MountainConnect is the annual gathering of Colorado's rural broadband activists. Attendees share lessons learned in improving their broadband environments. This year's lessons included carrier neutral locations, crowdfunding rural broadband, distributed antenna systems (DAS) as last mile alternative, fiber-to-the-home as provided by rural electric co-ops, big phat (8 Gbps) microwave as a middle mile alternative, rural electric aerial fiber as middle mile alternative, Digital Economy index, legislative update, San Luis Valley Broadband Cooperative, fixed wireless as last mile alternative, community-funded, community owned and operated broadband networks, Internet3 Telecommunications Co-operative, i3, buyer's cooperative, aggregate demand, adopt existing resources and solutions, 90% social, 10% technical, local technology planning teams, E-Rate, PARCC, TCAP, ConnectED,
3. Agenda
3
8:00
AM
Welcome
Liz
Mullen
&
Keynote
Dr.
Rick
Smith,
Mayor,
Bayfield,
CO
8:30
AM
The
Collabora;ve
Approach
-‐
Aggrega;ng
Demand
=
Saving
Big
Money
on
Bandwidth
Tim
Miles,
Steamboat
Springs
School
District
and
Northwest
Colorado
Broadband
-‐
Experience
Serving
2
Remote
Communi;es
Ralph
Abrams,
CEO,
Crestone
Telecom
-‐Crowdfunding
for
Community
Broadband
Anthony
Edwards,
Crowdfunding
Offerings
9:30
The
Technology
Hour
-‐
Distributed
Antenna
Systems
(DAS)
and
“The
Vail
Experience”Jim
Selby,
Aspen
Wireless
-‐
Big
Phat
Gigabit
Microwave
Jus;n
Davis,
Skywerx
-‐
SLV
Rural
Electric
Coopera;ve
Fiber
project
Loren
Howard,
San
Luis
Valley
Rural
Electric
Coopera;ve
10:30
AM
Delivering
Applica;ons
for
Educa;on
-‐
2015
Online
TCAP
Tes;ng:
Is
Your
School
District
Ready?
Tim
Miles,
Steamboat
Springs
School
District
-‐
E-‐Rate
for
School
and
Library
Broadband
Infrastructure
Delilah
Collins,
Colorado
Department
of
Educa;on
-‐
A
Decade
of
Fiber
for
Rural
Schools
and
Community
Anchor
Ins;tu;ons
Rich
Wilson,
Southeast
Colorado
Power
Associa;on/Secom
Wednesday, July 3, 13
4. Agenda
(cont.)
4
12:30
PM
Statewide
Collabora;on
Opportunity:
Where
do
we
go
from
here?
-‐Regional
Middle
Mile
Providers
Unite!
Jus;n
Davis,
Skywerx,
Rich
Wilson,
Southeast
Colorado
Power
Associa;on,
Jonathan
Hager,
Tri-‐States
Genera;on
and
Transmission
-‐Internet3
Telecommunica;ons
Coopera;ve
Overview,
Frank
Ohrtman,
Internet3
Telecommunica;ons
Coopera;ve
1:30
PM
Collabora;ng
on
Broadband
Policy
-‐
High-‐Cost
Fund
Reform
State
Senate
President
John
Morse/State
Senator
Gail
Schwartz
-‐Evolving
State/Na;onal
Policy
Picture
Erik
Cecil,
Esq.,
Source
Law
PC
2:30
PM
Economic
Development
and
Broadband:
The
Digital
Economy
index
(DEi),
Doug
Adams,
the
Think
Agency
Wednesday, July 3, 13
17. PUBLIC SECTOR
• Service Oriented
• Tax Based Budgeting
Partner Perspectives
Wednesday, July 3, 13
18. PUBLIC SECTOR
• Service Oriented
• Tax Based Budgeting
PRIVATE SECTOR
• Service Oriented
Partner Perspectives
Wednesday, July 3, 13
19. PUBLIC SECTOR
• Service Oriented
• Tax Based Budgeting
PRIVATE SECTOR
• Service Oriented
• Return on Investment Budgeting
Partner Perspectives
Wednesday, July 3, 13
25. Tim
Miles:
Carrier
Neutral
Loca0ons
Low
cost
means
of
gaining
a
redundant,
abundant
and
affordable
broadband
environment
15
Wednesday, July 3, 13
26. Mountain Connect 2013
Tim Miles
Technology Director
Steamboat Springs School District (SSSD)
South Routt School District (Soroco)
325 7th St
Steamboat Springs, CO 80487
970-871-3184 (W)
970-819-4363 (C)
tmiles@sssd.k12.co.us
Wednesday, July 3, 13
27. My Buildings
Approx: 2200 Kids
Buildings: 6 (2-Elemtary, 1-Middle, 1-High, 1-Admin, 1-Trans)
Wednesday, July 3, 13
28. Why
are
we
here?
• What’s
the
problem
SSSD/Steamboat?
• 3.5
hours
from
Denver
• Top
Ranked
School
District
–
State/Na0on
• High
Cost
($100+
MB),
Recently
(50+MB)
• Redundancy?
• One
Provider
(CL)
…
Last
mile
(Comcast,
Resort,
Zirkel,
Satelite)
• Who
is
be_er
nego0ator?
(Me,
Them,
Neighbor)
• Rent
0mes
Many
• Slow
Learners
• Their
Business
Model!
• Sorry
you
are
not
Denver!
• My
needs
are
s0ll
growing-‐What
to
do?
– Wait
– Do
it
yourself,
Partner
Wednesday, July 3, 13
29. Educate-They need our help?
Who has rented a tuxedo?
Shame on me! Shame on You! Solution!
Who has upgraded/converted/purchased telco services?
How did that go? Who is looking like Tuxedo company?
Don’t want to but need to!
Wednesday, July 3, 13
30. Solu0on:CNL
• The
simple
solu0on:
CNL
• You
are
not
alone
• Larger
Voice,
Larger
Demand,
Nego0a0on,
Aggregate,
Demand,
Partner
• Rent
0mes
One
• Be_er
Cost
• You
now
have
op0ons!
• How
much
does
it
cost?
• StartUp
• Time(Organize)
• Ongoing
• Is
it
feasible?
• I
believe
so
• What’s
the
RoI?
