1.
GS ANALYST
CURRENT AFFAIRS Daily
JANUARY
2023
27
NEWS HEADLINE
ONGC to map India’s
geothermal resources
UNDP India launches
campaign to drive
inclusive circular
economy
The rationale for taxing
agricultural income
Country’s indigenous
mobile operating system
BharOS
ISRO to soon launch
Aditya-L1
EDITORIAL
A Battle-Fit Police
SHORT NEWS
Indigenously made
weapons, women power
showcased at Republic
Day parade
National Tourism Day
2023
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EDITORIAL
A BATTLE-FIT POLICE
CONTEXT:
A conference of the Directors General of Police of all the states and union territories was held, organised
by the Intelligence Bureau which highlighted the increasing security related problems and need for
reforms in policing model.
€ HIGHLIGHTED CONCERNS IN THE CONFERENCE:
Increasing rate of Crime: The events of chain-snatching, kidnapping, robbery, murder,
communal riot, terrorist outrage or any other law and order situation is increasing and police
interventions is neglected in terms of reforms.
Over-pendency of cases: The overburdening of police staff makes them inefficient and
affects their working condition.
Tougher conditions of work: Since Independence, 36,044 police personnel have died in the
performance of their duties. Police duties in India are tougher than in any other part of the world.
€ PRESENT CONDITION OF POLICE SYSTEM:
Working at police stations: Generally, visiting a Police station is a task for a citizen, as the
staff, overworked and fatigued, is generally unresponsive. Police in India work at 77 per cent
of their sanctioned strength and these personnel work for 14 hours a day on average.
Lack of resources: According to the Status of Policing in India Report 2019, there are 70
police stations which have no wireless, 214 police stations that have no telephone and 240
police stations that have no vehicles.
Inadequate Training and remunerations: The training institutions have not kept pace with
the changing paradigm on the law or crime front and are manned generally by unwanted,
demotivated officers.
€ SUGGESTIVE POINTS:
Crimes increasing faster: Terrorist crimes, cybercrimes, drug trafficking, crypto currency, etc.
are all very important subjects. These must be discussed and strategies planned to tackle them.
Allocation of proper resources at police stations: The police station must be reinforced
with adequate staff and its infrastructure upgraded with better transport, communication and
forensic facilities.
Win the confidence of people: Impacts on the life and property of the common citizen tend
to get neglected at local police stations mostly; it is high time that the basics are taken care
of to gain confidence of people.
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ONGC TO MAP INDIA’S GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES
SYLLABUS MAPPING
Subject: Geography (GS-I) Sub-topic: Distribution of Key Natural Resources
CONTEXT
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to map the geothermal energy sources of India in search of
clean energy.
What is Geothermal Energy?
Geothermal energy is heat that is generated within the Earth.
Geothermal energy is stored in the form of heat beneath the earth’s surface
Type: Renewable resource
Source: It is contained in the rocks and fluids beneath the earth’s crust and can be found as far down to
the earth’s hot molten rock, magma.
Impact on environment: clean and carbon-free.
Process: A series of wells is used to generate steam from the Earth’s internal heat energy and fed to the
power plant to generate electricity
Geothermal Energy in India
Geothermal province: There are seven geothermal provinces and a number of geothermal springs in
India.
Total potential: According to the ministry of new and renewable energy, India has the potential to
generate 10 gigawatt (GW) geothermal power.
Major regions: So far, Ladakh (Puga and Chumathang regions) has been identified as the most resource-
rich region in terms of geothermal energy in the country.
! Apart from Ladakh, there is abundant potential in Himachal Pradesh too which has several sources of
geothermal energy along the rivers Alaknanda, Sutlej, Beas and Bhagirathi.
! Efforts are also under way to utilize geothermal energy from oil and gas wells in Gandhar oil field of
ONGC’s Ankleshwar asset in Gujarat.
India’s Top Renewable Energy Projects
Puga Geothermal Energy Project, Ladakh
Bhadla Solar Park, Rajasthan
Jaisalmer Wind Park, Jaisalmer
Rewa Solar Project, Madhya Pradesh
Brahmanvel Wind Farm, Maharashtra
Gobar‐Dhan Bio‐CNG Plant, Indore
Vankusawade Wind Park, Maharashtra
Ramky Enviro Landfill, Gas to Bio‐CNG Plant, Hyderabad
Shakti Sthala Solar Project, Karnataka
Simhadri Floating Solar PV Plant, Andhra Pradesh
Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, Andhra Pradesh
Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka
Muppandal Wind Farm, Tamil Nadu

