2. The History of PETRO BOND
Bentonite Corporation recognized the need for a
For greaterprecisio77 use. .. PETRO BOND~ method of producing precision castings using equip-
ment and skills found in green sand foundries. Die
You get smoother finishes and closer tolerances in alu- casting requires high volumes and continuing markets.
minum, magnesium, bronze, silicon bronze, manganese Water bonded sands just did not give the finish required.
bronze, and brass castings when you use PETRO BOND Using organophilic clay technology developed and
bonding agent. patented by Bentonite Corporation, PETRO BOND was
developed in foundries, for foundries, by foundries.
The key to its success is the use of oil as the tempering
agent instead of water. The excellent reducing atmo-
sphere results in an exceptional finish. Additionally,
Why PETRO BOND? water expands to 80 times its original volume when
turning to steam, while oil develops a much lower vol-
ume increase when vaporizing. This allows the use of
• Foundrymen using PETRO BOND fine sands without the problems associated with
bonding agent are obtaining greater reduced permeability.
precision in their castings.
In 1987, a second product, PETRO BOND~ II bonding
agent, was introduced. PETRO BOND II does not
• PETRO BOND sands are reusable require P-l Catalyst as a separate ingredient and devel-
again and again with only infrequent ops more green strength in shorter mull cycles than the
re-mulling and re-bonding, resulting in original PETRO BOND. Both products are produced
greater profits. and inventoried for the individual foundry customer
preference.
• PETRO BOND is a formulated bonding What Is A PETRO BOND Sand?
agent, bonding sand with oil instead of
water. A PETRO BOND sand consists of a mulled mixture of
sand, oil, PETRO BOND bonding agent, and a small
amount of P-l Catalyst'. PETRO BOND sand contains oil
• Less gas is formed permIttIng use of instead of water and needs less, if any, venting. The
finer sands with lower permeability. amount and type of oil used creates considerably less
PETRO BOND gives a finer finish. gas than is created in ordinary water sands. This permits
the use of much finer sands with lower permeability
than allowable with water sand molds. The result - pre-
• PETRO BOND produces near die cast cision castings using ordinary foundry equipment!
quality casting with green sand practice.
How It Benefits You!
• PETRO BOND is ideal for limited run or 1. PETRO BOND and PETRO BOND II are econom-
one-of-a-kind casting. ical to use. Do not look at the price of PETRO
BOND per pound, look at the finishing cost of your
• Ideal for pattern shop use. You can castings. Finishing is one of your most expensive
cost centers. If PETRO BOND reduces your finishing
count on precision castings using ordi- costs and your scrap, it will be less expensive than
nary foundry equipment when you use clays. Properly used, PETRO BOND will reduce
PETRO BOND. your cost per ton poured due to savings in finishing
and scrap. Only moderate maintenance of heap or
system sand is required.
COVER PHOTO courtesy of Tazewell Machine Works:
2015 South Second Street; Pekin, Illinois 61554.
'P-l Catalyst is not required for PETRO BOND II

3. 2. No neu' equipment investment. If you mull sand, SUitable, conventionally refined oils without
if you produce castings, you have everything you inhibitors can be obtained from your local Bentonite
need. Corporation distributor. Bentonite Corporation main-
tains a list of suitable oils available from your local
3. PETRO BOND sands are reusable. Depending oil company jobber. Qualifying suitable oils is a con-
upon alloy poured and sand to metal ratio, only tinuing process, and it is recommended that you
moderate maintenance of heap or system sand is consult your Bentonite Corporation foundry products
required. distributor for their recommendations on the oil most
suitable for use in your foundry.
Catalyst
A 1)rpical Mix
P-1 Catalyst speeds and enhances the development of
green strength in PETRO BOND sands. It is not required In order to prepare a typical mix, add the follOWing
when PETRO BOND II is used. materials in the sequence shown:
How To Use PETRO BOND in Preparing PETRO BOND PETRO BOND II
A Mold 100 lb. dried silica sand 100 lb. dried silica sand
5 lb. PETRO BOND 5 lb. PETRO BOND II
Sand 2 lb. PETRO BOND Oil 2 lb. PETRO BOND Oil
1 oz. P-1 Catalyst P-1 Catalyst not required
The type and grade of sand has an important effect
upon the physical properties and surface finish of the
It is recommended that all ingredients be carefully
casting. Silica sands with a clay content below .5%
weighed.
give very good results. Sand with a high natural clay
content produce less desirable results and should be
PETRO BOND Mixing Procedure
avoided. The reason for this is the ability of the clay
to absorb water, oil, and PETRO BOND and then
1. Weigh 100 lb. sand and 5 lb. PETRO BOND into the
release it upon contact with the metal, preventing the
muller. Mull dry for 30 seconds.
development of optimum green strength.