• Lower
Cost,
Added
Value,
Redundancy(?),
Growth,
Partners,
Nego0a0on
Wednesday, July 3, 13
31. What
Is
A
Carrier
Neutral
Loca0on
Be#er
Internet
for
Everyone
Wednesday, July 3, 13
42. Sustainability/Growth
• Sustainable
at
NCB
member
only
level;
• More
sustainable
with
more
tenants
• Poten0al
for
Growth
– More
commercial
tenants
– More
service
providers
– Distributed
Antenna
System
• Consolida0on
of
Services
• Redundant
Wednesday, July 3, 13
44. Distributed
Antenna
System:
-‐Deploy
high-‐speed
Wi-‐Fi
and
cellular
services
-‐More
bandwidth,
less
money
-‐More
produc0vity
-‐”The
Steamboat
Experience”
CNL
Supports
DAS
Wednesday, July 3, 13
45. Conclusion
• CNL
is
affordable
in
NCB
budget
• Strong
business
case
for
CNL
• Strong
poten0al
for
sustainability
AND
growth
• What’s
the
next
step?
Wednesday, July 3, 13
46. Questions?
Tim Miles
Technology Director
Steamboat Springs School District (SSSD)
South Routt School District (Soroco)
325 7th St
Steamboat Springs, CO 80487
970-871-3184 (W)
970-819-4363 (C)
tmiles@sssd.k12.co.us
Wednesday, July 3, 13
60. PR E PA R E D F O R
MOUNTAIN CONNECT 2013 RURAL BROADBAND
JUNE 17, 2013
BR E C K E N R I D G E , CO
B Y
A N T H O N Y D . E D W A R D S , E S Q
S A N J U A N L A W O F F I C E , L L C
C O - F O U N D E R O F
C R O W D F U N D I N G O F F E R I N G S , L T D . C R E A T O R O F T H E M A I N
S T R E E T C R O W D P L A T F O R M
W W W . M A I N S T R E E T C R O W D . C O M
Crowdfunding:
A New Avenue for Expanding
Broadband to Communities
Wednesday, July 3, 13
61. Presentation Outline
Introduction
Crowdfunding Investing Coming to A Theatre Near You Soon
Broadband Crowdfunding
Platforms & Projects
Crowdfunding Options
The Concept of Investing via Crowdfunding
Review of Crowdfund Act of 2012
Group Discussion
Wednesday, July 3, 13
63. What is Crowdfunding?
Debt
• The “crowd” commits funds in return for interest or “profit
sharing.” (Prosper.com)
•
Donation/Rewards Based
• The “crowd” donates funds in
return for rewards (Kickstarter & Indiegogo)
Equity Investing
• The “crowd” purchases shares in return for equity
• $20.5 million raised overseas in 2011 (Forbes)
Wednesday, July 3, 13
65. Broadband Projects
CROWFUNDING BROADBAND SUCCESS
Blacksburg Virginia ($91,400)
TechPad’s fundraising campaign to bring next-generation Internet
speeds and free public Wi-Fi to Blacksburg reached its goal with
less than seven hours remaining Wednesday evening. [Roanoke Times,
June 6, 2013]
1 Gigabyte (200 Megabit Speed)
$75.00 per month for Downtown
Direct Access
Wednesday, July 3, 13
66. Broadband Projects
OTHER BROADBAND PROJECTS
ULTRA-FAST Crossroads Wi-Fi: Kansas City, MO
KANSAS CITY? BUT I THOUGHT THEY HAD GOOGLE FIBER!
Continued
Hosted on http://neighbor.ly/
Wednesday, July 3, 13
67. Broadband Projects
OTHER BROADBAND PROJECTS
GOOGLE FIBER/KANSAS CITY
Serving Residential
Business Community Remains Underserved
RESPONSE
Ultra-Fast Crossroads Wi-Fi Project (100 Mb/s Wireless Mesh for
Crossroads in Kansas City (Project Pending Launch)
Juniper Gardens Apartments located in one of the poorest sections
of Kansas City, Kan.(Project Success)
Neighbor.ly Project raised $34,500 and equipment manufacturer
Ubiquiti made up the difference with an in-kind contribution of
product.
Wednesday, July 3, 13
68. COMMUNITY FOCUSED CROWFUNDING
INITIATIVES NOT ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT
ADDRESS THE COMMUNITY’S NEED
(BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT/EXPANDED EDUCATIONAL
OPPORTUNITIES/GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY)
CROWFUNDING BROADBAND
(PUBLIC vs PRIVATE or PUBLIC/PRIVATE)
PUBLIC CENTRALIZED CROWFUNDING BROADBAND
EFFORTS
Wednesday, July 3, 13
69. COMMUNITY FOCUSED CROWFUNDING
INITIATIVES NOT ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT
CROWFUNDING BROADBAND
(PUBLIC/PRIVATE)
PRIVATE ENTITY MANAGEMENT/PUBLIC ENTITY OWNERSHIP
or SUPPORT
GOVERNMENT/NGO FUNDING
Crowfunding for Broadband Expansion
• Cheaper/Lower Service Fees is a Reward
• Partner with Private Sector for Professional Network Management
WHY?
The Private Sector is much more receptive and experienced in
Managing Multi-User (Residential/Business/Other) Networks.
Aggregating Private Sector Demand is what motivates Private Sector
Participants.