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About Maharatna ONGC
The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of
the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.
Headquarters: Dehradun
Founded in: 1956
ONGC is the largest crude oil and natural gas Company in India.
UNDP INDIA LAUNCHES CAMPAIGN TO DRIVE INCLUSIVE
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
SYLLABUS MAPPING
Subject: Environment (GS-III) Sub-topic: Conservation
CONTEXT
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) launched a campaign to drive an inclusive circular
economy as part of its initiative to promote sustainability.
About the initiative
Project title: “Inclusive Circular Economy”
Partners: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL)

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The project is a scale-up of existing partnership under UNDP’s flagship Plastic Waste Management
Programme.
Aim: The initiative focuses on end-to-end management of plastic waste by
! promoting the segregation of waste at source
! collection of the segregated waste
! setting up Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) for recycling all kinds of plastic waste along the value
chain
! support the social inclusion of 20,000 waste-pickers across the country
The partnership is the first-of-its-kind attempt to promote the social inclusion of Safai Saathis at this scale
in India.
Adoption of management models: The partnership with Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) will also help
build the capacities of Urban Local Bodies for adopting the MRFs or Swachhata Kendra model for plastic and
dry waste management in other cities.
UNDP’s flagship Plastic Waste Management Programme.
The project has successfully linked 3,300 Safai Saathis and their families to government welfare schemes,
including Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana,
SHRAM card, and Jan Dhan account.
THE RATIONALE FOR TAXING AGRICULTURAL INCOME
SYLLABUS MAPPING
Subject: Economy (GS-III) Sub-topic: Agriculture
CONTEXT
The issue of taxing farm income seems to arise regularly, particularly before the annual budget is presented.
Agricultural Income and Taxation
In India, the income from agriculture is not taxed.
As per section 10(1), agricultural income earned by the taxpayer in India is exempt from tax. Agricultural
income is defined under section 2(1A) of the Income-tax Act.
The agriculture and allied sector has contributed only to 18 percent of GDP, where about 45 per cent of
the population are employed.
Need to tax Agricultural Income
There are concerns that wealthy individuals and corporations evade tax by reporting their income as tax-
exempt agricultural income.
As the income from agriculture is not taxed, irrespective of the level of income, unaccounted money is
shown as agricultural income by vested interests.
Cases of nurseries, seed companies, and contract farming companies claiming an exemption for income
earned from such activities.
Government-appointed committees that recommended taxing agricultural income
Report of the Taxation Enquiry Commission (1953–54)
Raj Committee on Taxation of Agricultural Wealth and Income (1972)

