This document analyzes Twitter data from May 4th to July 8th to examine how well Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump consolidated support during the party nomination period. It finds that Trump led Clinton in media coverage and Twitter impressions, but his follower growth slowed to match Clinton's pace. Clinton had the most retweeted tweet criticizing Trump, but Trump's response was also popular. Neither candidate appears to be effectively appealing to supporters of opposing candidates who have dropped out. Hashtags may reflect temporary reactions rather than long-term shifts in support.

1. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
Unclosed Deals: What PEORIA Twitter Metrics Tell
Us About the Presidential Campaigns During the
Party Consolidation Period
May 4 – July 8, 2016

2. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
Executive Summary
On May 4, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump were the presumptive nominees of
their respective parties in terms of delegate counts. But over the next 65 days
how well did they consolidate support among the highly attentive and active
Twitter users who mentioned their names in tweets? Our analysis, performed on
data provided by the media monitoring platforms of Crimson Hexagon and Zignal
Labs, found that:
• Trump's advantage in Twitter impressions roughly paralleled that in newspaper
stories, and both those were greater than in television news and publications
indexed by Lexis/Nexis.
• Trump's follower growth rate slowed but Clinton's did not increase.
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3. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
Executive Summary (cont’d)
• Clinton had the most retweeted tweet of the campaign, the Twitter-savvy
message "Delete your account," but Trump's response was also popular.
• The disengaged but still expanding followers of defeated candidates represents
an outreach opportunity for the presumptive nominees. Neither Clinton nor
Trump seem to be doing well at staking claim to these pools of politically
attentive and active citizens.
• The sharp decline of #NeverTrump stands as a warning to those who would
interpret a popular hashtag as a sign of growing support. Bear this in mind as
the conventions start.
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4. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
Table of Contents
• Introduction: Party Consolidation
• Clinton vs. Trump on Twitter
1. Trump led in traditional media and Twitter volume.
2. Trump’s Twitter follower growth slowed to a pace even with Clinton’s.
3. Trump had higher Twitter engagement but Clinton had the tweet of
the campaign.
4. The candidates differ in user topic interests.
5. Clinton retained her lead in national polling.
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5. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
Table of Contents (cont’d)
• Suspended Campaigns
1. Sanders’ exit provides an opportunity for Clinton to consolidate
support in key demographics
2. Suspended campaigns continue to grow in followers while
engagement goes dormant
3. The #NeverTrump hashtag demonstrates the limits of these
campaign moments
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6. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
Party Consolidation
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• The time between one person becoming the presumptive nominee of
the party thanks to a majority or uncatchable lead in delegates and
the actual nomination at the party convention is a time when the
candidate works to acquire support from the also-ran
candidates. Deals are made, endorsements are won, contrasts with
the other party's presumptive nominee sharpen.
• By examining word frequency patterns and engagement metrics on
Twitter, we can gain new kinds of insight as to how well the all-but-
certain presidential nominees are doing at this consolidation
process. That is the subject of this seventh PEORIA Project report.

7. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
7
Share of Media Volume
May 4 – July 8, 2016
57%
43%
54%
46%
58%
42%
56%
44%
Trump
Clinton
Newspaper TV News Lexis/Nexis Twitter Impressions• A candidate’s share is
calculated as a percentage of
the sum of the two-candidate
volume for each media.
• Share of traditional media
volume is from Zignal Labs,
defined as the number of
news stories.
• Crimson Hexagon calculates
Twitter potential impressions
by adding the sender’s
followers and the followers of
all users who have retweeted
a post.

8. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
8
• Since locking up their
nominations, Clinton and
Trump have continued to
grow their followers on
Twitter.
• While Trump caught up and
surpassed Clinton before
the Indiana primary, his
growth in Twitter followers
has slowed to the same
pace as hers.
Similar Growth
Twitter Followers: May 4 – July 8, 2016
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
5/4/16 5/11/16 5/18/16 5/25/16 6/1/16 6/8/16 6/15/16 6/22/16 6/29/16 7/6/16
Clinton Trump

9. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
9
Engagement Peaks
Twitter Engagement: May 4 – July 8, 2016
• Total engagement on Twitter
is the sum of a candidate’s
account’s replies, mentions,
and retweets.
• Trump has led on Twitter
engagement throughout most
of the 2016 election cycle, and
during this party
consolidation period.
• Hillary Clinton’s top Twitter
engagement moment when
her team tweeted “Delete
Your Account” at Trump on
June 9.
• Trump’s top Twitter
engagement moment was
when he tweeted about the
Orlando massacre on June
12.
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
5/4/16 5/11/16 5/18/16 5/25/16 6/1/16 6/8/16 6/15/16 6/22/16 6/29/16 7/6/16
Clinton Trump

10. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
10
• Retweets are exact copies of
what a candidate’s account
posted, which we view as a
measure of engagement or
enthusiasm. Trump has had
more retweets than Clinton
consistently throughout the
party consolidation period.
• Clinton’s “Delete your account”
directed at Trump, which was
retweeted 413,667 times on June
6. This is a perfect match of
angst about Trump and using a
common Twitter insult.
• Trump’s response, “How long
did it take your staff of 823
people to think that up--and
where are your 33,000 emails
that you deleted?” was
retweeted 200,266 times.
The Big Echo
Number of Retweets: May 4 – July 8, 2016
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
5/4/16 5/11/16 5/18/16 5/25/16 6/1/16 6/8/16 6/15/16 6/22/16 6/29/16 7/6/16
Clinton Trump

11. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
11
• Based on Twitter posts with identifiable interests by Crimson
Hexagon
• Figures refer to the number of times the user is more interested in
the topic Twitter as a whole
Interest Topics
Twitter Affinities: May 4 – July 8, 2016
Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders Donald Trump
Political Campaigns 279x Bill Maher 360x Political Campaigns 232x
Bill Maher 243x Political Campaigns 235x Glenn Beck 126x
MSNBC 113x The Daily Show 120x MSNBC 86x
Gun Safety 75x Gun Safety 105x Fox News 67x
Glenn Beck 74x Chelsea Handler 86x Veterans 51x
Democratic Party 16x Democratic Party 18x Republican Party 32x

12. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
12
• Word clouds are based on posts with identifiable interests by Crimson Hexagon; scale shows how much
more the user more interested in the topic than Twitter as a whole.
• The word clouds dramatize the data in the previous slide’s table. They show that those tweeting about
Trump and Clinton are extremely interested in political campaigns relative to the entire Twitter population.
• Clinton posts are more focused on gun safety while Trump’s were on veterans (party is the smallest)
Interest Topics (cont’d)
Twitter Affinities: May 4 – July 8, 2016
Clinton Trump

13. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
13
• This slide shows there
was no direct
correlation between
the Twitter activity we
analyze and poll
standings.
• During this party
consolidation period
Clinton has led Trump
for all but three days
(May 22-24).
• Despite Bernie
Sanders’ late exit from
the campaign on July
12, Clinton has unified
her party better than
Trump before the
conventions.
Clinton Led Nationally
National Polling: May 4 – July 8, 2016

14. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
14
Demographic Consolidation
Identifiable Tweets: May 4 – July 8, 2016
• Posts to Sanders were identified as gender-equal and younger than posts to
Clinton or Trump. This is an opportunity for Clinton as she consolidates her
party with Sanders’ exit. Posts to Trump were more likely to be white than posts
to Sanders or Clinton.
• Please note that these data do not indicate whether the tweets were positive,
negative, or neutral. We do not perform sentiment analysis in this study.
46%
50%
42%
54%
50%
58%
C
l…
S
a…
T
r…
Gender
~56% of tweets were identifiable
Trump and Clinton 5m posts
each
Sanders 2m posts
Female Male
12%
15%
14%
80%
76%
79%
C
l…
S
a…
T
r…
Age
~15% of tweets were identifiable
Trump and Clinton 1m posts
each
Sanders 692k posts
18-34 35+
33%
34%
29%
67%
66%
71%
C
l…
S
a…
T
r…
Race/Ethnicity
~12% of tweets were identifiable
Trump 306k Clinton 151k posts
Sanders 259k posts
Non-White White

15. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
15
Dormant But Still Growing
Suspensions, Followers, and Engagement:
Candidate Announcements – July 8, 2016
• We think Clinton and Trump entice politically active tweeters who follow former
candidates to join theirs; the relatively parallel and gradual growth rates of
Trump and Clinton suggest this is not occurring to one side’s advantage over
the other. We also recognize that some of the growth are bots and/or
marketing/promotional accounts trying to get in front of others who follow those
candidates.
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Total Engagement on Twitter - Suspended Republican Campaigns
Candidate Announcements - July 8, 2016
Cruz Rubio Carson Bush Kasich
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
Twitter Follower Growth - Suspended Repubican Camapigns
Candidate Announcements - July 8, 2016
Cruz Rubio Carson Bush Kasich

16. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
16
• The late effort to stop Donald Trump
failed to coalesce around an alternative
candidate or a strategy to deny him the
nomination at the convention.
• Reaction to Trump’s victory in the
South Carolina primary and the
Michigan debate helped fuel a
#NeverTrump hashtag which was
included in well over 315k U.S. posts.
• The #NeverTrump hashtag had one
more moment with 94,805 U.S. posts on
the day of the Indiana primary, which
effectively ended the race for the
Republican nomination. While there was
talk of a Renegade Party to oppose
Trump, David French decided to pass.
• The upcoming conventions will likely
feature hashtags. We caution against
reading too much into them as they
reflect a short-lived moment in time
rather than long-term shifts in the
campaign.
Hashtags Don’t Indicate
Campaign Growth
January 1 – July 8, 2016

17. Graduate School of Political Management
The PEORIA Project
Early July 2016 Update
Contact
Michael D. Cohen, Ph.D., PEORIA Project Chief Data Scientist
michaeldcohen@gwu.edu | 202.579.9094 | @MichaelCohen
Michael B. Cornfield, Ph.D., PEORIA Project Director
corn@gwu.edu | 202.994.9598 | @MBCornfield
Lara M. Brown, Ph.D., Graduate School of Political Management Interim Director
larambrown@gwu.edu | 202.994.4545 | @LaraMBrown
@CrimsonHexagon @ZignalLabs
617.547.1072 202.798.1673
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