Wednesday, July 3, 13
70. COMMUNITY FOCUSED CROWFUNDING
INITIATIVES NOT ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT
CROWFUNDING BROADBAND
(PRIVATE ONLY)
CURRENT OPTIONS
BROADBAND EXPANSION BY CROWDFUNDING DIRECTLY TO
THE PUBLIC IN RETURN FOR REWARD (e.g. LOWER FEES)
PRIVATE START-UP
Equity Offering via Regulation D (Accredited Investor Focused)
FUTURE OPTIONS
Equity Crowfunding via the Public (Network/Company owned by
some community members) (LLC/S Corp/C Corp/Public Benefit
Corp)
Wednesday, July 3, 13
71. Crowdfunding Investing: A Brief Synopsis
A NEW AVENUE FOR RAISING CAPTIAL
• The ‘Crowd’ receives a small stake in a business in return for
investing capital towards an online funding goal
• Network of support for the business (Ambassadors/
Customers/Advisors)
Wednesday, July 3, 13
72. General Process for Crowdfunding Investing
Entrepreneur
FUNDING PORTAL
1. Entrepreneur Posts Project in Portal
2. Crowd Evaluates the Offering
3. Crowd Pledges to Invest via Escrow or Transfer Agent
4. If Successful, Business is Funded
5. If Successful,Transfer Agent Forwards Shares to Crowd
6. Entrepreneur Reports to Shareholders and Performs
Other Duties as Required
Wednesday, July 3, 13
74. JOBS Act: CROWDFUND Act of 2012
Allows existing businesses and start-ups to raise
up to $1,000,000 of capital, online, every 12 months
Wednesday, July 3, 13
75. JOBS Act: CROWDFUND Act of 2012
Allows existing businesses and start-ups to raise
up to $1,000,000 of capital, online, every 12 months
Allows the general public to invest in these security
offerings (no accredited investor restriction)
Wednesday, July 3, 13
76. JOBS Act: CROWDFUND Act of 2012
Allows existing businesses and start-ups to raise
up to $1,000,000 of capital, online, every 12 months
Allows the general public to invest in these security
offerings (no accredited investor restriction)
Provides investor protections and platform
restrictions
Wednesday, July 3, 13
78. Investor Protections: Equity Crowdfunding
Investing limits
• In general, the greater of $2,000 or 5% of annual income
and no more than $2,000 per offering in any 12 month period
Background checks on issuers
• Officers and directors
• Principals holding more than 20% of the equity
Investor education/confirmation
• Provide risk related disclosures
• Investor education information
• Investor affirmation
Wednesday, July 3, 13
79. Outstanding Questions: Equity Crowdfunding
When can I sell my interest?
How do I sell my interest?
How is valuation determined?
Can My Community Create a Micro Stock Exchange?
Wednesday, July 3, 13
80. What Now? Equity Crowdfunding
The SEC had 270 days from April 5, 2012 to receive
public input and formulate the Rules.
Washington Insiders anticipate the Rules to be
Released by Fall 2013
Wednesday, July 3, 13
82. Conclusion
Crowdfunding is a legitimate option for communities
to expand Broadband Services.
Wednesday, July 3, 13
83. Conclusion
Crowdfunding is a legitimate option for communities
to expand Broadband Services.
Projects & Initiatives are what the public prefers to
fund.
Wednesday, July 3, 13
84. Conclusion
Crowdfunding is a legitimate option for communities
to expand Broadband Services.
Projects & Initiatives are what the public prefers to
fund.
Public/Private/Collaborative Crowdfunding Solutions
are filling the gap and will continue to do so.
Wednesday, July 3, 13
86. TOWN OFVAIL
HOW WE MADE COMMUNITY
BROADBAND HAPPEN
By Jim Selby
AspenWirelessTechnologies,Inc.
(970) 948-9998
jim@aspenwireless.net
Wednesday, July 3, 13
87. NEXT GENERATION
CELL TOWERS
•Better coverage and capacity
• Brings in choice of providers
•Better aesthetics and no
blinking lights at night
•Can be used for local
Government too (i.e.Public
Safety &Wi-Fi)
Wednesday, July 3, 13
89. “Small Cell”Outdoor DAS &Wi-Fi
The future ofWireless
RESULT:
22 Gbps of data Injection!
Wednesday, July 3, 13
90. • Want to share our experience of WHO WHAT WHEN,WHY
• ToV will get Several Million Network Infrastructure at no charge
to tax payer.
• AspenWireless started in 1999 because of the need for good
Internet in Aspen.We have a good track record of delivering
broadband with available technology.
• We want to share our experience and help facilitateTANGIBLE
progress.
• We are here to help you not reinvent the wheel.
OVERVIEW
Wednesday, July 3, 13
91. •
• Mission:
We will provide the citizens ofVail and our guests superior
services,outstanding environmental stewardship and an
abundance of recreational,cultural and educational opportunities.
WHY DOTHIS?
CREATE AWORLD CLASS
EXPERIENCE
Wednesday, July 3, 13
92. • Public Safety MunicipalWorkers
• Variable Message Signs (Parking)
• Irrigation Systems/River Gauges
• Public Notification Alerts
• Departmental Applications
• Street Melt Systems
• Special
• CDOT
Events -Teva Games,concerts,VailValley Foundation
&ToVWeb Cameras
BUT -THIS IS ALSO SERVED TOV, CDOT
AND EAGLE COUNTY AS WELL!
Wednesday, July 3, 13
93. • Town
• Eagle
• Eagle
• VailValley
• TowerCo
Medical -ToVVertical Assets & Fiber
that helped bring AnchorTenants - ATT,VZW,SPRINT,etc.
• AspenWireless - Neutral Operator & Liaison to protectToV
Interests and success and value engineering their assets.
STAKEHOLDERS
ofVail - Uses *ALL* of Network assets
County Public Safety - Redundancy
School District usesToVVertical Assets
Wednesday, July 3, 13
94. • Initially
• ToV
• Business
• before
case didn't keep CenturyTel's interest
smart phones,superiorWi-Fi,Mobile Data Demand
• ToV locals were getting upset with service quality
• Town ofVail decided to take matters in their own hands
• THE GOOD OUT OF IT - IT LAID THE GROUNDWORK AND
HELPED SHAPE A BROADBAND PLAN
EVOLUTION
built in 2006 by CenturyTel during "MuniWi-Fi" craze
Leadership jumped on the opportunity
Wednesday, July 3, 13
95. • ToV had the components for success:
• Data
• Fiber
Center (muni center) &VTC Hub Site
and Conduits
• Vertical assets -ToV owns lights and buildings
• A Broadband Master Plan that addresses Zoning,Design and
Review
CREATED ASSETS THAT
WERE LEVERAGED AS IN-KIND
COMMUNITY BROADBAND
PLAN
Wednesday, July 3, 13
96. • Started with a simple need to improve theWi-Fi system and get
cellular coverage inVTC
• We know the trends with REIT and Cellular companies
• Saw
• Saw
natural engineering prejudice by the carriers
natural prejudice that REIT’s want more tenants
• Small Cells support more capacity and have less visual impact
• Neutral Host Infrastructure is the only way to get ROI in rural
• Wi-Fi
• oDAS
supports multiple ISP's and carriers from one node
supports multiple carriers from one node
TOWN OFVAIL REACHED
OUT TO ASPEN….