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Fourth Five-Year Plan (1969–74)
Report of Fifth Finance Commission (1969)
Tax Reforms Committee (1991)
Kelkar Task Force on Direct Taxes (2002)
White Paper on Black Money (2012)
Tax Administration Reform Commission (2014)
Farmers in many states pay some income tax. States such as Assam, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra,
Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal have an agricultural income tax, although it is payable only for
certain crops and activities.
COUNTRY’S INDIGENOUS MOBILE OPERATING
SYSTEM BHAROS
SYLLABUS MAPPING
Subject: Science Technology (GS-III) Sub-topic: Science Technology in India
CONTEXT
The Ministry for Communications, Electronics and Information Technology tested ‘BharOS’, the recently-
unveiled indigenous operating system developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IIT).
What is BharOS?
BharOS is India’s first homegrown mobile operating system.
It is Linux kernel-based operating system that is designed to be secure and powerful.
Developed by: The BharOS was developed by JandK Operations Private Limited (JandKops), which has
been incubated by IIT Madras Pravartak Technologies Foundation, a Section 8 (Not for Profit) Company
established by IIT Madras.
Important Features
KEY FEATURES OF THE NEW MADE-IN-INDIA OS:
! No default apps: BharOS does not include any bloatware or default apps, giving users more storage
space. Without any default apps, users are also not forced to use any app they may not trust.
! NOTA updates: BharOS offers “Native Over The Air” (NOTA) updates, similar to Android, which means
the software updates will be automatically downloaded and installed on the device.
! Access to PASS: The new OS will also provide access to Private App Store Services (PASS), that offer
trusted apps from specific organisations.
A PASS provides access to a curated list of apps that have been thoroughly vetted and have met certain
security and privacy standards of organisations. This means users can be confident that the apps they
are installing are safe to use and have been checked for any potential security vulnerabilities or privacy
concerns
Need
Because all smartphones either run on Android or on iOS, there has always been a pervasive uneasiness
about how these companies collect, store and use the data that is generated by Indian smartphone users.
! BharOS tries to address these issues.

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Comparison of BharOS Android
Similarity Difference
Technically, BharOS is very
similar to Android because
they share the same basics.
Because BharOS uses AOSP
or Android Open Source
Project, the functionalities and
the methodologies both OS
use are essentially the same.
What sets BharOS apart from Android, is that it is free from
Google Services and Apps.
Google has used its preinstalled apps and services to collect
data, sometimes without explicitly asking a user.
Similarly, other apps from Google’s PlayStore share data with
third-party services.
BharOS does not come with any
Which is better BharOS or Android?
BharOS sure has its benefits especially when we speak of security and privacy. However, Android has a few
legacy advantages that will be hard for people to give up.
Android actually supports a wide range of devices and hardware, ranging from a basic smartphone worth
Rs 6000-7000 or even lower to a complex, and expensive, foldable smartphone that costs north of Rs
1,00,000.
! We don’t know what sort of devices BharOS will support.
Another advantage is that Android has a very wide user base so bugs and issues are quickly reported and
resolved.
! Very rarely do we get to see bugs in the Android OS – most bugs crop up when OEMs try to lay their
own UI on top of Android.
! We also don’t know how frequently will BharOS receive updates, security or generational.
ISRO TO SOON LAUNCH ADITYA-L1
SYLLABUS MAPPING
Subject: Science Technology (GS-III) Sub-topic: Space, Satellite Launch Vehicle
CONTEXT
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to launch the Aditya-L1 mission by June or July this year.
About Aditya-L1 mission
Aditya-L1 Mission is India’s first solar mission planned by ISRO. Earlier the name was Aditya -1, which has
been renamed as Aditya-L1 Mission.
Aditya-L1 is the first Indian space mission to observe the Sun and the solar corona.
It is ISRO’s second space-based astronomy mission after AstroSat for a scientific expedition to study the
Sun.
ISRO planned to place the satellite in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian Point (L1). Hence the mission
was renamed as Aditya L1 mission.
Objectives of the mission
to help in tracking Earth-directed storms and predict its
impact through solar observations
to research the Sun’s corona (Visible and Near infrared
rays), photosphere (soft and hard X-ray), chromosphere
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
are large expulsions of plasma
and magnetic fields from the Sun’s
corona.