2. Add 2 lb. PETRO BOND Oil Cabout 2 pints) to the
muller. Mull 3 minutes.
Use of a finer grained silica or olivine sand promotes
3. Add 1 oz. P-1 Catalyst. Mull 8 minutes, Sand is now
a smoother casting surface with greater detail. A
ready to use.
grain fineness number of 120 to 180 has been used
successfully in research laboratories and commercial
PETRO BOND n Mixing Procedure
foundries for casting aluminum and copper base
alloys. Coarser sands should be used for casting high-
1. Weigh 100 lb. sand and 5 lb. PETRO BOND II into
er melting temperature alloys and when producing
the muller. Mull dry for 30 seconds.
relatively heavy castings to prevent penetration.
2. Add 2 lb. PETRO BOND Oil Cabout 2 pints) to the
Selection of the right sand is very important. Many muller. Mull 6 minutes. Sand is now ready for use.
commercial foundries have indicated this to be a pri-
mary source of trouble. The sand is reusable. The
Mixing
only sand loss on reuse is a small portion adhering to
the casting. The use of a dried premium quality silica The sand mixture should be mixed in a sand muller.
or olivine is advisable because trouble-free operation The time of mixing varies with the type of muller used
is assured. and can be determined by varying the mixing time until
the desired strength is obtained. The mix can then be
Oil stored indefinitely and will be usable at any time with-
out further treatment.
One of the most important ingredients in making a
good PETRO BOND sand is the oil. Special petro- Figure I indicates that the green strength continually
leum oils are available for this purpose. Oils increases with mulling time. Over 85% of the maxi-
containing inhibitors, such as specialized industrial mum green strength is achieved in 6 to 11 minutes of
oils and lubricating oils, are not recommended as mulling depending upon PETRO BOND or PETRO
they may interfere with the PETRO BOND reaction. BOND II usage (12.0 psi being considered maximum).

4. If this mix results in stronger sand than desired, it may Results
be cut with clean sand.
The large and increasing number of foundries using
As the sand is used, it may become contaminated with PETRO BOND molding sand successfully for casting
coarse particles of core sand. If this contamination pro- magnesium, aluminum, copper base, and other non-
ceeds to the point where the overall percentage of fines ferrous alloys indicates PETRO BOND has extraordinary
in the sand is noticeably reduced, it is advisable to add performance. It is ideal for producing all weights of cast-
iron oxide during one of the re-mulling cycles. Such ings. A 4,200 pound bronze propeller has been cast
additions help restore the correct balance between fines successfully. In casting with magnesium, the mix is
and coarser sand. The usual procedure is to add the iron modified with the usual inhibitors. All familiar, non-
oxide at the rate of one to two pounds per 100 pounds ferrous alloys have been cast in this mix without any
of sand. This addition will also result in a tougher but limitations as to casting weight.
drier sand. It may then be necessary to add additional
oil to restore proper moldability. The superior surface finish and detail obtained with this
sand mix, in comparison to water base mixes, is due to
General Instructions For Use absence of water and use of a finer sand.
1. Since PETRO BOND sands arc completely reusable, Reuse of PETRO BOND Sand
it is advantageous to make the entire mold out of
PETRO BOND sand in order to eliminate contami- When a PETRO BOND sand mix is used, the color of the
nation. mix darkens until it becomes blackened in appearance.