Wednesday, July 3, 13
97. • In
• CCI
• ToV
• ToV
submits proposal toToV September 2010
meets with Council to get approval
& CCI negotiate P&S agreement completed June 2012
• Aspen Deploys Hub Site andVTC iDAS (Phase I) Sept 2012
• CCI signs up first Carrier March 2013 for oDAS
• Construction begins this summer forVillages
TOV CHOOSE
TOWER CO
Consideration - ToV gets newWi-Fi system and iDAS forVTC
Wednesday, July 3, 13
98. • Aggregate existing resources and make it easily available
• Choose assets that solve coverage issues and needs
• Need to create Simplicity in the agreement
• Working withToV simplifies permitting and zoning
• One
• ToV
Power and Space Agreement covers 100+ sites!
will protect the carriers Investment
HELP FACILITATE THE SERVICE
PROVIDER TO INVEST
Wednesday, July 3, 13
99. A LIAISON WILL SIMPLIFY THE
PROCESS
• ToV busy running their government - while for us this is all we do.
• These technology decisions are very complicated and a lot of
government decision makers will never understand it
• Aspen is a subject matter expert -We have helped over 20
communities form Public Private Partnerships,Authorities and
DDATIF districts - we see what works and what doesn’t
• CustomTurnkey Solution - based on the laws and needs
Wednesday, July 3, 13
100. DISCUSSION
Jim Selby
AspenWirelessTechnologies,Inc.
(408) 412-WiFi (9434)
jim@aspenwireless.net
Wednesday, July 3, 13
103. About SkyWerx
Launched in 2003
Residential and business broadband provider
to Pagosa Springs, Bayfield, Durango.
Network backend is built upon redundant,
licensed, long-haul microwave links (50+
miles) fed via fiber with East and West
Routes
One of the largest WISPs and Middle Mile
Providers in SW Colorado and the only Gbps
+ licensed microwave network spanning
200+ miles
Wednesday, July 3, 13
104. Completed 1 Gbps backbone into Chaffee
County
Network is indirectly servicing Monarch Ski
Area, Mt. Princeton Hot Springs, and the
towns of Salida and Buena Vista
Future Network Expansion planned for
Gunnison and Montrose which would
complete our planned ring for Southwest
Colorado
Wednesday, July 3, 13
105. • North Monarch Ridge will act as the
Central Hub between Gunnison and
Chaffee County
Wednesday, July 3, 13
106. Community Collaboration
Financed and supported by anchor
institutions, key employers within the
community, and individuals
Examples are Crestone Telecom, Colorado
Central Telecom, Adams State College, SCAN
Project, Fasttrack Communications
Colorado Central Telecom collaboration
partners consists of SkyWerx Industries,
Monarch Ski Area, Mt. Princeton Hot
Springs, Ralph Abrams, and other key
individuals
Wednesday, July 3, 13
107. Collaboration Continued
SkyWerx and Adams State College have
teamed up to provide an alternative and
redundant backbone solution into the San
Louis Valley
SCAN Network (SW CO Access Network)
along with SkyWerx Industries and Fasttrack
Communications have come together to
provide fiber and microwave solutions for the
SCAN project
SkyWerx utilizes some of Fasttrack’s fiber
assets to better provide primary and
redundant solutions across Southwest
Colorado
Wednesday, July 3, 13
108. Collaboration Continued
Partnering with smaller ISP’s with a Dealer
Program to provide advanced and diversified
services to their portfolio
Example is Align Technologies out of Durango
to resale and re-brand SkyWerx residential
services
Key benefits are low cost of product offering.
No infrastructure investment or
maintenance. Can offer same quality of
service that SkyWerx offers with own
branded product. Revenue sharing for
Dealer
Wednesday, July 3, 13
110. Middle Mile
8 Gbps Full Duplex
Distances up to 50 Miles per/hop
Consists of an all indoor system utilizing
6-11 Ghz
Low cost in comparison to running fiber long
distances
Equal reliability compared to fiber
over short hall and long hall
applications
Wednesday, July 3, 13
111. Last Mile
Over the Air Rates up to 1.3 Gbps
Extremely Low Latency for Voice and Video
Applications
Low cost of deployment in comparison to wire
line services
WISP’s will be capable of providing point to
multipoint service plans greater than 40 Mbps
Wednesday, July 3, 13
115. SERVICE AVAILABILITY
The SLVREC service area can be
characterized as:
• Very limited availability of
wireline cable TV
• Limited availability of wireline
Internet access
97
24%
23%
53%
Both
Available Cable
TV
only
Broadband
Only
81%
19%
Residency
Status
Year
Round Seasonal
Wednesday, July 3, 13
116. VIDEO SERVICES PURCHASING
BEHAVIOR
75% of households use pay TV
Stated average monthly spend:
Cable: $78
Satellite: $65
There are an average of 2.2 TV
sets per pay TV household (HH)
98
3%
72%
10%
4%
11%
Cable Satellite Off
Air
Online
Other/None
0
0.175
0.350
0.525
0.700
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
+Don't
Know
Monthly
Pay
TV
Spend
0%
13%
25%
38%
50%
One Two Three Four Five
or
More
Number
of
TV
Sets
in
the
Home
All
Pay
TV
Wednesday, July 3, 13
117. TRADITIONAL VIDEO SERVICES
SLV is higher than the national average at
80% digital penetration to basic
High definition service is prevalent at 63%
of pay TV users
11% of pay TV users will upgrade to HD in
the next 12 months (Q5):
Definitely Will: 9%
Probably Will: 12%
Might/Might Not: 11%
99
20%
80%
Basic
Cable Digital
Cable
63%
30%
7%
Incidence
of
High
Defini;on
TV
(among
all
pay
TV
users)
High
Def Standard
Def Don't
Know
Wednesday, July 3, 13
118. WIRELINE PHONE MARKET SHARE
The average number of lines is:
Residential: 0.9
Small Business: 2.5 (other
market data)
Wireless has become a substitute
service for wireline, especially
among younger HHs
A further 9% of wireline phone users
will drop for wireless in the next 12
months
100
24%
66%
9%
2%
None 1 2 3
or
More
Number
of
Phone
Lines
in
the
Home
65%
32%
17%
21%
12%
9%
Households
Without
Wireline
Phone
Service
by
Age
Wednesday, July 3, 13
119. INTERNET SERVICE PURCHASING
BEHAVIOR
78% of study area households use
the Internet at home (65% is US
average as of April 2011)
DSL and Satellite have the vast
majority of market share at 77%
101
14.5%
7.5%
2.7%
75.2%
Incidence
of
Internet
Households
No
PC PC
without
Internet
Dial
Up Broadband
4%
43%
5%
34%
15%
Internet
Market
Share
(Households)
Dial
Up DSL Cable
Modem
Satellite Fixed
Wireless Other
Wednesday, July 3, 13
120. INTERNET
SERVICE
PURCHASING
BEHAVIOR
Market
share
reflects
the
lack
of
viable
terrestrial
access
technology
for
many
homes
Stated
average
monthly
Internet
spend:
ResidenDal:
$46
102
5%
41%
33%
14%
4% 3%
9%
58%
19%
1%
9%
4%
Fiber
Op0c Cable
Modem DSL Satellite Fixed
Wireless Dial
Up Don't
Know
Internet
Access
Technology
Centris
Research:
April
2011
Home
Media
Magazine
(sample
40k
US
HHs)
SLV
NaDonal
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
$20
$30
$40
$50
>
$50
Monthly
Internet
Spend
Wednesday, July 3, 13
126. ELECTRIC SYSTEM COMMUNICATION
REQUIREMENTS
Substation SCADA
SCADA system is hamstrung by lack of high capacity communications
Currently uses wireless systems for communications backhaul
Greater bandwidth would greatly improve effectiveness of SCADA
Advanced Meter Infrastructure
Current powerline carrier system does not offer real time feedback /
control
Future metering and billing requirements will likely require new AMI
approach
Latest AMI systems work best with access to high speed backhaul at
the neighborhood level
Other Smart Grid Applications
Automated control of capacitor banks
Monitoring telemetry from transformers
Monitoring regulator banks
108
Wednesday, July 3, 13
129. FIBER TO THE PREMISES (FTTP)
Why
FTTP?