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(Ultra Violet rays), solar emissions, solar winds and flares,
and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), as well as conduct
round-the-clock imaging of the Sun
Payloads used for the mission
The 1,500 kg satellite carries seven science payloads with diverse objectives.
Seven science payloads:
! Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)
! Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT)
! Aditya Solar wind Particle Experiment (ASPEX)
! Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya
! Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer (SoLEXS)
! High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray Spectrometer (HEL1OS)
! Magnetometer
What are Lagrange Points?
Lagrange Points are positions in space where the
gravitational forces of a two body system like the Sun
and the Earth produce enhanced regions of attraction
and repulsion.
These can be used by spacecraft to reduce fuel
consumption needed to remain in position.
Types:
There are five Lagrange points in the Sun-Earth system. Of the five Lagrange points in the Sun-Earth
system, only the last two, called L4 and L5, are stable. Satellites at First three points need constant
adjustments to stay balanced and in place.
L-1: The first Lagrange point is located between the Earth and the Sun, giving satellites at this point
a constant view of the Sun.
The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), a NASA and European Space Agency satellite
which is tasked to monitor the Sun, orbits the first Lagrange point, about 1.5 million kilometers
away from Earth.
L-2: The second Lagrange point is about the same distance from the Earth, but is located behind the
Earth. Earth is always between the second Lagrange point and the Sun.
Since the Sun and Earth are in a single line, satellites at this location only need one heat shield to
block heat and light from the Sun and Earth. It is a good location for space telescopes.
L-3: The third Lagrange point is opposite the Earth on the other side of the Sun so that the Sun is
always between it and Earth.
A satellite in this position would not be able to communicate with Earth. The extremely stable
fourth and fifth Lagrange points are in Earth’s orbital path around the Sun, 60 degrees ahead of
and behind Earth.
L4 and L5 are 60° ahead and behind the Earth in the same orbit.
Lagrangepointsarenamedinhonor
of Italian-French mathematician
Josephy-Louis Lagrange.

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SHORT ARTICLES
Indigenously made weapons, women
power showcased at Republic Day
parade
The Indian military showcased only indigenous equipment
and weapon systems to drive home the message of self-
reliance in defence.
“Atma Nirbharta” (self-reliance) and “Nari Shakti”
(women power) were the two themes on display at the
Republic Day parade.
“Atma Nirbharta” (self-reliance)
Military: The Indian military showcased only indigenous
equipment and weapon systems to drive home the
message of self-reliance in defence.
The Army’s British-era 25-pounder guns — which
traditionally offered the symbolic 21-gun salute —
were replaced by the indigenous 105-mm Indian
Field Guns (IFG) this year.
The Army’s mechanised column comprised three
MBT Arjun MK-I, one Nag Missile System
(NAMIS), two BMP 2/2K, three Quick Reaction
Fighting Vehicles (QRFV), two K-9 Vajra Self
Propelled Howitzer Guns, one Brahmos missile,
two 10m Short Span Bridges, a Mobile Microwave
Node and Mobile Network Centre, and two
Akash missile systems.
Air Force: A 50-aircraft grand airshow was put up by
the Indian Air Force (IAF).
It included 23 fighter aircraft, 18 helicopters, and
eight transport aircraft alongside a Dakota aircraft.
Navy: Blending vintage and modernity, the Navy’s
vintage IL38 SD aircraft flew the first and last time, as
well as the modern Rafale jet.
The indigenous Light Combat Helicopter
Prachand, inducted into the IAF was also part of the
flypast.
“Nari Shakti” (women power)
The Navy’s tableau showcased a woman air crew of
Dornier aircraft highlighting the all-women crew of a
surveillance sortie undertaken last year.
Both the Navy and the IAF contingents were led by
women officers.
Another woman Army air defence officer led the Akash
missile system column.
National Tourism Day 2023 National Tourism Day is celebrated across the country on
January 25 every year.
About
The day is observed to cultivate awareness among the
global community on the importance of tourism and its
social, political, financial and cultural worth.

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National Tourism Day was first celebrated by the Indian
government in 1948, according to reports.
Forms: India offers several forms of tourism such as
cultural, nature, heritage, educational, business, sports,
rural, medical, cruise and eco-tourism.
Tourism Governance in India
Nodal Agency: The ministry of tourism is the nodal
agency in India to form national policies for the
promotion and development of tourism.
It also coordinates with central, state agencies and
the public sector.
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