Carbohydrates

1. Cardiac Glycosides & Other
Important derivatives of
Carbohydrates

2. Cardiac glycosides are medications people take for heart
failure, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Because of the risk
of an overdose, cardiac glycosides aren't a first-line
treatment for these conditions.
This class of medications can help if other heart medicines
don't work, but it’s need to be used only in low doses for
safety.
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds
that increase the output force of the heart and decrease
its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-
potassium ATPase pump.
Their beneficial medical uses are as treatments for
congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however,
their relative toxicity prevents them from being widely
used.
Most commonly they are found as
secondary metabolites in several
plants such as foxglove plants, these
compounds nevertheless have a
diverse range of biochemical effects
regarding cardiac cell function and
have also been suggested for use in
cancer treatment.

3. Classification

4. Sources of Cardiac Glycosides
Plant cardenolides
Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley): convallatoxin
Antiaris toxicaria (upas tree): antiarin
Strophanthus kombe (Strophanthus vine): ouabain (g-strophanthin) and other strophanthins
Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea (Woolly and purple foxglove): digoxin, digitoxin
Nerium oleander (oleander tree): oleandrin
Asclepias sp. (milkweed): oleandrin
Adonis vernalis (Spring pheasant's eye): adonitoxin
Kalanchoe daigremontiana and other Kalanchoe species: daigremontianin
Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower) and other Erysimum species: erysimine
Cerbera manghas (suicide tree): cerberin
Asclepias sp. Adonis vernalis
Kalanchoe species
Erysimum cheiranthoides

5. Plants
Convallaria majalis
Antiaris toxicaria
Strophanthus
kombe Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea
Nerium oleander

6. Other sources of Cardiac Glycosides
Bufadienolides
Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort): scillarenin
Drimia maritima (squill): proscillaridine A
Bufo marinus (cane toad): various bufadienolides (toad
venom)
Kalanchoe daigremontiana and other Kalanchoe species:
daigremontianin and others
Helleborus spp. (hellebore) deglucohellebrine (corelborin
K), hellebrine (corelborin P)
And in some species of Chrysolina coerulans insects
https://oa.mg/work/2431342337
Bufo marinus
Drimia maritima
Leonurus cardiaca

7. Strophanthin
Strophanthin – g (Ouabain)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouabain
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041010118311589
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strophanthine

9. Mechanism of action

10. Mechanism of action

11. Effect on Heart
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.867051
https://www.osmosis.org/answers/cardiac-glycosides https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/24512-cardiac-glycosides
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/cardiac-glycoside

12. Medical importance of carbohydrates
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6631729/ anti cancer
 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-
6_68#:~:text=Carbohydrate%20antibiotics%20refers%20to%20microbial,component%20in%20their%20chemical%20structure. antibiotics
 https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/carbohydrates/ nutritional functions
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevioside steviosides
 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Stevioside
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556105/
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25412840/
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7437946/ sorbitol
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5093271/ xylitol
https://www.diabetes.co.uk/features/danger-of-carbohydrates.html diabetes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161547 dietological aspect
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/15416-carbohydrates