Gold
standard
for
local
broadband
services
distribu0on
Technology
is
far
superior
to
any
other
op0on
now
and
in
the
future
Gigabit
Passive
Op0cal
Network
assumed
for
new
network
GPON
commercially
available
from
mul0ple
suppliers
Mature
technology
with
millions
of
units
shipped
Standard
GPON
architecture
1:32
spli_ers
deployed
in
centralized
split
network
One
spli_er
cabinet
typically
serves
250-‐260
homes
/
businesses
Cabinets
can
be
pad
or
pole
mounted
–
very
low
profile
System
reach
is
20
km
from
GPON
equipment
(OLT)
loca0on
Wednesday, July 3, 13
130. RETAIL BROADBAND SERVICES
SLVREC “electric” installs proposed backbone and feeder system
Add services specific systems at network operations center (NOC)
Video
Internet
VOIP
Back office
Deploy FTTP systems at the neighborhood level
FTTP networks deployed in those neighborhoods with a minimum
commitment to subscribe to FTTP services
FTTP systems connected to the NOC by the feeder and backbone
networks
All homes and business passed within given neighborhood
Connect broadband subscribers to FTTP system
Pre-subscribed households connected at time of neighborhood
construction
Subscribers connected via fiber drop, optical network terminal, inside
wiring and customer premises equipment
Wednesday, July 3, 13
131. SERVICES
INFRASTRUCTURE
Video
Services
SLVREC
offers
retail
video
services
(no
VOD)
Satellite
dish,
off
air
antennas,
video
processing
equipment
System
is
modeled
as
IP
Video
delivery
Internet
Services
SLVREC
offers
high
speed
retail
Internet
services
Internet
services
back
office
systems
Phone
Services
SLVREC
offers
full
featured
local
and
long
distance
phone
service
Phone
traffic
delivered
over
Internet
backbone
facili0es
Wednesday, July 3, 13
132. LOCAL
DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK
Spli_er
cabinets
Placed
in
serving
areas
between
32
and
260
homes
and
businesses
Provides
point
of
cross
connec0on
from
NOC
to
the
home
via
spli_er
Distribu0on
fiber
Distribu0on
fiber
connects
subscribers
to
their
spli_er
cabinet
Up
to
six
cables
connect
to
each
spli_er
cabinet
Cables
sized
to
serve
the
homes
and
businesses
passed
Network
access
points
(NAPs)
NAPs
a_ach
to
the
distribu0on
cables
Subscriber
drops
are
spliced
in
the
NAP
One
NAP
can
serve
up
to
12
homes
or
businesses
NAPs
located
on
the
pole,
in
the
ground
or
in
a
pedestal
Wednesday, July 3, 13
134. Mountain Connect 2013
Tim Miles
Technology Director
Steamboat Springs School District (SSSD)
South Routt School District (Soroco)
325 7th St
Steamboat Springs, CO 80487
970-871-3184 (W)
970-819-4363 (C)
tmiles@sssd.k12.co.us
Wednesday, July 3, 13
140. SSSD Current
Elementary
1000+ Kids
60+ lab computers
300+ Classroom computers (Can’t be used)
150+ iPads(Don’t want to be used)
50+ Laptops
Middle
500+ Kids
90+ lab computers
100+ iPads (Don’t want to be used)
20+ Classroom Computers (Can’t be used)
40+ Laptop Computers
High
700+ Kids
150+ Lab Computers
15+ Ipads (Don’t want to be used)
300+ BYOD
Wednesday, July 3, 13
141. SSSD Needs
Elementary
250+ computers
No Room (Hotel, What)?
ISP can you turn up temp service?
Middle
60+ Computers
No Room
High
50 + Computers
Bandwidth
100K * 600 Computers
.48 Gig if byte or 60GB if Bit
Wednesday, July 3, 13
143. Overview
What’s
eligible
for
discounts
Roles
Priority
2
–
Internal
Connec0ons/Basic
Maintenance
of
Internal
Connec0ons
Health
of
the
program
Discussion Topics
Wednesday, July 3, 13
144. What
is
E-‐rate?
Program
that
helps
ensure
that
schools
and
libraries
can
obtain
telecommunica0ons
and
Internet
access
at
affordable
rates
FCC
Universal
Service
Fund
Who
can
apply?
Public/Private
Schools,
Public
Libraries,
Head
Start,
Juvenile
Jus0ce,
Consor0um
How
much
money
can
an
applicant
receive?
Discounts
range
from
20%
-‐
90%
of
the
total
cost
of
services
Overview
Wednesday, July 3, 13
145. • Priority
1
(P1):
funded
first
–Internet
Access
–Telecommunica0ons
• Priority
2
(P2):
funding
starts
with
neediest
applicants
–Internal
Connec0ons
–Basic
Maintenance
of
Internal
Connec0ons
What is funded?
