
• Parking/non-motorized/utility: 8.5m each side
Source: Transport & Communications Division, Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority

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Proposed corridor
COMPONENTS
• Access Controlled Highway
• Service Roads
• Metro Rail
• Bus Rapid Transit
• Non-Motorized Traffic Lanes
• Pedestrian Foot Paths and Parking
• Utilities
BENEFITS
• High speed movement between the MMR regions
• Choice of multiple modes to travel
• Easy and fast transfer between modes
• Cost savings over development of separate corridors for each
transportation mode
• As the comprehensive transportation study recommendations
for the MMR
MUMBAI | multi-modal corridor from virar to alibaug

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Proposed corridorMUMBAI | multi-modal corridor from virar to alibaug

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INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES | dubai, singapore & china

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SINGAPORE | a city in a garden
Proposed corridor
• Population (million): 4.16
• Area (km2): 685
• Population density (per km2):6075
• Private car ownership (/1000): 113
• Public transport modal share % of total motorised trips: 63%
MEASURES FOR MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT
• Physical integration
• Network integration
• Fare integration
• Information integration
• Institutional integration
Network of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) and Light Rail
Transit (LRT)

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68

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Then Now

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HONG KONG | multimodal transit system
Proposed corridor
• Area (km2): 1100
• Population density (per km2): 6300
• Private car ownership (/1000): 50
• Public transport modal share % of total motorised trips: 90%

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Proposed corridor
• Area (km2): 4,114 km2
• The Public Bus Transport system in Dubai is run by the RTA.
• The bus system services 140 routes and transported over 109 million people in 2008.
DUBAI | multimodal transit system

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OBJECTIVE
• Managing traffic congestion
• Providing reliable and affordable public transport
• Improving transportation safety
• Discouraging the use of cars and encouraging the use of public transport.
• Bringing a behavioural change in a car-dominated society, where average vehicle occupancy is 1.7 passengers
per vehicle
• Providing access to passengers with special needs
• Developing transportation legislations
• Protecting the environment

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GUIDELINES | for design of multimodal transit corridors

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNING A MULTIMODAL TRANSIT CORRIDOR
Source: Transit Oriented Design Standard, Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, 2017

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FOR NEXT REVIEW…
DATACOLLECTION
DETAILED CASE STUDIES – INDIAN
& INTERNATIONAL
STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT RULES
STUDY OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
DETAILED STUDY ON PLANT
SPECIES FOR TRANSIT CORRIDORS
IN CHENNAI
PLANT HEIGHTS & COMPOSTION
ANALYSIS&FINDINGS
COMPARISON OF MULTIMODAL
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN
DIFFERENT CITIES
ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
SUGGESTIONS OF PLANT SPECIES
GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE
DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSIT
CORRIDORS IN CHENNAI
INTERPREATIONOF
COLLECTEDDATA
INTERPRETATION THROUGH
CHARTS, TABLES AND GRAPHS
SOLUTIONS FOR ISSUES FACED IN
CHENNAI
FINAL GUIDELINES FOR
LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT AND
MANAGEMENT IN CHENNAI
PROPOSALS FOR LANDSCAPE
DESIGN IN MULTIMODAL
TRANSIT CORRIDORS IN CHENNAI

Landscape design for multimodal transport corridors

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