When strength and molding characteristics become inad-
2. When PETRO BOND sand is used for the entire equate, it must be revitalized by adding and mixing
mold, after the casting has solidified and has been PETRO BOND and PETRO BOND Oil. The quantity and
shaken out, it is only necessary to aerate or riddle frequency of additions varies considerably depending on
the sand before reusing. The sand can be used the metal cast, the pouring temperature, the ratio of sand
without re-mulling until the green strength has been to metal, etc. It is good practice to discard all burnt sand
reduced sufficiently to cause scabbing, washing, or adhering to the casting which will eventually dilute the
sand inclusions. bond. In some cases, virgin mixes should be added to
the system periodically to maintain good grain distribu-
3. PETRO BOND sand may be used as a facing for tion. The virgin mix may be added as a facing or blend-
green sand molds. When PETRO BOND sand is ed into the heap in order to ensure a constant blend of
used as a facing, the burned sand readily mixes old and new material. Periodic additions of PETRO
with the green backing sand. BOND and oil may be made with acceptable results.
4. For both types of use, best finishes are obtained One method to follow is to use the original mixture
when the mold hardness is 80 or higher. without binder additions or re-mulling, but aerating until
the green strength has been reduced to a minimum level.
5. Maintenance additions of PETRO BOND and oil At this stage, binder additions and mulling must be
may be made to a sand system in the same manner employed. Addition of 1% PETRO BOND and 10/0 PETRO
that bentonite, sea coal, or a custom blend and BOND Oil is a good starting point. The ratio of oil to
water would be added in a water-tempered system. PETRO BOND used is slightly higher than that suggested
This results in a very uniform system with uniform for the original mix. The oil requirement increases slight-
casting quality. ly as the mixture is used because of the accumulation of
dead material which absorbs oil. The order of addition
Equipment and the mulling time are half that of the original mix.
Patterns made of wood, plaster, aluminum. brass, steel, The above suggestions are illustrative since the amount
etc., can all be used, bearing in mind that the accuracy and frequency of additions to the mix will vary and will
and finish of the casting produced can be no better than be governed by your own experience. For example,
the pattern. Steel flasks are preferable in order to ram a batch of sand was successfully used for a period of 22
the mold to the desired hardness. Flask pins should be months in a small foundry where no physical testing
tight to eliminate mismatch on the parting line. A dry equipment was employed. This illustrates that intelli-
parting agent is recommended. Dry PETRO BOND pow- gent use of the mix will keep the binding material
der may be used as a parting agent. required for revitalizing to a minimum. In some cases,

5. little effort or attention is necessary to maintain a quality tor. If the finished mix has a glossy appearance, it
sand system. usually indicates that the oil is probably not of the
proper specifications.
The increase in strength with mulling time, as shown for
a virgin mix in Figure I, also applies for revitalized mix; Poor Finish Castings
therefore, the maximum economic mull time should be
used. 1. Incorrect mold hardness. Check your mold hard-
ness. Make sure that its hardness is 80 or better. If
The time to shake the casting out of the mold depends you are using a very high green strength in your
on the amount of metal and the pouring temperature. mix, make certain that the mold is rammed properly
Foundries have reported that a better looking surface is to give a minimum mold hardness of 80.
obtained if the casting is allowed to cool as long as pos-
sible. Cooling time should be longer than with water 2. Wrong patting agent. Check the amount and type
sands and as long as practical. This allows oil to recon- of parting agent being used. Do not use a liquid
dense in the sand, minimizing smoke and oil parting agent with PETRO BOND. A dry parting
consumption. agent is necessary if loose patterns are used, espe-
cially if they are wooden patterns that have been
Trouble-Shooting shellacked. PETRO BOND may be used as a dry
parting agent.
The following difficulties usually can be eliminated by
using the procedures described. If the trouble continues, Turbulent Metal Flow or Lack of Effective
carefully check all materials, equipment, and procedures Choke Feeding
being used.
To assure smooth metal flow and adequate filling of the
Low Green Strength cavity, it may be necessary to choke the flow of metal to
eliminate turbulence. Most metals can be poured at
The minimum green strength of 8.5 psi should be lower temperatures due to absence of the chilling effect
obtained if the mix is adequately mulled. of water and the lower heat conductivity of the oil.