Wednesday, July 3, 13
146. • Priority
1
(P1):
funded
first
–Internet
Access
–Telecommunica0ons
• Priority
2
(P2):
funding
starts
with
neediest
applicants
–Internal
Connec0ons
–Basic
Maintenance
of
Internal
Connec0ons
What is funded?
Wednesday, July 3, 13
147. Write
technology
plan
(Priority
2
services
only)
File
FCC
Form
470
and
write
RFP(if
necessary)
Evaluate
bids
Select
the
service
provider(s)
Document
the
compe00ve
bidding
process
File
FCC
Form
471
and
Item
21
a_achment
Get
technology
plan
approved
File
FCC
Form
486
Select
invoice
method
(BEAR
or
SPI)
/
File
BEARs
Retain
documenta0on
Applicant Role
Wednesday, July 3, 13
148. Respond
to
FCC
Forms
470
and
RFPs
Nego0ate
and
sign
contracts
for
contracted
services
Assist
with
preparing
Item
21
a_achments
Provide
technical
answers
during
applica0on
review
on
ques0ons
regarding
specific
goods
and
services
requested,
but
NOT
on
compe00ve
bidding
File
FCC
Form
473
(SPAC
Form)
File
SPIs
and/or
approve
BEARs
Retain
documenta0on
Service Provider Role
Wednesday, July 3, 13
149. Service
Providers
Can:
Refer
applicants
to
exisDng
sources
(e.g.,
state
DOE
or
state
library,
public
website)
for
help
Offer
NEUTRAL
advice
Can
offer
product
demonstraDons
Can
provide
informaDon
about
product
offerings
Can
refer
applicants
with
quesDons
to
exisDng
sources
of
informaDon
Service
Providers
CANNOT:
Write
the
applicant’s
technology
plan
Assist
in
the
wriDng
or
preparaDon
of
the
applicant’s
technology
plan
Cannot
provide
sample
RFPs
or
RFP
templates
to
applicants
Cannot
offer
giWs
outside
of
the
excepDons
provided
in
the
program’s
giW
rules
Do’s and Don'ts
Wednesday, July 3, 13
150. Support
for
equipment
and
cabling
onsite
that
transport
info
to
classrooms
or
public
rooms
of
a
library
Subject
to
the
Two-‐in-‐Five
Rule
En00es
can
only
receive
funding
every
two
out
of
five
years
Internal Connections
Wednesday, July 3, 13
153. VoIP
A
leased
VoIP
phone
system
is
NOT
eligible
for
Priority
1
funding
By
removing
the
VoIP
equipment,
the
local
voice
network
will
cease
to
func0on.
This
equipment
is
eligible
ONLY
as
Internal
Connec0ons
(Priority
2).
Wednesday, July 3, 13
154. VoIP
A
gateway
may
be
leased
with
eligible
Priority
1
VoIP
service.
A
gateway
is
considered
a
single
basic
termina0ng
device.
Wednesday, July 3, 13
155. Priority
2
–
VoIP
components
are
eligible.
Includes:
VoIP
phone
system,
VoIP
router
and/or
switches,
and
Soyware
licenses
for
the
func0oning
of
the
IP
telephone
devices.
Excludes:
End-‐user
devices
e.g.
IP
phones
and
Soyphones.
VoIP
Wednesday, July 3, 13
156. Allows
for
support
for
lit
or
dark
fiber,
as
a
priority
one
service,
from
any
en0ty
Dark
fiber
must
be
lit
immediately
Lit
during
the
funding
year
Does
NOT
allow
for
unneeded
capacity
or
warehouse
dark
fiber
for
future
use
Leased Dark Fiber
Wednesday, July 3, 13
157. Maintenance
costs
of
dark
fiber
and
installa0on
costs
to
hook
up
the
dark
fiber
are
eligible
This
includes
charges
for
installa0on
within
the
property
line
(see
eligibility
matrix)
Modula0ng
electronics
for
leased
dark
fiber
are
not
eligible
Eligible
only
as
applicant
owned
priority
2
if
it
meets
the
defini0on
of
an
internal
connec0on.
If
being
used
for
LAN
traffic
it
is
eligible;
if
WAN,
not
eligible.
Leased Dark Fiber
Wednesday, July 3, 13
158. Special
Construc0on
charges
to
build
out
connec0ons
from
applicants’
facili0es
to
an
off-‐premise
fiber
network
are
NOT
eligible.
Leased Dark Fiber
Wednesday, July 3, 13
160. Some
examples
of
not
eligible
special
construc0on
charges
include:
Design
and
engineering
costs,
Project
management
costs,
Digging
trenches,
and
Laying
fiber
Leased Dark Fiber
Wednesday, July 3, 13
161. Allows
for
support
for
basic
maintenance
of
eligible
internal
connec0ons.
Examples:
Repair
and
upkeep
of
eligible
hardware
Wire
and
cable
maintenance
Basic
technical
support
Configura0on
changes
Basic Maintenance of Internal
Connections
Wednesday, July 3, 13
162. Agreements
or
contracts
must
state
the
eligible
components
covered
by
make,
model
and
loca0on.
Service
must
be
delivered
within
the
July
1st
to
June
30th
0meframe.
Two-‐in-‐Five
Rule
does
not
apply
to
BMIC.
Basic Maintenance of Internal
Connections
Wednesday, July 3, 13
163. Unbundled
warran0es
are
NOT
eligible.
Unbundled
warran0es
allow
for
broken
equipment
to
be
fixed
or
if
it
is
beyond
repair,
replaced.
Unbundled
warran0es
are
considered
a
type
of
retainer
and
not
as
an
actual
maintenance
service.
This
does
not
apply
to
a
manufacturer’s
warranty
of
no
more
than
three
years
that
is
included
in
the
price
of
the
equipment
,
OR
If
the
retainer
is
0ed
to
actual
service
performed
Basic Maintenance of Internal
Connections
Wednesday, July 3, 13
164. BMIC
costs
must
be
a
bona
fide
request.
It
is
not
reasonable
to
es0mate
an
amount
that
would
cover
the
cost
of
every
piece
of
eligible
equipment.
While
replacement
of
hardware
may
be
eligible
as
BMIC,
it
is
not
meant
to
circumvent
the
2-‐in-‐5
rule
Basic Maintenance of Internal
Connections
Wednesday, July 3, 13
165. Priority
1
Priority
2
Priority
2
–
Basic
Maintenance
of
Internal
Connec0ons
Miscellaneous
Special
Eligibility
Condi0ons
Glossary
Eligible Services List
Wednesday, July 3, 13
166. Cabling/Connectors
Circuit
Cards
Data
Distribu3on
Access
Points,
hubs,
network
switches,
routers
Data
Protec3on
Firewall,
Proxy
Server,
Tape
Backup,
VPN,
Interfaces,
Gateways,
Antennas
Servers
DHCP
DNS
E-‐mail
Firewall
Proxy
Server
SoKware
Network
Opera3ng
System
SoKware
E-‐mail
Client
Access
Licenses
Storage
Devices
See
ESL
Telephone
Components
PBX
Key
System
Voice
Mail
Wireless
VoIP
Telephony
Equipment
Video
Components
CODEC
Master
Control
Unit
Mul3point
Control
Unit
PVBX
Racks
Documenta3on
System
Improvements
and
upgrades
Eligible Services List – Priority 2
Wednesday, July 3, 13
167. Priority
1
Demand
exceeds
amount
available
Available
funds
$2.38
billion
Amount
requested
$3.6
billion
450
million
roll
over
Priority
2
No
money
for
P2
requests
Amount
requested
$2.77
billion
2013-2014 Funding
Wednesday, July 3, 13
168. Fund
will
be
indexed
for
infla0on
Demand
up
10.8%
from
2012-‐2013
Not
enough
for
both
P1
&
P2
May
not
be
enough
for
P1
Need
your
help!
2014-2015 Funding
Wednesday, July 3, 13
172. Who
are
ya
and
whadia
doin
here?
• Richard
Wilson,
Chief
Execu0ve
Officer,
Southeast
Colorado
Power
Associa0on
• How
did
Southeast
get
in
the
broadband
biz
– Who
was
involved
and
What
were
the
reasons
– When
did
it
happen
and
What
did
it
take
to
get
it
done
– What
was
the
outcome
– What
lessons
were
learned
Wednesday, July 3, 13
173. Overview
• Southeast
Colorado
Power
AssociaDon
(SECPA)
–
Formed
in
1937
as
a
not-‐
for-‐profit,
member
owned
electric
uDlity
• REA’s
were
formed
because
large
electric
uDliDes
at
that
Dme
refused
to
provide
electricity
in
rural
areas
because
profits
could
not
be
made
due
to
the
low
density
of
electric
customers
• Realizing
that
rural
America
could
not
prosper
without
the
availability
of
electric
power,
local
ranchers
and
farmers
grouped
together,
made
a
plan,
communicated
the
need
and
enlisted
the
help
of
the
local
community,
and
then
either
personally
built
or
caused
to
be
built,
most
of
what
became
the
rural
electric
power
backbone
in
place
today.
Sound
familiar?
• Today,
SECPA
serves
over
10,000
services
covering
nearly
12,000
square
miles
of
rural
southeast
Colorado,
nearly
20%
of
the
land
area
of
the
state
Wednesday, July 3, 13
174. Overview
–
Con’t
• SECPA
MISSION
STATEMENT:
Our
Primary
Mission
is
to
provide
high
quality,
reliable,
electric
service
at
a
reasonable
cost
to
our
members,
improve
their
quality
of
life
through
new
technologies
and
services,
be
a
visible
and
acDve
member
of
the
community,
and
serve
our
members
with
respect,
courtesy
and
responsiveness
• Within
SECPA’s
service
area,
there
are
22
rural
school
districts,
4
rural
libraries,
8
CSU
extension
agencies,
8
rural
medical
faciliDes
and
2
community
colleges
• In
1998,
SECPA
was
approached
by
the
Colorado
community
college
system
to
seek
parDcipaDon
in
a
pilot
project,
“Connect
Colorado”,
with
a
goal
and
vision
to
provide
high
speed
internet
and
distance
learning
services
via
broadband
telecommunicaDons
technology
to
these
agencies
• The
SECPA
Board
of
Directors,
mindful
of
the
Mission
Statement,
especially
the
part
that
says
to
enhance
the
quality
of
life
through
new
technologies,
decided
to
become
an
acDve
partner
in
this
vision
• Several
scenarios
were
discussed
and
it
was
finally
decided
that
a
fiber
opDc
backbone
was
the
best,
albeit
not
the
cheapest,
soluDon
Wednesday, July 3, 13
175. Overview
–
Con’t
• A
deal
was
struck
and
the
result
was
a
public/private
partnership
that
constructed
a
500+
mile
backbone
fiber
system
touching
all
of
the
aforemenDoned
schools
etc.
and
more
• In
late
1999,
SECOM,
a
Colorado
CompeDDve
Local
Exchange
Carrier
(CLEC),
was
born
as
an
operaDng
division
of
SECPA.
Due
to
it’s
growth,
it
has
become
a
wholly
owned
subsidiary
of
SECPA.
• Today,
SECOM
has
grown
to
over
1500
miles
of
diverse
and
redundant
fiber
opDc
backbone
and
over
$5M
in
annual
revenue
• Product
offerings
have
grown
from
simple
internet
to
complex
commercial
data
networks,
advanced
voice
services,
wireless
ISP
service
in
remote
rural
areas
and
partnerships
with
naDonwide
carriers
Wednesday, July 3, 13
177. Need
10
Gbps+
in
KIM
(pop.
68)?
Wednesday, July 3, 13
178. Industry
and
Area
Significance
• DisrupDve
Pricing:
IniDal
Schools
Standard
offering
Point
to
Point
(building
to
building)
fiber
connecDons
for
$125/month
or
$1.25/
Mbps/month
(be#er
than
Denver
area
pricing)
providing
for
100
Mbps
service.
Rural
hospitals
can
get
assistance
from
a
federal
program
similar
to
E-‐RATE.
The
government
pays
the
difference
between
the
rural
pricing
as
compared
to
an
average
price
in
the
metro
area.
Example:
If
Denver
was
$500,
and
the
rural
area
was
$700,
the
government
would
pick
up
$200.
When
the
local
hospitals
applied
for
assistance
on
the
circuits
they
purchased
from
SECOM,
they
couldn’t
get
any
because
SECOM’s
pricing
was
LESS
than
the
pricing
in
the
Denver
metro
area.