1. Improper Mulling. The formula may be correct Cutting and Washing in Molds
and the ingredients good, but the actual mulling
achieved may be inadequate. The muller must be 1. Improper ramming of the mold. Make certain
clean and dry to provide intensive mixing. The that the mold is rammed hard. Check the ingates
wheels of the muller should be lowered to the pan and sprues to ensure they are properly cut. Ingates
to provide the proper mulling action. Plows that are and sprues should be smaller in the PETRO BOND
too worn will not provide proper mixing. If portable molds than in conventional sand molds.
mulling equipment is being used, the mulling t.ime
may need to be increased (above the time required 2. Improper pouring of molds. PETRO BOND sand
for mulling by heavier stationary equipment) in molds can be poured at considerably lower temper-
order to get a mix of proper green strength. atures. If the surface of the PETRO BOND mold is
very smooth, the flow of metal should be reduced
2. PETRO BOND content too low. Check the or restricted. This can be accomplished by using
amounts of materials being used in the mix. Make strainer cores or by changing the gating system so
sure you have used the amounts and the ratio of that the metal enters the mold without turbulence.
PETRO BOND to oil that are prescribed on the fore-
going pages of the bulletin. Be sure the PETRO 3. Low sand strength.
BOND is uniformJy dry-mixed and the oil is added
slowly to avoid leakage. 4. Improper oil selection.
3. Too much moisture in sand. Check the sand to Non-Uniform Reproduction of Pattern
make certain that the moisture content is less than
.25%. 1. Improper mold hardness. If it is found that the
cope and drag surfaces of the casting are smooth
4. Oil is not the proper type. Recheck the oil being but the side walls are not, it is an indication that
used to make certain that the oil is approved for use the mold has not been rammed hard enough. The
by Bentonite Corporation or your foundry distribu- mold hardness should be uniform on all the mold

6. surfaces. Cope and drag and match plate equipment 2. Too much P-1 Catalyst in the mix. When exces-
give the best reproduction. sive amounts of P-1 Catalyst are used, a significant
increase of oil absorption is observed, resulting in a
Out of Dimension Castings "dry" feel and texture to the sand. Oil is often added
to improve feel. Resist this temptation. Blows occur
1. Insufficient cooling time. When castings are at oil contents over 10%. If you used more than 10
removed too soon, there is a tendency for the cast- ounces catalyst per bag (50 lb.) of PETRO BOND,
ing to warp because of non-uniform solidification. you have used too much.
It is essential to leave the casting in the sand long
enough to have it properly solidified. 3. Permeability should be checked. Molds made
with PETRO BOND are poured at considerably
Gas Problems - Blows, Cold Shuts, Etc. lower permeability than molds made with water-
bonded sand. There is, however, a minimum level
1. Too much oil in the mix. When excessive of permeability. This is particularly true when pour-
amounts of oil are used in PETRO BOND mixes, the ing high temperature alloys. The optimum must be
surface of the metal may show slight imperfections. established in order to give proper castings.
To eliminate this condition, mull 2% iron oxide into
the mix to absorb the excess oil. Another method is
to rebalance the formula by adding clean silica sand
and PETRO BOND to bring the mix to the proper
green strength.
FIGURE I
PETRO BOND® AND PETRO BOND® II
GREEN STRENGTH VS. TIME
LB.lSQ. IN.
12
..; .. , .~_ .. " .'-.
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
o 5 10 15 20 25
MULL TIME IN MINUTES
PETRO BOND - PETRO BOND/P-l PETRO BOND II

7. FIGURE II
Average Properties of Mixes Containing
5% PETRO BOND, 2% PETRO BOND OIL,
I oz. P-I Catalyst
MLxes were made with 100 lb. of washed and dried silica sand (GFN-140) in a
laboratory muller: The mulling cycle consisted of dry mLxing Yz minute,
adding oil and mixing 3 minutes, and adding P-I Catalyst and mixing
8 minutes.
GREEN PROPERTIES
Compression Strength, psi 12
Flowability 87
Green Deformation, in./in 0.010 to 0.014
Hardness of standard 2-inch AFS
Specimen, rammed three times 84
HOT PROPERTIES
Soaking Time, Minutes 2 4 6 12 ,
Temperature, OF Hot Strength, psi
1500 17 34 36 42
2000 23 33 42
2500 27 245
"A" Sintering temperature above 2700°F
Hot deformation at 2000°F,
soaked 4 minutes, in.lin 0.0278
Shock load expansion at 1800°F, 1 psi load,
22.5 seconds, in.lin. . 0.0010
Restrained load nil
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