The
people
in
DC
were
shocked.
• SECOM
is
a
21st
century,
all
Internet
Protocol
communicaDons
service
provider
• Uses
primarily
aerial
and
buried
fiber,
plus
microwave
in
some
cases,
as
middle
mile
alternaDve
to
the
telephone
company
Wednesday, July 3, 13
179. Industry
and
Area
Significance
–
Con’t
• Offers
opDcal
wavelengths
to
large
bandwidth
users
as
alternaDve
to
telephone
company
• Fiber
to
the
premise
(FTTX)
Both
business
and
residenDal
customers
with
FTTX
are
Gigabit
ready.
• Fixed
wireless
as
last
mile
alternaDve
to
telephone
company
• Offers
Analog
and
VoIP
and
hosted
PBX
services
as
alternaDve
voice
services
to
telephone
company
Wednesday, July 3, 13
180. Significance
to
Our
Communi0es
• Currently
serves,
with
E-‐RATE,
26
school
districts
(nearly
15%
of
ALL
Colorado
school
districts)
• 2
Board
of
Coopera0ve
Educa0on
Services
(BOCES)
-‐
Southeast
BOCES
operates
one
of
Colorado’s
largest
rural
area
distance
learning
networks
• 29
public
safety
offices
(fire/law
enforcement)
• 4
(or
25%)
of
Colorado
Community
Colleges
Wednesday, July 3, 13
181. Significance
to
our
CommuniDes–Con’t
• 8
rural
libraries
• 7
rural
hospitals/medical
clinics
• 8
rural
mental
health
clinics
• 4
State
and
Private
Prisons
• 11
municipal/9
county
governments
and
over
230
community
anchor
insDtuDons
• Our
schools
are
capable
of
the
bandwidth
recommendaDons
for
the
2015
online
TCAP
tesDng.
Are
yours?
Wednesday, July 3, 13
182. Economic
Benefits
• Provided
needed
ILEC
CompeDDon
• Provides
affordable
middle
mile
transport
for
other
area
ISP’s,
increasing
compeDDon
• Employees
22
inside
and
outside
personnel
and
sDll
growing
• Generate
important
payroll
and
property
tax
revenue
for
rural
counDes
• Creates
very
important
Primary
revenue
from
sources
outside
the
lower
Arkansas
Valley
• Keeps
local
dollars
local
rather
than
sending
them
to
the
front-‐range
or
to
another
state.
Wednesday, July 3, 13
183. Significance
to
Colorado
• Provided
a
strong
example
for
other
rural
electric
co-‐ops
and
like-‐
minded
enDDes
to
provide
enhanced
services
to
their
communiDes
• Leverages
exisDng
infrastructure
(power
lines,
rights-‐of
way
and
outside
operaDons
experDse)
to
improve
the
broadband
environment
of
rural
Colorado
• Leverages
leading
edge
technology
to
improve
broadband
environment
of
Southeast
Colorado.
Also,
electric
uDliDes
are
increasingly
using
such
technology.
Technology
such
as:
– Aerial/buried
fiber
–
Gigabit+
Speeds
– Fixed
wireless
–
CompeDDve
wireless
internet
products
– VoIP
–
Analog
with
Advanced
Features
• Sustainable
Wednesday, July 3, 13
184. Conclusion
• SECOM
offers
a
successful
model
for
rural
communi0es
in
establishing
a
SUSTAINABLE
broadband
environment
and
opportunity
– Community-‐owned
and
operated
– An
Engaged
Partner
in
the
community
– Primary
service
provider
to
Southeast
Colorado’s
educa0on,
medical
and
community
anchor
ins0tu0ons
for
nearly
15
years
– Visit
us
at
www.secom.net
and
www.secpa.com
Wednesday, July 3, 13
211. Crowdfunding: alternative to conventional
means of financing broadband infrastructure
Carrier Neutral Location (CNL) = redundant,
abundant, affordable MIDDLE mile/IP
networks
Distributed Antenna System (DAS) =
redundant, abundant, affordable LAST mile
Multi-Gbps Microwave = very low cost
middle mile alternative to fiber optic cable
Rural Electric Cooperatives = aerial fiber as
alternative to telephone company
infrastructure
Wednesday, July 3, 13
213. i3: Assemble The Parts
Internet3 Telecommunications
Cooperative: A cooperative under
Colorado Revised Statutes (formal filings
coming very soon)
2 classes of membership: vendors and
subscribers or better yet – “supply and
demand”
Sustained through membership fees and
other revenue streams
Wednesday, July 3, 13
214. i3 Membership Has Privileges
Subscriber members
• Facilitation + planning + aggregation
• Redundant, abundant, affordable telecom
services via the “5 A’s”
Vendor members
• Aggregated demand
• Open access markets
• Redundant, abundant, affordable wholesale
services
• 21st century sales channels
Wednesday, July 3, 13
215. i3 Is Nothing New
Telecom Co-ops in CO: over 100 years old
(Peetz, 1908);Thank you CTA!
Lessons learned from:
• Crestone Telecom: community-funded, owned
and operated; cash flow positive after one year
• Northwest CO Broadband CNL points to
sustainable business models for all involved
• Rural electric cooperatives with telecom
infrastructure
• Extensive social network of Regional Planning
Teams
Wednesday, July 3, 13
216. Moving Communities Forward
All the pieces for better broadband
environment are present in one form or
another, just need to be implemented
Implementation is:
• “90% social, 10% technical”
(Milo Medin, Google)
Logical next step for Regional Planning
Teams
Wednesday, July 3, 13
217. The Next Step
Communities/Regional Planning Teams:
• How can we help you “stop talkin’‘n start doin’”?
• What is your aggregate demand and how can we
market that to improve your broadband
environment?
Vendors/Emerging Value Network:
• How can we help you build your business case?
• How do we work together to “change the math” to
achieve “redundant, abundant and affordable”
broadband environment?
Wednesday, July 3, 13
218. Thank you !
Frank Ohrtman 720-839-4063
franklinohrtman@gmail.com
Audrey Danner 970-321-2021
audreydanner@gmail.com
Jeff Gavlinski 970-382-1799
jeffgavlin@gmail.com
More info + FREE ebook:
“I’ll Vote forYou IfYou Make My Netflix
Work” at http://www.i3coop.org
Wednesday, July 3, 13